Chapter 1 1. describe the geological and geographical conditions that set the stage for North American history.

225 mya: All land is one supercontinent Supercontinent breaks and drifts into continents 350-25 mya: Shifting of earths crust forms mountain ranges 10 mya: North America formed. From east to west: Canadian Shield, coastal plain, Appalachians, basin, Mississippi Valley, Rockies, Great Basin, Sierra and Cascade mountain ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin river valleys, Williamette-Puget Sound, Pacific Ocean. 2 mya: Great Ice Age 10,000 ya: Retreat of glaciers causes shaping of N. America. Grinds out and fills lakes, creates deserts and beaches. 2. describe the origin and development of the major Native American cultures. Exposed land bridge between Siberia and Alaska allows nomadic Asian hunters to people the Americas. Hunters move southward and eastward and form tribes with language, religion, and culture. Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs develop agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of maize, which spread across the Americas, resulting in the creation of irrigation systems and three-sister farming. Societies north and east of Pueblos are unsophisticated, besides the Iroquois Confederacy, barely able to manipulate nature Native Americans are spread out, because there were few in number 3. explain the developments in Europe and Africa that led up to Columbuss voyage to America. After forgotten discovery of North America in A.D. 1000 by the Scandinavians, Europeans start to seek contact with the rest of the world. Crusaders and Marco Polo cause Europeans to crave Asian goods. Europeans want cheaper product or alternate sources of supply. The caravel is created by the Portuguese in 1450, allowing them to explore the coast of West Africa, where they set up trade and slave posts. Portuguese develop plantation economy that shapes the destiny of the New World. Portuguese explorers like Dias and da Gama push further south in order to reach Asia. Spain becomes united in the late 15th century. Their new strength and power causes eagerness in Spaniards to outdo their rivals, the Portuguese. Portuguese already control African coast and way to India, so Spain looks westward. Renaissance harbors optimism and adventure. Invention of mariners compass makes sea travel easier and more accurate. 4. explain the changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds of Europe, Africa, and the Americas collided after 1492. European explorers discover new crops and animals. Plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes enrich the European and African diet. Europeans introduce their crops and animals to the Americas. The introduction of the horse made tribes more mobile and wide-ranging, while the introduction of sugar took place in the European diet and forced millions of Africans into slavery. Europeans unknowingly bring seeds of flowers, as well as disease, causing the death of about 90% of Native Americans. Native Americans with syphilis spread the STD to Europeans unintentionally. 5. describe the Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America and identify the major features of Spanish colonization and expansion in North America. Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divides Columbuss discovery with Portugal, and Spain gets the bigger share. In quest of gold, explorers explore the southwest, as well as Florida and west to Mississippi. Pizarro, after defeating Incans, adds Peruvian fortunes to Spains wealth. Corts sets sail to Mexico, gaining the advantage of understanding the natives with the help of Malinche, an Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl (Aztec language).

 Corts marches on Tenochtitlan. Allowed entry because Moctezuma thought Corts was a god. In 1520, Aztecs attack, but a combination of Cortss retort and disease wipes out most of the population of Mexico. Coronados expedition causes conquistadores to move northward and claim New Mexico in 1609. Spanish begin to settle Texas as a hedge against the French, and create missions in California. Identify and state the historical significance of the following: -ID: first bullet, significance: second bullet 1. Marco Polo Italian adventurer who claims to have spent 20 years in China. His observations about China stimulate European desires to find a cheaper route to the East. 2. Francisco Pizarro Spanish conqueror who crushes the Incas (Peru) in 1532. Adds to Spanish wealth, which causes a price revolution in Europe, increasing consumer costs. This money supply might have fueled the growth of capitalism. The wealth spread commerce and manufacturing and paid for trade with Asia. 3. Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish explorer who explored Florida in 1513 and 1521 in search of gold. First Spaniard to explore North America 4. Hernando de Soto Spaniard who, from 1539-1542, travelled west from Florida and discovered the Mississippi River. First to discover and cross the Mississippi River. 5. Montezuma Aztec chieftain who welcomed Corts and his men with gifts and allowed them access to Tenochtitlan. Montezumas welcoming of the conquistadores at first gave Spain gold, power, and eventually, all of Mexico. 6. Christopher Columbus Italian seafarer who, with Spanish help, sails westward in order to reach the East Indies. Reaches Hispaniola first and believes it to be the Indies. Credited with discovery of New World, which completely altered the course of the economy. The economy depended on the services of Europe, Africa, and the New World. 7. Hernan Corts Spanish conqueror who set sail for Mexico in 1519 and eventually conquered it in 1521. Brings all of Mexico into Spains grasp. Brings crops, animals, language, laws, customs, and religion to Mexico. Creates mestizos and blends culture of Old and New World. 8. Malinche Indian slave who understands Mayan and Nahuatl, and eventually learns Spanish. Gave Corts the advantage of understanding language of the natives he was about to encounter. 9. Francisco Coronado Spanish explorer who travelled through Arizona, as far east as Kansas in 1540-1542. Discovered Grand Canyon, buffalo, and adobe pueblos. IV. Identify and state the historical significance of the following: 1. Renaissance Revival of art and literature in the 14th century Nurtured ambition, optimism, and adventure that contributed to the Europeans desire to explore 2. mestizos People of mixed Indian and European heritage First blended race in the New World, and proof of European presence in the New World 3. Treaty of Tordesillas

 Divided land discovered by Columbus between Portugal and Spain in 1494, though Spain got a bigger share Gave Spain access to American products and led them to discovering the nearby American continent 4. Three sister farming A method of growing beans, corn, and squash together in a way that benefits all 3 of the crops. (Beans grow on trellis of cornstalks and both are grown on soil moisturized by squash) The growth of these 3 crops enriched the diet of the Indians, and resulted in some of the highest population densities 5. Great Ice Age A period from about 2 mya to 10,000 ya where thick sheets of ice blanket parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The changing sea level at times exposed the land bridge from Siberia to North America, which brought the first people to America. Also, the retreat of the glaciers shaped the topography of the continent. 6. Canadian Shield A zone in northeast North America undergirded by ancient rock Possibly the first part of North America to emerge above sea level. After the Ice Age, the Canadian Shield became several lakes. 7. Mound Builders A population settled in the Ohio River Valley that had one of the largest settlements due to corn planting The introduction of corn decreased death rates and helped to maintain population size. 8. Spanish Armada (ch. 2) Formed by Philip II of Spain for an invasion of England in 1588, but it was defeated by the better English ships. Marked the beginning of the end of Spains imperial dreams 9. the black legend The false concept which held that the Spanish conquerors only mistreated the Indians and gave them nothing in return, when they, in addition, created a huge empire, and laid the foundation for future populations with their culture, laws, religion, and language. Gave Spain a bad, but powerful reputation. The black legend covered and hid the good deeds that they did. 10. conquistadores Spanish conquerors who explored in service of God, and to find gold and glory Spread out across Caribbean and mainland America. Obtained most of Spains land. 11. Aztecs Population in Mexico that had a very sophisticated civilization due to their agricultural practices (CORN!), elaborate cities, achievements in math and science, and culture. Their initial idea to cultivate corn spread throughout the Americas and became one of the staples of Native American diet. 12. Popes Rebellion Due to suppression of religious customs, Pueblos destroy every Catholic church in the province and kill priests and Spanish settlers. Spanish lost New Mexico because of this uprising, but reclaimed it in 500 years 13. Pueblo Indians The first tribe in America to cultivate corn. Also rebelled against the Spanish in Popes Rebellion. Shows that Pueblos clung to their religious beliefs and were resistant to authority

Chapter 2 1. describe the factors that caused the English to start late on colonization: th o Alliance with Spain in early 16 century=little English incentive to compete by establishing colonies overseas th o Slow population growth until 16 century o Religious conflicts in England (Henry VIII breaking off from Roman Catholic church and Catholic Irish uprisings) did not arise until 1500s, giving the English no reason to leave for religious freedom o Not as ambitious as nearby countries *Spain and Portugal) until Queen Elizabeth o The economy was stable until late 1500s, which meant that not many people needed to go overseas for new opportunities 2. describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity: o Disastrous beginning: colonists attacked by Indians at disembark location infested with mosquitoes and disease=many deaths Englishmen busy hunting for nonexistent gold instead of abundant game around them= starvation, malnutrition, and death Expedition in 1609- shipwreck and loss of valuable supplies By 1625, only about 1200 colonists were left of the original 8,000 to come to Jamestown o Later Prosperity: Earliest colonists saved from complete annihilation by leader John Smith, and later Lord De La Warr who arrived with a relief party in 1610 De La Warr used military strategies to keep colonists in line The first place in North America with slaves Home to the House of Burgesses, first representative assembly in North America 3. describe the roles of Native Americans and African slaves in the early history of Englands southern colonies: o Native Americans: Most were nuisance to the Englishmen who wanted their land, so they were taken as slaves or killed Tribes strong enough to stand up to settlers at first traded with English settlers and were able to reach a middle ground until they were also eventually overcome (Algonquians and Iroquois) Tried to make peace with English and even helped them, such as Pocahontas helping the colonists of Jamestown o African Slaves: plantation owners depended on slaves for crops, which meant that slaves were crucial for the economy rice=major crop in Carolina, and since the crop had been grown in Africa for a long time, West Africans were in high demand for labor first brought to the colonies in 1619, African slaves did not become abundant th until the end of the 17 century because they were expensive 4. describe changes in the economy and labor system in Virginia and the other southern colonies: o tobacco was the first major plantation crop, but soon was joined by rice and sugarcane, the latter being extremely expensive to grow due to machinery, land clearing, and labor o plantation owners depended on indentured servants to work on their land because slaves were too expensive in the beginning, but they were replaced by African slaves o Virginias economy depended almost entirely on tobacco crops, whereas Carolina depended on rice crops 5. indicate similarities and differences among the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia: o Similarities:

Focused on agricultural products, tobacco and rice being biggest Large plantations with many slaves (slavery did not arrive in Georgia until 1750, much later than other colonies) Due to size of plantations, they were located far apart from each other; this made developing schools and churches difficult Small number of rich plantations created an aristocratic atmosphere in the South Some religious toleration, but Church of England=main religion Expansionary colonies because soil butchery drove settlers westward Differences: North Carolina was very liberal and not aristocratic and was also religiously tolerant than all of the other southern colonies Georgia was less aristocratic than the other South colonies Georgia was reform-minded

II. Identify and state the historical significance of the following: 1. Lord De La Warr: governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610; used military strategies to bring Jamestown together; led first Anglo-Powhatan War by using Irish tactics which consisted of destroying all of the Indians supplies of food and shelter 2. Pocahontas: daughter of Powhatan who participated in mock execution with Englishman John Smith to display the Indians power and desire for peace with settlers; acted as delegate between English and Indians; married John Rolfe 3. Powhatan: chieftain of the Powhatan Confederacy, made up of dozens of small tribes in the James River area; father of Pocahontas. 4. Handsome Lake: prophet of the Iroquois who had vision in 1799; during this period, the Iroquois had been living on reservations that led them to act in a barbaric fashion; Handsome Lakes vision showed that if his people were to survive, they must change and relearn the traditional ways of their ancestors; his teachings marked the beginning of the Longhouse religion 5. John Rolfe: English colonist who married Pocahontas; began tobacco industry, which was perfected in 1612, and eventually became the major crop that Virginias economy depended on 6. Lord Baltimore: a member of a prominent English Catholic family who founded Maryland in 1634 in the hopes of creating a refuge for other Catholics as well as to make money; hoped to create an aristocratic settlement but instead allowed resentful Protestant peasants to gather under rich barons and eventually rebel against him 7. Walter Raleigh: a favorite courtier of Queen Elizabeths but later fell out of favor with crown; led expedition in 1585 to Roanoke Island in the hopes of colonizing it, which eventually disappeared; tried to compete with Spains rising power in the Americas but was eventually executed for treason 8. James Oglethorpe: One of the founders of Georgia whose military leadership kept the Spanish at bay; large fortune helped Georgia to flourish economically; interested in prison reform; imperialist and philanthropist 9. Humphrey Gilbert: leader of the first attempt at colonization for England on the coast of Newfoundland which failed; inspired later adventurers such as half brother Raleigh to colonize North America; died at sea in 1583 10. Oliver Cromwell: leader of Puritans in England when they rebelled against Charles I in 1640; ruled for ten years after Charles I was executed in 1649 until Charles II, son of Charles I, was reinstated to the throne in 1660 11. John Smith: Took charge in 1608 when Jamestown was first settled and saved it from utter collapse; ruled over colonists with the line he who shall not work shall not eat. III. Define and state the historical significance of the following: 1. joint-stock company: perfected in the early 1600s; allowed many investors at a time to put together their capital in order to make larger investments; provided financial means of colonists setting out for the Americas and seeking new businesses

2. slavery: made up of Africans and Native Americans; slaves worked on tobacco/rice/sugarcane plantations located in the southern colonies as well as the West Indies; central part of the Souths economy 3. enclosure: landlords in the English countryside created these enclosures for sheep grazing, which in turn forced small farmers to live elsewhere or nowhere at all; these farmers became some of first immigrants to America 4. House of Burgesses: the first of many representative assemblies to be set up in the United States, this one being an assembly called together in Virginia in 1619 5. royal charter: a document granted by the king of England allowing a group of people to establish a settlement in North America; gave colonists same basic rights that they would have in England, which ensured the English that even though they were far away, they were still protected by their homeland; later, this assurance for rights led to resentment of England 6. slave codes: codes adopted by colonies that were based on the Barbados slave code; dictated the rights of slaves (which were basically none) and their masters (complete dominance/absolute power) 7. yeoman: a free man holding a small landed estate OR a minor landowner OR a small prosperous farmer OR a loyal or faithful servant. 8. proprietor: rich landowners who founded colonies such as Maryland and Pennsylvania; proprietors prevented their colonies from becoming royal colonies under English power 9. longhouse: the housing structure for the Iroquois Confederacy; 25 ft by 50-200 ft; held two nuclear families, all of whom were related to one another through the maternal side; 3-5 fireplaces; sons left childhood longhouses to live in the longhouse of wives 10. squatter: colonists, such as those who migrated to North Carolina from Virginia, who had no official claim to the land where they settled; squatters shaped the population of North Carolina 11. primogeniture: laws in England that stated only the eldest son of each family was allowed to inherit land; pushed younger sons to venture out and make a living elsewhere, which led to them immigrating to Americas 12. indentured servitude: English people with no money bound themselves to working as a servant in North America in order to pay for their passage there; colonies such as Maryland and Virginia depended on these servants to work on the plantations before slaves were imported from Africa 13. the starving time: winter of 1609-1610 of Jamestown, Virginia of which only sixty survived IV. Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 1. First Anglo-Powhatan War: started by Lord De La Warr who brought a declaration of war against the Indians by the Virginia Company; ended in 1614 when a peace settlement was reached and secured by the marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, the first marriage between the two peoples 2. Second Anglo-Powhatan War: begun by the Indians in 1644 who were defeated and banished from their homeland as well as officially separated from whites in the peace treaty of 1646; this idea of separation later gave way to reservations 3. Act of Toleration: passed in 1649; granted all Christians of Maryland religious freedom and issued the death penalty to all who denied divinity of Jesus (ex. Jews and Atheists); allowed Catholics to safely practice their religion in Maryland, making Maryland a safe haven for Catholics 4. Barbados slave code: created in 1661; took away basic rights from slaves and made them the property of their masters, who were allowed to treat them however they wanted; the Barbados slave code eventually made its way inland and led to all colonies creating similar slave codes 5. Virginia Company: a joint-stock company that received a charter from James I for a settlement in North America in order to make profits without goal of long-term colonization; granted citizens in North America the same rights as they would have back home in England and led to Jamestown, the first English town in North America 6. Restoration: the period after Charles II was restored to the throne and colonization picked up again with more royal involvement 7. Iroquois Confederacy: five Native American tribes living in now New York State: the Mohawks, Senecas, Oneidas, Onondagas, and Cayugas. founded by Hiawatha and Deganawidah in late 1500s; once a force to be reckoned with, the Iroquois soon deteriorated due to diseases from old world, introduction to whiskey, and violent Englishmen; final blow was during the American

Revolution when most of the tribes decided to side with the losing side, the British; eventually moved onto reservations or into British Canada; closest any group ever came to ancient civilizations such as the Aztecs. Chapter 3 1. describe the Puritans and their beliefs and explain why they left England for the New World English religious reformers who wanted a total purification of English Christianity Separatists (most devout)- only visible saints should e admitted to church Left England for New World because King James I threatened to harass them out of the land In Holland, they disliked the Dutchification, so sought refuge- New World 2. explain the basic governmental and religious practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Used royal charter as a constitution Claimed they wanted to separate from impurities of Church, not the entire Church All adult males who belonged to Congregational Church could vote Town governments included all male property holders- discussed local issues and voted by majority-rule General Court- representative assembly elected by people Purpose of government- to enforce Gods laws Everyone paid taxes for government-supported church Religious leaders had huge influence but could be fired Separation of church and state (clergymen couldnt hold political office) 3. explain how conflict with religious dissenters, among other forces, led to the expansion of New England Roger Williams (a religious dissenter) banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony; formed Rhode Island which became comprised of outcasts Scattered settlements formed new areas of New England consisting mainly of malcontents/exiles (many of Bay Colony) Connecticut River Valley (highly fertile expanse) attracted English settlers Centuries-long westward movement beginning in 1636 Colonies such as New Hampshire formed from fishing/trading activities along the coast Coast of Maine absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Settlements such as New Haven formed with religious motives 4. describe the changing relations between the English colonists and Native Americans. Epidemic killed much of Native American population in New England, weakening them as English settlements spread At first, Wampanoag Indians befriended Plymouth settlers and signed treaty with the Pilgrims Pequot War in 1637 due to English settlers pushing inland, leading to confrontations between Indians and settlers King Philips War (1675) between alliance of Indian tribes and English settlers; slowed English settlements westward movement but left the Indians very much defeated In Pennsylvania, relations between settlers and Indians were great due to Quaker polices, but when non-Quakers came, they undermined the policy toward the Indians. 5. explain why New York, Pennsylvania, and the other middle colonies became ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse. New York had been New Amsterdam, a Dutch colony; when the English defeated the Dutch and made it New York, the area retained some of its Dutch features. Left Dutch names, social customs, aristocratic element. Pennsylvania was home to Quakers and led by William Penn, who fostered liberal policies and almost complete freedom of worship; due to liberal features, Pennsylvania and other middle colonies attracted rich mix of ethnic/religious groups New Jersey attracted New Englanders in addition to Quakers Delaware had a Swedish tinge

 Liberal policies allowed for democratic control, contributing to political diversity 6. describe the central features of the middle colonies and explain how they differed from New England Central Features o Fertile soil o Broad land o Grain exports o Fur trade o No milling/manufacturing with water-wheel (few waterfalls) o Industries- lumbering, shipbuilding, commerce, seaports o Religious toleration o Democratic control o Economic/social democracy prevailed Different from New England o Land larger than New England o Government not as intimate as New England (NE=town meetings) o Less industries than New England o Land acquired easier than in New England

II. Identify and state the historical significance of the following: 1. John Calvin- religious leader who elaborated Martin Luthers ideas and preached predestination; Calvinism became dominant religious belief of the New England Puritans and other American settlers; provided spiritual comfort 2. Anne Hutchinson- strong-willed woman of Bay Colony; carried to extremes predestination which made her a heretic; banished by Puritan magistrates 3. Roger Williams- Separatist Salem minister of Bay Colony; rejected Puritan governments purpose; banished by Bay Colony; built liberal Rhode Island 4. Henry Hudson- English explorer employed by Dutch East India Company; ascended Hudson River, filing Dutch claim to wooded/watered area 5. William Bradford- one of Pilgrim leaders; multilingual scholar and governor chosen thirty times; worried that non-Puritans would corrupt Plymouth 6. Peter Stuyvesant- Dutch director-general of New Netherland who took over New Sweden; believed his power came from God and the company, not the people; surrendered to English and gave up New Amsterdam which became New York 7. William Laud- English archbishop who caused anti-Puritan persecutions supported by King Charles I 8. Thomas Hooker- leader of energetic Boston Puritans who swarmed to Hartford area 9. William Penn- Englishman who became a Quaker despite English intolerance; set up Pennsylvania in the New World and welcomed many immigrants; beneficial, liberal; died full of sorrows but with successful colony 10. John Winthrop- first governor of Bay Colony; attorney and manor lord from England; had calling from God to lead religious experiment; helped Massachusetts prosper with new industries; distrusted democracies 11. King Philip- Metacom (Massasoits son) forged Indian alliance against English settlements and assaulted English; was captured and killed; slowed westward march of English but led to Indian defeat 12. John Cotton- Puritan clergyman of Bay Colony; defended governments duty to enforce religious rules 13. Sir Edmund Andros- English autocratic head of Dominion of New England; disliked by colonists; took away many privileges of the colonists making them want to revolt; shipped off to England during revolt III. Define and state the historical significance of the following: 1. the elect- visible saints who were destined to go to heaven with eternal bliss by God

2. predestination- the Calvinist concept that since the first moment of creation, God had destined some for heaven and some for hell; made people seek signs of conversion in themselves 3. freemen- Puritan visible saints in the Bay Colony who elected the governor and the General Court 4. visible saints- the elect who demonstrated themselves as the elect through holy behavior 5. Conversion- a personal experience in which God revealed to elect their heavenly destiny; caused people to lead sanctified lives as visible saints 6. doctrine of a calling- John Winthrop had a calling from God to lead religious experiment of the Bay Colony; Puritan bay colonists believed in a calling to do Gods work on earth, such as building their holy society 7. covenant- an agreement; Puritan bay colonists believed to have a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model for humankind 8. antinomianism- concept preached by Anne Hutchinson that the saved (elect) dont need to obey Gods or mans law; high heresy that got Anne Hutchinson exiled 9. passive resistance- a concept advocated by the Quakers who loved peace 10. proprietary- belonged/controlled as property, such as Penns proprietary regime of Pennsylvania 11. blue laws- Pennsylvania laws prohibited ungodly revelers- plays, cards, dice, games, hilarity IV. Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 1. Protestant Reformation- the spread of religious reform in the 1500s beginning with Martin Luthers 95 theses and continuing with John Calvin and helped by Henry VIIIs break with Catholic Church; shaped destiny of the New World because of Puritan settlers 2. Pilgrims- group of Separatists who arrived in New England on the Mayflower and settled as squatters; signed the Mayflower Compact and became a small, unimportant colony 3. New England Confederation- Puritan union of four colonies (2 Massachusetts and 2 Connecticut) for the purpose of defense against foes and intercolonial issues; first milestone toward colonial unity 4. Calvinism- religion begun by John Calvin which elaborated Martin Luthers ideas and preached predestination; became dominant religious belief of the New England Puritans and other American settlers and provided spiritual comfort 5. Massachusetts Bay Company- formed by Puritans with the proposal to establish a settlement in Massachusetts; received royal charter which they used as a constitution; became prosperous in forming the Massachusetts Bay Colony- biggest/most influential of New England 6. Dominion of New England- dominion imposed by London including New England and then New York and East/West Jersey; purpose to bolster colonial defense and promote administration of English Navigation Laws 7. Institutes of the Christian Religion- John Calvins book in which he wrote about his doctrine; preached predestination, Gods all-knowingness, and humans weakness/wickedness; message of order in divine plan provided spiritual comfort 8. Navigation Laws- laws whose goal was to stitch Englands over-seas possessions tighter to England by restricting American trade with countries not ruled by England; led to smuggling in America 9. Great Puritan Migration- migration during 1630s of 70,000 people leaving England; some Puritans, some not; 20,000 to Massachusetts, many others to West Indies 10. Glorious Revolution- the dethroning of the Catholic King James II and enthroning of the Protestants of the Netherlands, William III and Mary (daughter of James II), by the English; taught people of New England a lesson about resisting oppression- Dominion of New England collapsed and revolt broke out 11. Puritans- English religious reformers wishing to undertake a total purification of English Christianity, many coming from commercially depressed areas of England and inspired by Calvinism; wanted to see the Church of England de-catholicized; caused immigration to and settling in America 12. General Court- a representative assembly elected by the people in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; only Puritans could be the freemen who voted

13. Dutch West India Company- maintained enterprises in the Caribbean; interested in trading and raiding of treasure ships; established outposts in Africa and Brazil; established New Netherland and New Amsterdam 14. Separatists- the most devout Puritans who believed only visible saints should be eligible for the church; threatened to be banished by King James I; fled to and founded Plymouth 15. Bible Commonwealth- Massachusetts Bay Colony founded by moderate Puritans with spiritual intensity; purpose to build a holy society as a model for humankind; religious leaders had huge influence; only adult males belonging to the Congregational Church were freemen with the right to vote 16. Mayflower- ship in which the Separatists went from Holland to America; missed destination and arrived off coast of New England in 1620; became the Pilgrims of Plymouth 17. Protestant ethic- serious commitment to work and engagement in worldly pursuits; an ethic shared by the Puritans 18. Mayflower Compact- a document agreeing to form a government and submit to majoritys will; signed by Pilgrim leaders/ represented a step toward self-government 19. Fundamental Orders- a modern constitution drafted by settlers of Connecticut River colony; established regime democratically controlled by citizens; impacted Connecticuts colonial charter and state constitution