Earth Systems Unit 4 Objectives and Review Sheet (Chapters 17-20) Objectives Section 17.1: Drifting Continents 1.

Identify the lines of evidence that led Wegener to suggest that Earths continents have moved. 2. Discuss how evidence of ancient climate supported continental drift. 3. Explain why continental drift was not accepted when it was first proposed. Section 17.2: Seafloor Spreading 1. Summarize the evidence that led to the discovery of seafloor spreading. 2. Explain the significance of magnetic patterns on the seafloor. 3. Explain the process of seafloor spreading. Section 17.3: Plate Boundaries 1. Describe how Earths tectonic plates result in many geologic features. 2. Compare and contrast the three types of plate boundaries and the features associated with each. 3. Generalize the processes associated with subduction zones. Section 17.4: Causes of Plate Motions 1. Explain the process of convection. 2. Summarize how convection in the mantle is related to the movements of tectonics plates. 3. Compare and contrast the processes of ridge push and slab pull. Section 18.1: Volcanoes 1. Describe how plate tectonics influences the formation of volcanoes. 2. Locate major zones of volcanism. 3. Identify the parts of a volcano. 4. Differentiate between volcanic landforms. Section 18.2: Eruptions 1. Explain how magma type influences volcanic activity. 2. Describe the role of pressure and dissolved gases in eruptions. 3. Recognize classifications of material ejected by eruptions. Section 18.3: Intrusive Activity 1. Compare and contrast features formed from magma that solidifies near the surface with those that solidify deep underground. 2. Classify the different types of intrusive rock bodies. 3. Describe how geologic processes result in intrusive rocks that appear at Earths surface. Section 19.1: Forces Within Earth 1. Define stress and strain as they apply to rocks. 2. Distinguish among the three types of movement of faults. 3. Contrast the three types of seismic waves. Section 19.2: Seismic Waves and Earths Interior 1. Describe how a seismometer works. 2. Explain how seismic waves have been used to determine the structure and composition of Earths interior. Section 19.3: Measuring and Locating Earthquakes 1. Compare and contrast earthquake magnitude and intensity and the scales used to measure each. 2. Explain why data from at least three seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquakes epicenter. 3. Describe Earths seismic belts. Section 19.4: Earthquakes and Society 1. Discuss factors that affect the amount of damage caused by an earthquake. 2. Explain some of the factors considered in earthquake-probability studies. 3. Identify how different types of structures are affected by earthquakes. Section 20.1: Crust-Mantle Relationships 1. Describe the elevation distribution of Earths surface. 2. Explain isostasy and how it pertains to Earths mountains. 3. Describe how Earths crust responds to the addition and removal of mass. Section 20.2: Orogeny 1. Identify orogenic processes. 2. Compare and contrast the different types of mountains that form along convergent plate boundaries. 3. Explain how the Appalachian Mountains formed. Section 20.3: Other Types of Mountain Building 1. Identify the processes associated with non-boundary mountains. 2. Describe the mountain ranges that form along ocean ridges. 3. Compare and contrast uplifted and fault-block mountains.

Review Questions: Answer using complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper. CHAPTER 17 1. Describe Pangea and continental drift. 2. What evidence supports Wegeners theory of continental drift. 3. Describe the two flaws in Wegeners theory that led people to reject his idea. 4. What evidence led to the discovery of seafloor spreading? 5. How are magnetic patterns important to the study of seafloor spreading? 6. Explain the process of seafloor spreading. 7. What are tectonic plates? 8. Compare and contrast the three types of plate boundaries and the features associated with each. 9. What processes occur at subduction zones? 10. What is the process of convection? 11. Why is the significant about convection in reference to plate tectonics? 12. Contrast ridge push and slab pull. CHAPTER 18 13. Define volcanism. 14. How does plate tectonics lead to the formation of volcanoes? 15. Identify the two zones of volcanism. 16. Describe how both converging and diverging plates create volcanoes. 17. Describe hot spot volcanoes and how they form. 18. Draw and label the parts of a volcano. 19. List and describe the three types of volcanoes. 20. What two main factors influence the formation of volcanoes? 21. When determining the composition of magma, what two factors are used? 22. Contrast the three types of magma. 23. Describe the role of pressure and dissolved gases in how explosive an eruption is. (Use the term pyroclastic flows in your response. 24. What is a pluton? 25. List and describe at least three types of plutons. 26. Contrast features formed from magma that solidifies near the surface with those that solidify deep underground. 27. Describe how geologic processes result in intrusive rocks that appear at Earths surface. CHAPTER 19 28. Using the terms moisture, lifting, stability explain how thunderstorms form. 27. Contrast the three types of air mass thunderstorms. 28. Describe how frontal thunderstorms form. 30. Describe the life cycle of a thunderstorm. 31. Describe how lightning forms. Use the terms stepped leader and return stroke. 32. Describe supercells and the type of weather they produce. 33. Explain how tornadoes form. 34. What type of conditions are needed for tropical cyclones to form? 35. Describe the life cycle of a tropical cyclone. 36. Describe at least two recurring weather patterns and problems they create. CHAPTER 20 37. Define topography. 38. What causes differences in elevation? 39. Explain isostasy and how it pertains to Earths mountains. 40. Describe how Earths crust responds to the addition and removal of mass (isostatic rebound). 41. What is orogeny and what is the role of compressive forces? 42. Contrast the three types of mountains that form along convergent plate boundaries. 43. Explain how the Appalachian Mountains formed. 44. How do mountains form at divergent boundaries (along ocean ridges)? 45. Describe uplifted mountains. 46. Describe fault-block mountains.