Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1 Income 1.2 Savings 1.3 Investment 1.4 Basic Investment Objectives 1.5 Instruments or Vehicles of Investments
1.6 Gold -Introduction
1.7 Gold-History 1.8 Gold-Applications 1.9 Factors Influencing Gold Price 1.10 Market Dynamics Factors Affecting Gold Prices 1.11 Gold: As an Investment 1.12 Ways to Invest In Gold 1.13 Supply of Gold in India 1.14 India and Gold 1.15 Price Records 1.16 Investment Strategies 1.17 Purity Norms 1.18 Weight Equivalent 1.19 Comparison-Various Forms of Gold 1.20 Physical Gold vs. Gold Mining Shares 1.21 Risks of Gold
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1.2 Savings Saving is income not spent, or deferred consumption. Methods of saving include putting money aside in a bank or pension plan. Saving also includes reducing expenditures, such as recurring costs. In terms of personal finance, saving specifies low-risk preservation of money, as in a deposit account, versus investment, wherein risk is higher. Saving is closely related to investment. By not using income to buy consumer goods and services, it is possible for resources to instead be invested by being used to produce fixed capital, such as factories and machinery. Saving can therefore be vital to increase the amount of fixed capital available, which contributes to economic growth. However, increased saving does not always correspond to increased investment. If savings are stashed in a mattress or otherwise not deposited into a financial intermediary like a bank there is no chance for those savings to be recycled as investment by business. This means that saving may increase without increasing investment, possibly causing a short-fall of demand (a pile-up of inventories, a cut-back of production, employment, and income, and thus a recession) rather than to economic growth. In the short term, if saving falls below investment, it can lead to a growth of aggregate demand and an economic boom. In the long term if saving falls below investment it eventually reduces investment and detracts from future growth. Future growth is made possible by foregoing present consumption to increase Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 2
1.2 Investment Investment has different meanings in finance and economics. Finance investment is putting money into something with the expectation of gain that upon thorough analysis has a high degree of security for the principal amount, as well as security of return, within an expected period of time. In contrast putting money into something with an expectation of gain without thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is speculation or gambling. As such, those shareholders who fail to thoroughly analyze their stock purchases, such as owners of mutual funds, could well be called speculators. Indeed, given the efficient market hypothesis, which implies that a thorough analysis of stock data is irrational, all rational shareholders are, by definition, not investors, but speculators. Investment is related to saving or deferring consumption. Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance whether for households, firms, or governments. To avoid speculation an investment must be either directly backed by the pledge of sufficient collateral or insured by sufficient assets pledged by a third party. A thoroughly analyzed loan of money backed by collateral with greater immediate value than the loan amount may be considered an investment. A financial instrument that is insured by the pledge of assets from a third party, such as a deposit in a financial institution insured by a government agency may be considered an investment. Examples of these agencies include, in the United States, the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or National Credit Union Administration, or in Canada, the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation. Promoters of and news sources that report on speculative financial transactions such as stocks, mutual funds, real estate, oil and gas leases, commodities, and futures often inaccurately or misleadingly describe speculative schemes as investment. Investment: thorough analysis and security. Speculation: analysis and some risk. Gambling: lack of analysis and lack of safety The money you earn is partly spent and the rest is saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 3
1.4 Basic Investment Objectives Investing is a conscious decision to set money aside for a long enough period in an avenue that suits your risk profile. The options for investing our savings are continually increasing, yet every single investment vehicle can be easily categorized according to three fundamental characteristics - Safety, Income and Growth - which also correspond to types of investor objectives. While it is possible for an investor to have more than one of these objectives, the success of one must come at the expense of others. Here we examine these three types of objectives, the investments that are used to achieve them and the ways in which investors can incorporate them in devising a strategy.
Investment is done with some Objectives. These objectives are as: Safety Perhaps there is truth to the axiom that there is no such thing as a completely safe and secure investment. Yet we can get close to ultimate safety for our investment funds through the purchase of government-issued securities in stable economic systems, or through the purchase of the highest quality corporate bonds issued by the economy's top companies. Such Securities are arguably the best means of preserving principal while receiving a specified rate of return. The safest investments are usually found in the money market and include such securities as Treasury bills (T-bills), certificates of deposit, commercial paper or bankers
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Growth of Capital Growth of capital is most closely associated with the purchase of common stock, particularly growth securities, which offer low yields but considerable opportunity for increase in value. Blue-chip stocks, by contrast, can potentially offer the best of all worlds by possessing reasonable safety, modest income and potential for growth in capital generated by long-term increases in corporate revenues and earnings as the company matures. Secondary Objectives Cost of Inflation One needs to invest wisely to meet the cost of Inflation. Inflation causes money to lose value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or a service in the future as it does now or did in the past. For example, if there was a 6% inflation rate for the ext 20 years, a Rs.100 purchase today would cost Rs.321 in 20 years. Remember to look at an investments real rate of return, which is the return after inflation. The aim of investments should be to provide a return above the inflation rate to ensure that the investment does not decrease in value. For example, if the annual inflation rate is 6%, then the investment will need to earn more than 6% to ensure it increases in value.
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Marketability / Liquidity Common stock is often considered the most liquid of investments, since it can usually be sold within a day or two of the decision to sell. Bonds can also be fairly marketable, but some bonds are highly illiquid, or non-tradable, possessing a fixed term. Similarly, money market instruments may only be redeemable at the precise date at which the fixed term ends.
Retirement Anyone who will retire needs to plan for it. There is more than one reason to save for retirement. The all important reason is the rising cost of living. Its called inflation. If you start planning for retirement early on, you can bridge the gap between what you have in your hand today and what you would like to have when you retire. If you begin saving for retirement early on in your life, you can set aside smaller amounts. You can also take on more risk by investing larger amounts in equities i.e., stocks and equity funds. If you delay saving for retirement, you will have to invest larger sums of money to save for the same amount; also the share of equity investments as a portion of your retirement savings will have to be lower. The older you are when you start, the more risk averse you will have to be. Your retirement portfolio will actually be a mix of stocks, debt securities, index funds and other money market instruments. This mix will change as you do, moving increasingly toward low risk guaranteed investments as you age. Unless planned well, retirement phase will be a downhill ride.
1.5 Instruments or Vehicles of Investments There are many ways to invest your money. Of course, to decide which investment vehicles are suitable for you, you need to know their characteristics and why they may be suitable for a particular investing objective. Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 6
Mutual Funds
Cash
Equity Market
Gold
Fixed Deposits
Real Estate
Dept Market
Other
Debt Instruments Debt instruments protect your capital, therefore the importance of a solid debt portfolio. This not only gives stability, but also offers you optimal returns, liquidity and tax benefits. Debt products, besides safeguarding your capital, can be used to meet short, medium and long-term financial needs.
Bonds It is a fixed income instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose of raising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds. A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date. The main attraction of bonds is their relative safety. If you are buying bonds from a stable government, your investment is virtually guaranteed, or risk-free. The safety and stability, however, come at a cost. Because there is little risk, there is little potential return. As a result, the rate of return on bonds is generally lower than other securities.
Mutual Funds
A mutual fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI that pools money from the individuals/corporate investors and invests the same in a variety of different financial instruments or securities such as Equity Shares, Government Securities, Bonds, Debentures, etc. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit
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Equity Equities are often regarded as the best performing asset class vis--vis its peers over longer time frames. However equity-oriented investments are also capable of exposing investors to the highest degree of volatility and risk. There are a number of factors, which affect the performance of equities ad studying and understanding all of them on an ongoing basis, can be challenging for most.
Insurance Life insurance has traditionally been looked upon pre-dominantly as an avenue that offers tax benefits while also doubling up as a saving instrument. The purpose of life insurance is to indemnify the nominees in case of an eventuality to the insured. In other words, life insurance is intended to secure the financial future of the nominees in the absence of the person insured.
Gold
In India, gold has traditionally played a multi-faceted role. Apart from being used for adornment purpose, it has also served as an asset of the last resort and a hedge against inflation and currency depreciation. India has more than 13,000 tones of hoarded gold, which translates to around Rs.6,50,000 crores. Gold is an asset class thats associated with safety. However, the ups and down that the yellow metal has seen over the last few months, has made it look similar to other market investment assets. This is due to an unprecedented demand for gold as an investment avenue since the last couple of years. Gold has attracted a high level of attention in last couple of years, with an image shift from a non-volatile asset to a hot investment avenue. The future outlook for the metal looks positive given its proven linear relationship with the crude oil and non-linear with the US dollar. The
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Gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies in history. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty. One of the salient features about the gold is that a single gram of weight is not at all wasted since its exploration. It has been rounding in different hands in one or the other way. The history of gold starts from 2600BC. A huge description is available in the Egyptian Hieroglyphs. It may be the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Important locations famous in the name of gold are Red sea in Saudi Arabia, Lydia, Romania, Las medullas, in Spain, Rosia Montana in Transylvania,
Central America, Peru and Columbia. Today, gold has emerged as an important mean for investments also. Volatile markets and unstable economic conditions have also added to it. China is largest producer followed by South Africa. But India is the largest consumer of gold, where it is largely used for jewelry together with investment. Indias diversified religious customs and rituals have helped to the high demand for gold. Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after (required) precious metal, having been used as money, as a store of value, in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets (chunk) or grains in rocks, underground "veins" (layer)and in alluvial deposits . Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 9
1.7 Gold-History The symbol for the Sun has been used since ancient times to represent gold. The Turin mining papyrus Gold has been known and highly-valued since prehistoric times. It may have been the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt. The south-east corner of the Black Sea was famed for its gold. Exploitation is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia between 643 and 630 BC.
The Romans developed new methods for extracting gold on a large scale using hydraulic mining methods, especially in Spain from 25 BC onwards and in Romania from 150 AD onwards. The Mali Empire in Africa was famed throughout the old world for its large amounts of gold. Mansa Musa, ruler of the empire (13121337) became famous throughout the old world for his great hajj to Mecca in 1324. When he passed through Cairo in July of 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. He gave away so much gold that it took over a decade for the economy across North Africa to recover, due to the rapid inflation that it initiated.During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near George Ville, North Carolina in 1803. The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega. Further gold rushes occurred in California, Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 10
1.8 Gold-Applications In various countries, gold is used as a standard for monetary exchange, in coinage and in jewelry. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper or other base metals. The gold content of gold alloys is measured in carats (k), pure gold being designated as 24k.
1.9 Factors Influencing Gold Price Increased Govt. War on Terrorism Spending & Debts. Weak $ Increasing money supply Low bond yield Slowing of US GDP Liberalization of Chinese citizens to buy gold No New Gold mines Weakening US dollar China $ reserve become Negative interest questionable rates Increases supply Chinese Gold demand increased by 20% World production consistent Increasing demand leading to Chindia Growth High demand for Oil Stronger Euro Weak Dollar higher prices Higher Oil leads to even higher Gold Higher Gold Prices prices Higher Gold Prices Higher Gold Prices Higher Gold Prices Higher Gold Prices Higher Gold Prices
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Supply Side
Other Factors
Demand Side
Inflation
Industrial Demand
Political Risk
Golden China
Dollar
There are enough reasons why gold should be included in any investor's portfolio whether in physical or paper form. Investing in gold ETFs will give the investor all the advantages of investing in gold while eliminating drawbacks of physical gold -- cost of storage, liquidity and purity, among others.
Of all the precious metals, gold is the most popular as an investment. Investors generally buy gold as a hedge or safe haven against any economic, political, social, or fiat currency crises (including investment market declines, burgeoning national debt, currency failure, inflation, war and social unrest). The gold market is also subject to speculation as other commodities are, especially through the use of futures contracts and derivatives. The history of the gold standard, the role of gold reserves in central banking, gold's low correlation with other
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1.12 Ways to Invest in Gold Gold is a popular avenue of investment and is generally bought as hedge against inflation and economic crisis. It has a cult following in India where it is considered to be a symbol of Goddess Lakshmi and an epitome of wealth and prosperity. Although gold prices have gone through the roof in recent years, Indians continue to be major buyers of gold across the world. You can invest in gold in many ways. It can be bought in the form of jewelery, coins or bars or through ETFs. The purpose of your purchase determines the form of holding.
Non-Physical Form Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) Certificates Accounts Derivatives, CFDs and spread betting Mining companies Stocks
Physical Gold:
There are many savings and investment options available in India. One of the options is gold. Gold has been valued since prehistoric times and is the investment option that has been seen as the ultimate form of safe haven investment and the only true form of wealth.
Gold has been popular in India because it acted as a good hedge against inflation. There is so much uncertainty in the world in terms of economic growth and geopolitics, it is no surprise that many investors, big and small have chosen to hedge(barrier of closely growing bushes ) their investments through gold .
BARS The most traditional way of investing in gold is by buying bullion gold bars. In some countries, like Argentina, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, these can easily be bought or sold at the major banks. Alternatively, there are bullion dealers that provide the same Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 13
COINS Gold coins are a common way of owning gold. Bullion coins are priced according to their fine weight, plus a small premium based on supply and demand (as opposed to numismatic gold coins which are priced mainly by supply and demand based on rarity and condition).The Krugerrand is the most widely-held gold bullion coin, with 46,000,000 troy ounces (1,400 tonnes) in circulation. Other common gold bullion coins include the Australian Gold Nugget (Kangaroo), Austrian Philharmoniker (Philharmonic), Austrian 100 Corona, Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, Chinese Gold Panda, Malaysian Kijang Emas, French Coq dOr (Golden Rooster), Mexican Gold 50 Peso, British Sovereign, and American Gold Eagle. Coins may be purchased from a variety of dealers both large and small. Fake gold coins are not uncommon, and are usually made of gold-plated lead.
JEWELLERY The gems and jewellery industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy. It is a leading foreign exchange earner, as well as one of the fastest growing industries in the country. The two major segments of the sector in India are gold jewellery and diamonds. Gold jewellery forms around 80 per cent of the Indian jewellery market, with the balance comprising fabricated studded jewellery that includes diamond and gemstone studded jewellery. Besides, India is world's largest cutting and polishing Industry for diamonds, well supported by government policies and the banking sector with around 50 banks providing nearly $3 billion of credit to the Indian diamond industry. A predominant portion of the gold jewellery manufactured in India is consumed in the domestic market. However, a major Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 14
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) Gold exchange-traded products may include ETFs, ETNs, and CEFs which are traded like shares on the major stock exchanges. The first gold ETF, Gold Bullion Securities (ticker symbol "GOLD"), was launched in March 2003 on the Australian Stock Exchange, and originally represented exactly 0.1 troy ounces (3.1 g) of gold. As of November 2010, SPDR Gold Shares is the second-largest exchange-traded fund (ETF) in the world by market capitalization. Gold ETPs represent an easy way to gain exposure to the gold price, without the inconvenience of storing physical bars. However exchange-traded gold instruments, even those which hold physical gold for the benefit of the investor, carry risks beyond those inherent in the precious metal itself. For example the most popular gold ETP (GLD) has been widely criticized, and even compared with mortgage-backed securities, due to features of its complex structure. Typically a small commission is charged for trading in gold ETPs and a small annual storage fee is charged. The annual expenses of the fund such as storage, insurance, and management fees are charged by selling a small amount of gold represented Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 15
Certificates Gold certificates allow gold investors to avoid the risks and costs associated with the transfer and storage of physical bullion (such as theft, large bid-offer spread, and metallurgical assay costs) by taking on a different set of risks and costs associated with the certificate itself (such as commissions, storage fees, and various types of credit risk). Banks may issue gold certificates for gold which is allocated (non-fungible) or unallocated (fungible or pooled). Unallocated gold certificates are a form of fractional reserve banking and do not guarantee an equal exchange for metal in the event of a run on the issuing bank's gold on deposit. Allocated gold certificates should be correlated with specific numbered bars, although it is difficult to determine whether a bank is improperly allocating a single bar to more than one party. The first paper bank notes were gold certificates. They were first issued in the 17th century when they were used by goldsmiths in England and The Netherlands for customers who kept deposits of gold bullion in their vault for safe-keeping. Two centuries later, the gold certificates began being issued in the United States when the US Treasury issued such certificates that could be exchanged for gold. The United States Government first authorized the use of the gold certificates in 1863. In the early 1930s the US Government restricted the private gold ownership in the United States and therefore, the gold certificates stopped circulating as money. Nowadays, gold certificates are still issued by gold pool programs in Australia and the United States, as well as by banks in Germany and Switzerland.
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Jeweller
Jeweller
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
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As per June 2006 views India has officially been named the world's largest gold jewellery producer, consigning Italy to second place.
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Until 1990, the Gold Control Act forbade the private holding of gold bars in India. There was physical investment in smuggled ten tola bars, but it was limited and often amounted to keeping a few bars ready to be made into jewellery for a family wedding. Gold investment essentially was in 22 carat jewellery. Since 1990, investment in small bars, both imported ten tolas and locally-made small bars, which have proliferated from local refineries, has increased substantially. GFMS estimate that investment has exceeded 100 tonnes (3.2 million oz) in some years, although it is hard to segregate true investment from stocks held by the 16,000 or more gold dealers spread across India. Certainly gold has been used to conceal wealth, especially during the mid-1990s, Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 20
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1.16 Investment strategies Fundamental analysis Investors using fundamental analysis analyze the macroeconomic situation, which includes international economic indicators, such as GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, productivity and energy prices. They would also analyze the yearly global gold supply versus demand. Over 2005 the World Gold Council estimated yearly global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes. While gold production is unlikely to change in the near future, supply and demand due to private ownership is highly liquid and subject to rapid changes. This makes gold very different from almost every other Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 23
Gold versus stocks In the last century, major economic crises (such as the Great Depression, World War II, the first and second oil crisis) lowered the Dow/gold ratio, an indicator of how bad a recession is and whether the outlook is deteriorating or improving, to a value well below 4. The ratio fell on February 18, 2009 to below 8.During these difficult times, many investors tried to preserve their assets by investing in precious metals, most notably gold and silver. The performance of gold bullion is often compared to stocks due to their fundamental differences. Gold is regarded by some as a store of value (without growth) whereas stocks are regarded as a return on value (i.e., growth from anticipated real price increase plus dividends). Stocks and bonds perform best in a stable political climate with strong property rights and little turmoil. The attached graph shows the value of Dow Jones Industrial Average divided by the price of an ounce of gold. Since 1800, stocks have consistently gained value in comparison to gold in part because of the stability of the American political system. This appreciation has been cyclical with long periods of stock outperformance followed by long periods of gold outperformance. The Dow Industrials bottomed out a ratio of 1:1 with gold during 1980 (the end of the 1970s bear market) and proceeded to post gains throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The gold price peak of 1980 also coincided with the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan and the threat of the global expansion of communism. The ratio peaked on January 14, 2000 a value of 41.3 and has fallen sharply since. On November 30, 2005, Rick Munarriz of The Motley Fool posed the question of which represented a better investment: a share of Google or an ounce of gold. The specific comparison between these two very different investments seems to have captured the imagination of many in the investment community and is serving to crystallize the broader debate.
Technical analysis As with stocks, gold investors may base their investment decision partly on, or solely on, technical analysis. Typically, this involves analyzing chart patterns, moving averages, market trends and/or the economic cycle in order to speculate on the future price.
Using leverage Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 24
1.17 Purity Norms In case of physical Gold problems related to purity arises there .Purity includes Caret system, Registered with proper authorities such as Hallmarking, BIS etc. Hallmark has been acting as a safeguard to purchasers of gold and gold articles for centuries in various countries. In simple terms, Hallmark is a purity certification of gold articles in accordance with Indian Standard specifications. Gold articles are evaluated and tested at an official Assaying and Hallmarking Centre and then certified that the metal used conforms to the national and international standard of fineness and purity. Percent Gold 100% 91.7% 75.0% 58.5% 41.6% = = = = = = European System 1000Fine 917 Fine 750 Fine 585 Fine 416 Fine = = = = = = Karat System 24 Karat 22 Karat 18 Karat 14 Karat 10 Karat
1.18 WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS 1 troy ounce 1 troy ounce 1 troy ounce 1000 troy ounces 1 gram 1 kilogram 1 tonne 1,097 ordinary ounces 480 grains 31.1 grams 31.3 kilograms .03215 troy ounces 32.15 troy ounces 32.150 troy ounces
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1.19 Comparison-Various Forms of Gold Parameters Mode Safety/ Storage Purity of Gold Pricing Transparent. Low on cost. Cant Say High Mark up 99.5 % or higher Cant Say High on Purity Gold ETF Demat No risk of theft Jeweller Jewellery / Bar/ Coins High Risk Banks Bar / Coins High Risk
Liquidity
Low on Liquidity
Customized
Pre-define
1.20 Physical Gold vs. Gold Mining Shares The difference is Risk. Gold Mining Shares will come with higher risk compared to investments in physical gold Gold mining share is not gold. Its a company stock first and then secondly can be construed as Gold A Gold Mining Share is NOT a substitute for physical Gold. It represents a benefit in the future from potential Gold deposits in the ground and not the actual Gold itself Physical Gold ownership has protected investors during periods of economic depression, wars and political unrest. Mining stocks could be negatively affected in such times as stock markets may be closed or adversely affected for a period of time
1.21 Risks of Gold Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 26
2. Gold Exchange Risk 3. Volatility 4. Political 5. Gold Scams 1. Physical Risk of Gold The first downside of gold investment is the physical risk. Buying gold bars and coins exposes the investor to the risk of loss and theft. Costs are involved to mitigate this risk. The transport of gold needs to be insured, gold has to be kept in a personal safe at home, or, better, in the banks safety deposit box. Here, renting fees incur. Besides safety boxes and personal safes at home, some people bury their gold on their property (midnight gardening). Will this reduce the risk of physical gold? In some ways yes, as it reduces the likelihoods of theft. However, those people should make damn sure to not forget to dig out the gold when they move, or before they die. Also, if the gold is immediately needed, its probably not possible to secretly access it. 2. Exchange Risks of Gold Trading Exchange risks refer to the exchanges where gold and futures are traded, and not to currency risks. The major gold futures exchange is MCX. Trading at these and all other exchanges is subject to their rules and regulations. The exchanges can on purpose or accidentally foster market outcomes by changing their trading rules. What events could happen at an exchange? Margin Requirement Change Policy: Liquidation only Halt trading 3. Volatility of Gold The price of gold, as of every traded asset, is subject to the ups and downs of the market. The rate of this precious metal can fluctuate fundamentally. The volatility of gold must be a concern to all short- and long-term investors. (See the 6-month gold chart. The pattern looks quite unpredictable, doesnt it?)
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Its perceived value is shaped by demand and supply. The factors are gold production by gold mines, central banks, investors and the industry (jewelry, electronic etc.). The volatility of gold is a market risk. Another risk of this category is the liquidity risk. This occurs in thinly traded markets, where sellers have difficulties in finding willing buyers. Futures of not actively traded contracts might run into this risk. Shares of small stock mines might also face liquidity problems. 4. Political Risks of Gold Investing The political risk of gold investing means that the government can change laws and regulations that may harm your investment in gold. These government interventions can happen in the country of the investor or in another country. Both would have an impact on the gold price, as supply and demand, or the invisible hand of the market will be disturbed. Prohibition of gold ownership Nationalization of gold mines Fixed gold price How to anticipate and circumvent these government risks? First, an investment in gold mines should occur only in stable countries, such as Canada and Australia (unless high risk investments are desired). Second, it might be wise to distribute personal gold reserves to several countries, in case of confiscation. Third, investors should always be well-informed about world news which can influence the gold price. 5. Gold Scams A gold scam is either 1. downright fraud, 2. misrepresentation or 3. market manipulation. To be knowledgeable about gold scams is necessary to anticipate and avoid them.
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2.1Introduction 2.2 Research Problem 2.3 Aims and objectives of study: 2.4 Research methodology: 2.5 Research Design: 2.6 Data source: 2.7 Tools for data Collection: 2.8 Sample Design: 2.9 Research Procedure: 2.10 Sampling Technique: 2.11 Utility of the Research: 2.12 Limitation of Study:
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2.4 Research methodology: Research methodology is the process to carry out the research. It starts with review of literature & problem formulation and ends with some conclusion and suggestions. The research methodology will be carry out by collecting information or data.
2.5 Research Design: The researcher has to state the conceptual structure of research design within which research is conducted. Here researcher had used Descriptive type of research design. Descriptive research is the description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. It includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. In order to achieve the mentioned objectives, Descriptive research design was very much suitable hence selected.
2.6 Data source: Primary Data: Primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time. Primary data is collected through questionnaires, formal and informal interview of Goldsmiths, MCX traders and dealers. Secondary Data:
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2.8 Sample Design: Universe: The universe of the study is Amravati city.
Sample unit: The sample unit of the study is middle class people in Amravati city.
Understand and study the plans and Formulating the objective of the study.
Analyze the collected data for detecting the gaps, deficiencies & areas of improvement
Report Writing
2.10 Sampling Technique: The technique that is used Convenience Sampling Techniques.
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2.11 Utility of the Research: The study is carried out to inform the investors or to make them aware about the pricing policy and purity norms to make proper decisions for purchasing gold or while making investment in gold. Also study will be helpful to financial advisors, Goldsmiths to analyze the investors and frame the policies according to it. 2.12 Limitation of Study: Applicability of the results of this research will be applicable only to Amravati city so it may or may not be applicable to other parts of nation.
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25,670
26,830
28,000
Selling Price (Non KDM) Metal Cost +Making Charges (60Rs/Gm) Selling Price 26,270 27,430 28,600 25,670 600 26,830 600 28,000 600
Selling Price (KDM) Metal Cost +Making Charges (150Rs/Gm) Selling Price 27,170 28,330 29,500 25,670 1,500 26,830 1,500 28,000 1,500
Costing in case for sale by customer 22K Percentage for Fineness Metal -Other Metal Mixed(Batta) Gold Remains Price for 10 Grams Buy Back Price 91.6% 10Gr 0.840Gr 9.16Gr 25,670 23,514 23K 95.8% 10Gr 0.420Gr 9.58Gr 26,830 25,703 24K 100% 10Gr -10Gr 28,000 28,000
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3.3 Indian Scenario The annual consumption of gold which was estimated at 65 tonnes in 1982, has increased to over 500 tonnes presently about 80% is for jewellery fabrication (mainly over 22 carat purity) Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 36
3.4 Hallmarking- Certification of Gold Government of India took the cognizance and understood the necessity of protecting the public in its purchases of gold jewellery specially with regard to standards of fineness and the prevention of adulteration, be it deliberate or accidental. The principle objectives of the Hallmarking Scheme are to protect the public against the fraud of adulteration and to oblige manufacturers to maintain legal standards of fineness. Hallmarking is the accurate determination and official recording of the proportionate content of precious metal in gold. Hallmarks are thus official marks used in many countries as a guarantee of purity or fineness of gold jewellery. Taking cognizance of these aspects the RBI Standing Committee on Gold and Precious Metals opined that introduction of a Hallmarking System would not only protect the public from fraud, but also assist exports of jewellery. While agreeing on this the Committee reckoned that compulsory certification of gold would not be implementable on account of the massive structure of trade. Recommending the pursuance of a voluntary scheme, it emphasized the deviations in purity of fine metal should invoke penalties under legislation and BIS was named as the sole agency in the country for Hallmarking of gold jewellery under the provisions of the BIS Act, 1986. BIS, as the National Standards Body of India is primarily engaged in the preparation and promotion of standards and operation of different quality certification schemes. In this context, the BIS Precious Metals Sectional Committee (MTD 10) has formulated and published the following Indian Standards on Gold and Gold Alloys: a) IS 1417 Grades of gold and gold alloys, Jewellery/Artefacts-Fineness and Marking b) IS 1418 Assaying of Gold in Gold Bullion, Gold alloys and Gold Jewellery/ Artefacts Cupellation (Fire Assay Method) c) IS 2790 Guidelines for manufacture of 23,22,21,18,14 and 9 carat gold alloys d) IS 3095 Gold Solders for use in manufacture of Jewellery Hallmark has been acting as a safeguard to purchasers of gold and gold articles for centuries in various countries. In simple terms, Hallmark is a purity certification of gold articles in accordance with Indian Standard specifications.
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retailing/manufacturing, testing facilities and competence of testing personnel. A sample is drawn from the jewelers retail/manufacturing premises for independent testing. Based on the satisfactory preliminary inspection report and test report of the sample drawn during inspection, licence is granted to the jeweler. After getting the licence, the jeweler (retailer/manufacturer) has to follow a BIS approved scheme of testing and inspection on a continuing basis to have confidence in the homogeneity and purity of the gold jewellery offered for hallmarking. A BIS certified jewelers (retailer/manufacturers) has right to register himself with any of the BIS recognized Assaying and Hallmarking Centers to get his jewellery hallmarked. BIS maintains surveillance on the certified jewelers, at a defined periodicity. Market surveillance involves collection of hallmarked gold jewellery from licensee's retail outlet/manufacturing premises and having it tested for conformity in BIS recognized Hallmarking Centre. Deviations in degree of purity of fine metal and observance of operations not in conformance to the system may result in cancellation of BIS licence, and invoke legal proceedings for penalties under the BIS Act, Rules and Regulations. Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 39
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Gold Bullion Securities For the first time in history, gold was made available at the stock exchange just like an equity share to the investors through a World Gold Council initiated ETF product called Gold Bullion Securities. Each share of Gold Bullion Securities (GBS) is equal to 1/10th of an ounce of gold and is supported by physical holding of gold in the custody of HSBC. This is the first time ever that a metal has been listed on an international Stock Exchange and can be conveniently traded or invested by institutional investors as well as individuals. GBS is listed on the London Stock Exchange and also the Australian Stock Exchange. At present GBS is the most cost efficient way of investing in gold, as a potential investor has to only pay 0.3% p.a. as management fees, which includes the cost of storage and insurance apart from the 'brokerage' that they have to pay to the brokers.
Street TRACKS Gold Shares -- ETF Gold fund on NSE The first US exchange-traded fund that tracks the price of gold, called Street Tracks Gold Shares, was launched on the New York Stock Exchange in November 2004. This is the first ETF in the US that will track a commodity. It is designed to give investors the opportunity to invest in gold without requiring actual custody of the metal, which can be expensive. The ETF is expected to attract both institutional and individual investors who are looking for a hedge against inflation and currency exchange rates, or for diversification. It is sponsored by the World Gold Council and marketed by ETF provider State Street Global Markets. Each share will represent one-tenth of an ounce of gold bullion as priced by the London Bullion Market Association. The 2.3 million shares trade under the ticker symbol Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 42
2.7 Classification of Respondents on the basis of their personal information The data so collected from the respondents is classified and tabulated on the ground of profession, Income Class, their need for investment, on risk taking ability so on & so forth.
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Other, 16 Businessmen, 40
Govt Employees, 10
Professionals, 21
From the above table, it is seen that, out of100 respondents, 40 respondents are Businessmen 21 respondents are Professionals, 10 &13 respondents are Government & Private Employeese.16 other respondents consists of Housewifes etc.
Income wise Classification Income Classes No. of Respondent 1Lakh-2Lakhs 25 2Lakhs-3Lakhs 47 3Lakh & above 28
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No.of Respondents
40 30 20 10 0
No.of Respondents
1lakh2lakhs 25
2Lakhs3Lakhs 47
Graph No. Income wise Classification Among the Middle Class majority i.e. 47 of the Respondent falls under the income class of 2Lakhs-3Lakhs.However28 Respondent are from income class of 3Lakh & above and 25 Respondents are from income class of 1Lakh-2Lakhs. Classification on the basis of selection of investment Avenue Investment Avenues No. of Respondents 12 Equity Bonds/Deben ture 16 Life Insurance 59 80 Gold Fixed Deposits 58 Mutual Funds 17
No.of Respondents
Equity
No.of Respondents
12
LifeIns urance
59
Gold
FixedD eposits
58
MutulF unds
17
80
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48
60
40 20 0 Saving 48 Return 38 Both 14
No.of Respondents
Graph No. Aims for Investment It is seen that, Middle class invest basically to save for future rather than to earn return from it.48 respondent invest with the intention of saving, 38 respondent invest with the aim of earning returns there upon.14 respondent replied that both are necessary for them for any
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1 3 2
2 4 1
3 20 4
4 52 23
5 21 70
Degree of expectectations
No.of Respondents 70 60
50
40 30 20 10 0
1 3 2
2 4 1
3 20 4
4 52 23
5 21 70
Graph No. Degree of safety and return that is expected This graph is showing the degree for expectations from the investment. Some opted for higher saving while some opted for higher return. Degree of correlation is calculated. It is found to be+ 0.324 degree.
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Highly Risky 8
Moderate Risky 51
Low Risky 41
Type of investment
60 No.of Respondents
50
40
30
20
10
0
type of investment No.of Respondents
HighlyRisky
8
ModerateRis ky
51
LowRisky
41
Graph No. Type of investment This Graphs shows that Majority of the middle class people are Moderate risk taker or ignores taking high risk. Out of 100 respondents 51 are Moderate Risk bearer. While 41 is Low risk bearer. Just 8 respondents replied that they are good at bearing risk.
Classification on the basis of thinking about Gold as a Good investment option Responds No. of Respondents Yes 87 No 9 Cant Say 3 Not Replied 1
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No.of Respondents
Yes 87
No 9
Can't Say 3
Not Replied 1
Graph No. Thinking about Gold Looking at the Graph it is clear that 87 respondents are saying that yes Gold is good investment avenue. However 9 Opposed,3 were neutral &1 didnt replied. Classification on the basis of investment in Gold Invest in Gold No. of Respondents Yes 82 No 17 Not Replied 1
Invest in Gold
No.of Respondents 100 50
Yes 82
No 17
No.of Respondents
Not Replied 1
Graph No. Invest in Gold From above bars we observed that 82 respondents invest in Gold while 17 invests in securities other than Gold. However 1 respondent didnt reply for it. Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 49
16
Frequent ly 16
No.of Respondents
Marriag es 9
Once in an Year 17
Twice in an Year 17
Other
Here Indian mentality is observed. Many of the respondents i.e.45 buy/invest in Gold at the time of festivals i.e. Diwali, Dashara etc.16 respondents manages to invest in Gold frequently.9 respondents replied that they wait for urgent situations such as Marriages for to buy it.17 respondents opted for once & twice in the year. Graph No. Frequency of investment in gold Classification on the basis of Forms of Investment Used for Investment in Gold Shares of Bank A/C 's / Forms of Bars Coins ETFs Ornaments Mining Co. Certificates Investment No. of Respondents 22 29 07 03 52 6
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Forms of Investment
10
0 Bars Coins ETF's Shares of Mining Co. 3 Orname nts Bank A/C 's / Certific ates 6
No.of Respondents
22
29
52
Graph No. Ways of Investment in Gold Here, Ornaments are the most suitable way for to invest in Gold, 52 respondents replied for it. Bars & Coins are also used by many of the respondents. ETFs is new concept for the middle class. Only 7 replied for ETFs. Least i.e. only 3 replied for Shares of Mining Co. Classification on the basis of respondents aware about Purity Norms of Gold. Aware about checking Purity Norms of Gold No. of Respondents
Yes 86
No 05
Not Replied 09
No.of Respondents
Graph No. Checking of Purity Norms of Gold Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 51
Hallmark 70
BIS 12
Local Brands 02
Other 03
Purity Symbols
70 60 No.of Respondents 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hallma rk 70 BIS Finenes s(Carat s) 47 LocalB rands 2 Other
No.of Respondents
12
Graph No. Various Purity Symbols This Graph shows that many people are aware about the purity norms in Gold. However some respondents still have blind faith on the seller. So they need to be cautious for the fineness of the Gold and its quality. Classification on the basis of Recommendations to others for Gold Recommends No. of Respondents Yes 88 No 07 Not Replied 05
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No.of Respondents
No.of Respondents
Yes 88
No 7
Not Replied 5
Graph No. Recommends for Gold Many respondents seems to be happy with investment in Gold. This can learn, as 88 respondents are recommending others also for the same. While 7 respondents didnt recommend it to others.5 were neutral at this step.
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40
Lifeinsurance,F.D.,Mutual Funds Lifeinsurance,F.D.
35
30
25
Lifeinsurance Bonds/Debentures,F.D.
20
15
10
Graph No. Direct Comparison Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 54
Weighted Average(x)
123.13 112.73 112.40 108.27 107.67 106.20 106.07
Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Here, Ranks are calculated with the scientific manner and are practical in nature. Various parameters such as Return, Safety, Volatility, Liquidity and Convenience are considered for the ranking purpose. 3.10 Comparison with other securities Many of the Investment opportunities are available
Return Equity Bonds High Safety Low Volatility High Moderate Moderate Liquidity High Moderate Low Convenience Moderate High Low
Moderate High
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Chapter 4 Findings, Conclusion & Suggestions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings 4.3 Conclusion 4.4 Suggestions
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4.2 Findings Findings drawn from analysis of collected data and with the help of observation which experience at the data collected. Findings are the concrete that have support of the authentic data, which gives the answer to the question. All the decided objectives are achieved in the satisfactory manner through the findings in the study. 4.3 Conclusion Middle Class truly represents the Indian mentality. They postpone their present needs and save for future wellbeing. Businessmen are the much aware and are investing on the larger scale. Maximum respondents do invest in Life insurance and Fixed Deposits. Gold is seen in all the income classes i.e. lower to top middle class. It is founded that many people invest with the intention of saving rather than earning return on it. Middle class people are risk averse. They dont take risk beyond certain limits. Gold is found to be satisfying security among majority of them. The overall performances of Gold in all areas are satisfactory. During the study it was found that the following factors such as making charges, ornaments, quality provided etc has satisfactorily influenced consumer behavior. Further, there is some kind of promotion activities such as Seminars, Training sessions etc are required to hold the present customers and make new customers Many people expressed that Gold is good investment option, and are investing in it. People are investing according to their capacity, needs, mentality etc. Many ways are available through which we can invest in Gold. But most common way is Bars, Coins and Ornaments. Electronically Traded Products (ETPs) are not convenient among them. When we talk about the physical Gold, the question arises for Purity/Fineness. It was found that many people are aware about the quality and have knowledge but still they are blindly following the sellers for it. So here is much more scope for the further research. Various investment avenues were compared on the basis of different parameters. Here also it was
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4.4 Suggestions Government should take initiatives in making the procedure transparent of buying and selling of Gold. Unorganized or small Jewelers should be provided with proper assistance in case of membership registration of Gold with Hallmark (BIS). Good number of middle class people is investing in Gold in jewellery form so some Policies of jewellery formation should be made according to them. Brokers of MCX should organize the workshop for to educate the people and make them aware about Electronic Traded Funds.
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Questionnaire
Respondent, I am Mr. Pavan G. Walecha, The student of Department of Business Administration and Management SGB Amravati University, is conducting research under the title GOLD: An Investment Option-A Study for fulfillment of MBA Degree Course. I hope to get your valuable cooperation in this project. Thanking you. Yours Sincerely Pavan G. Walecha Name:-. Qualification:-.. Age:-. Profession:a) Businessmen Employees f) Private Employee Income Class: a) 1lacks-2Lacks 1) Where do you Invest? a) Equity d) Gold b) Bonds/Debentures e) Fixed Deposits c) Life Insurance f) Mutual Fund b) 2Lacks-3Lacks c) 3Lacks & Above b) Professional e) Others c) Government
2) You invest in the securities with the view of saving or earning return on them? a) Saving b) Returns
3) What is the degree of your expectations? Degree of Expectations 1 to 5 1 a) Savings Department of Business Administration and Management, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati Page 63 2 3 4 5
6) Do you invest in Gold? a) Yes 7) How do you invest in Gold? a) Frequently d) Once in an year b) Occasionally (festivals) e) Twice in the year c) Marriages f) other b) No
8) In which forms do you invest in Gold? a) Bars b) Coins c) Exchange Traded Funds (ETPs) e) Ornaments f) Bank Accounts/Certificates d) Shares of Mining Companies
9) While purchasing a physical gold do you check the purity norms and rating of Gold? a) Yes b) No 10) Which purity symbol do you believe in? a) Hallmark d) Local Brands b) BIS c) Fineness (Carats)
e) Other.
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Return Safety Volatility Liquidity Convenience Q 12) will you recommend others for investing in Gold a) Yes b) No
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