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Why Do We Need a Larger Address Space?

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Internet population
Approximately 973 million users in November 2005 Emerging population and geopolitical and address space

Mobile users
PDA, pen-tablet, notepad, and so on Approximately 20 million in 2004

Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry

Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008 Internet access in planes Example: Lufthansa

Consumer devices
Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005 Billions of home and industrial appliances

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IP Address Allocation History

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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

In 1981, IPv4 Protocol was published. In 1985, about 1/16 of the total IPv4 address space was in use. By mid-2001, about 2/3 of the total IPv4 address space was in use.
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IPv6 Advantages

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Large address space Global reachability and flexibility Aggregation

Multi-homing
Auto configuration Plug and Play Renumbering Mobility and Security Mobile IP IPSec Native (default , Mandatory)

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IPv6 Advantages

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Simpler Header Performance and forwarding scalability No Broadcast

No checksum
Extension Header No fragmentation Flow label Translation Richness Dual Stack 6to4 Tunnels Translation
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Larger Address Space

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IPv4 IPv6

32 bits or 4 bytes long 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes 128 bits or 16 bytes: four times the bits of IPv4 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456

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IPv6 Address Representation

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IPv6 Format : x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where x is 16 bits Hexadecimal Leading zeros in a x field are optional Successive x Fields of 0 can be represented as :: but only once Eg. 2031:0000:0000:013f:0000:0000:0000:0001

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IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison

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Ipv4 is 20 octets Ipv6 is 40 octets

IPv4
Version ID TTL Protocol IHL TOS Flags Tot. Length Fragment offset Version

IPv6
Traffic Class Flow Label Next Header Hop Limit

Checksum

Payload Length

Source Ad dress Destination Add Options Padding

Source Address Destination Add

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IPv6 Address Type

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Unicast Multicast Anycast

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Unicast

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There are three type of unicast address Global Unicast Link-Local Unicast Loopback Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128 or ::1/128)

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IPv6 Global Unicast

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/23

/32

/48

/64

2001

02B8

EUI

Registery ISP Prefix Site Prefix Subnet Prefix

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Hierarchical Addressing & Aggregation

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Customer no 1 ISP 2001:0210:1:0001:/64 Customer no 2 2001:0210:1:0002:/64

Larger address space enables:

Only announces the /32 prefix

2001:0210::/32 IPv6 Internet 2001::/16

Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table. Efficient and scalable routing.

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Global Unicast Addresses

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Extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format to do stateless auto configuration This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by

inserting FFFE into the middle of MAC address

7th initial bit of MAC will be always 1

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EUI-64 To IPv6

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00

90

27

17

FC

0F

02

90

27

FF

FE

17

FC

0F

0290:27FF:FE17:FC0F

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Link-Local Address

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FE80:0:0:0:

EUI

64

64

Its have a scope limited to the link

Prefix FE80::/10 & 64-bit interface identifier

Used for communication for local LAN

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Multicasting

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Group ID

Flag = F F Flag Scope

0 Temp 1 Permanent

1 Int Local 2 Link Local 3 Subnet Local Scope = 4 Admin Local 5 Site Local 6 Organization 7 Global

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2.7. Multicast Addresses An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a group of interfaces (typically on different nodes). An interface may belong to any number of multicast groups. Multicast addresses have the following format: | 8 | 4 | 4 | 112 bits | +----- -+----+----+--------------------------------------------+ |11111111|flgs|scop| group ID | +--------+----+---+---------------------------------------------+ binary 11111111 at the start of the address identifies the address as being a multicast address. +-+-+-+-+ flgs is a set of 4 flags: |0|R|P|T| +-+-+-+-+ The highorder flag is reserved, and must be initialized to 0. T = 0 indicates a permanently-assigned ("wellCopyright Zoom Technologies

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Anycast

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IP 2001:1::1(anycast IP)

IP 2001:1::1(Anycast IP)

IP IP 2001::2/64 2002::1 GW 2001::1 DNS 2001:1::1

2001::1/64

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Anycast

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One to nearest one Two or more devices share same anycast IP Nearest one will be decided by router by it routing protocol Anycast should give same type of service Devices sharing same IP must know that it is Anycast IP Anycast IP is used from Unicast range

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IPv6 Routing Protocols

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Static RIPng OSPFv3 ISIS for IPv6 EIGRP For IPv6 MP BGP

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OSPFv3

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OSPF for IPv6 Based on OSPFv2, with enhancements Distributes IPv6 prefixes Runs directly over IPv6 Ships-in-the-night with OSPFv2

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OSPFv3 / OSPFv2 Similarities

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Link-State Protocol SPF or Dijkstra algorithm Basic packet types Mechanisms for neighbor discovery and adjacency formation Same Interface types LSA flooding and aging mechanism OSPFv3 still uses Router ID from IPv4 Address

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OSPFv3 / OSPFv2 Differences

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OSPF v2 Runs over subnet One instance per link Clear text or MD5 authentication

OSPF v3 Runs Over a Link Multiple instance per link Uses standard authentication supported by IPv6 I.E. IPSec

Router should be on the same subnet to form neighbors. Uses Primary IP of outgoing interface as source of updates

Router belonging to different subnet can become neighbor Uses link local address as source of updates

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IPv6 IPv4 Transition

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Transition Richness No Fix day or time Due date for IPv4 to IPv6 Smooth integration for IPv4 to IPv6 Use Dual Stack or 6to4 tunnel IPv4 to IPv6 host can communicate

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IPv4-IPv6 Transition & Co-Existence

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A wide range of techniques have been identified and implemented, basically falling into three categories: Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist in the same devices and networks Tunneling techniques, to avoid order dependencies when upgrading hosts, routers, or regions Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only devices to communicate with IPv4-only devices.

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Cisco IOS Dual Stack Configuration

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IPv6 and IPv4 Network

Dual-Stack Router

interface Ethernet0 ip address 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64

IPv4: 192.168.99.1 IPv6: 2001:410:213:1::/64 eui-64

Cisco IOS is IPv6-enable:

If IPv4 and IPv6 are configured on one interface, the router is dual-stacked

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IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnels

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IPv6 Header

Transport Header

Data

IPv6 Host
IPv6 Network

Dual-Stack Router
IPv4

Dual-Stack Router
IPv6 Network Network

IPv6 Host

Tunnel: IPv6 in IPv4 packet

IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Transport Header Data

1. 2.

Tunneling is encapsulating the IPv6 packet in the IPv4 packet Tunneling can be used by routers and hosts

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6to4 Tunnel

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6to4 Router1 IPv6 Network Network prefix: 2002:c0a8:6301::/48 = E0 192.168.99.1 IPv4

6to4 Router2 E0 192.168.30.1 Network prefix: 2002:c0a8:1e01::/48 = IPv6 Network

6to4 Tunnel:
Is an automatic tunnel method Gives a prefix to the attached IPv6 network 2002::/16 assigned to 6to4 Requires one global IPv4 address

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NAT-PT
2001::5 <=> 172.16.0.5 2001:3:0A00:0001 <=> 10.0.0.1 IPv4-only IPv6-only NAT-PT network network IPv4 Host 10.0.0.1
2001:3:0A00:0001

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IPv6 Host 2001::5

2001::5 DATA

10.0.0.1

172.16.0.5

DATA

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