FIRST AID TRAINING

Mohammed
Mohammed Hussain
Hussain
Occupational
Occupational Health
Health Specialist
Specialist
 First Aid
The emergency care,
help and treatment
of an Injured Person
before arrival of
Medical Care
 First Aid Aims

To sustain the life of the of the casualty

To prevent his condition from deteriorating

To prevents the occurrence of further injuries

To prevent contamination

To seek medical help

 Types of Emergencies
Fatal emergencies:
cases, which lead to death unless first is
provided immediately, such as cardiac
arrest, shock &bleeding.

Fatal emergencies:
cases, which lead to death unless first is
provided immediately, such as cardiac
arrest, shock &bleeding.
 First Aid Box Contents

1- Scissor
2- Triangular bandage.
3- Crepe bandage.
4- Gauze swabs.
5- Cotton bandage.
6- Adhesive plaster.
7- Cotton.
8- Safety pins.
 WOUNDS
Types of wounds
1 - Gun shot
2 - Puncture
3 - Incised
4 - Graze
5 - Lacerated
6 - Contused
 BURNS
Destruction of the skin & deeper tissues due to
heat &loss of the blood fluids (plasma).

Causes of burns:
Fire
Hot liquids
Chemical substances
Hot objects
Radiation
Cool (freeze) substances
Electric current
 Degrees of Burns
First degree:
Reddening of skin with sever pain.

Second degree:
Blister formations with sever pain.

Third degree:
Badly burnt part
No feeling of pain
 First Aid for Burns

Reassure the person & keep him in safe place.

Cool the burn area with running water.

Cover with sterile dressing

Send to hospital if necessary.

 BLEEDING
The flow of blood outside the blood vessels.
Types of bleeding

External bleeding Internal bleeding

Blood vessels:
Arteries: carry oxygenated blood, bright red & flow in waves.
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood, dark red with continues blood flow.
Capillaries: the termination of the arteries & the beginning of
veins that help in exchanging oxygen & other element.
.
First Aid for External Bleeding
Apply direct pressure with the hand to the bleeding points
with a sterile dressing for ten minutes.
Elevate the bleeding part & support in position unless
fracture is suspected.
If bleeding continues, apply further dressing.
Hold firmly the pressure points if necessary above the
wound.
The tourniquet is to be used only as the last resort for
10 – 20 minutes.
Refer to hospital if necessary.
IN CASE OF AMPUTATED ORGAN

1. Wash the organ with clean water.

2. Place it in plastic bag surrounded by ice.

3. Send the amputated organ with the

casualty to hospital.
 Internal Bleeding
Invisible, unknown the source & more serious than external bleeding
such as stomach ulcer bleeding, lungs & closed fracture.

Signs & symptoms of internal bleeding

1. Pale color.
2. Rapid weak pulse. Rapid weak pulse.
3. Rapid & shallow breathing.
4. Cold, clammy skin.
5. May feel pain in the bleeding part.
6. Restless, anxiety & thirst.
7. Sweating.
 Lay the person
on his back with raised legs.

Do not give any thing by mouth.

Reassure the person & transfer to hospital.

 SHOCK
Insufficient blood supplies to the brain, which controls
the functions of the body vital systems.

Causes of Shock
1- Pumping failure
In case of heart attack, electric shock.

2- Loss of body fluids

In case of bleeding, sever burns, diarrhea & heavy sweating

3- Dilatation blood vessels

In case of sever head injuries, poisons, sever pain & emotions.
Signs & symptoms of shock
Skin: Pale, cold & clammy

Breathing: Rapid & shallow

Pulse: Rapid & weak

Fainting & dizziness

Unconsciousness (some times)

 First Aid for Shock
Lay the person down on his back & raise the lower limbs

Cover him with blanket

Loosen clothing on chest, waist & neck

Do not give any thing by mouth

In case of heart attack, keep in setting position

Get Medical Help

 AIR Way Obstruction
{ Choking }

Definition
Choking occurs when a foreign body becomes lodged
in the windpipe causing obstruction of the airway

Causes:
foreign bodies, such as coins, false teeth & food
in unconscious stage, the tongue will drop back
wards intoxication with alcohol drinks or drugs.
 Types of choking
Partial obstruction: Little amount of
oxygen can pass through the windpipe,
which makes difficulty breathing with
some change in voice.

Complete obstruction: where oxygen

cannot pass through to the lungs.
 First Aid for Obstruction
Let the casualty try to expel the object if he can cough.
If the casualty is conscious, use the abdominal thrusts
If the casualty become unconscious, place him on the
floor & continue the pressure on the abdomen.
Give artificial respiration if necessary.

In case of pregnant women, the pressure to be

applied on the chest and not on the abdomen.
 RECOVERY POSITIION

PURPOSE
1 To maintain a clear air way

1 To prevent inhalation of vomits

or other fluids in the Mouth.
 Artificial Respiration

Definition
Breathing represents the mechanics of moving
air with sufficient oxygen in & out of the lungs.
The act of breathing called respiration.

In addition to supplying the cells with oxygen,

breathing removes carbon dioxide from the cells.
Respiratory System Anatomy
Nose
Mouth
Throat (Pharynx)
Voice box ( Larynx )
Windpipe (Trachea)
Bronchi
Lungs
 Normal Breathing Rate

Adults 12 - 20 times per minute.

Children 20 – 25 times per minute.

Infants 25 - 30 times per minute.

 How to check Breathing
Look for the even rise and fall of the chest.

Listen for air entering & leaving the nose or mouth.

Feel for air moving into & out of the nose or mouth.
 Artificial Respiration
In the absence of normal breathing,
artificial respiration is needed to
ventilate the lungs in an attempt to
restore the normal function of the
lungs / to put oxygen into the blood
stream and remove carbon dioxide
from the blood stream.
 Artificial Respiration

The technique to be used by mouth to

mouth ventilation or mouth to nose
ventilation by maintaining head - tilt,
chin – left position.
For the above techniques, you must
deliver breaths to the patient at one
breath every five seconds, at a rate of
twelve breaths per minute.
The ABC stands for:

A = AIR WAY
B = BREATHING
C = CIRCULATION
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

CPR
CPR is an emergency procedure applied
when heart and lung action has stopped.
 PURPOSE
MAINTAIN AN OPEN AIR WAY

SUPPLY BREATH TO THE PATIENT

FORCE THE PATIENT HEART TO

CIRCULATE THE BLOOD.

 Pulse Rate
The pulse rate is a reflection of the heart
and is obtained by feeling the pulsation
of an artery as it responds to the hearts
pumping action, which can be felt in
superficial arteries, which overlie the bones.
 Normal Pulse Rate
Adults : 60 - 80 per minute.
Children : 80 - 100 per minute.
Infants : 100-120 per minute.
The most common sites used for pulse
assessment are:
The carotid artery in the neck.
The brachial artery near the rest.
 The Techniques of
CPR
Is the victim responsive? Tap on his
shoulder & shout, ARE YOU OK?
Call for help.
Place the victim lying flat on his back
on a firm surface in a safe place.
Ensure an open air way by the
head-tilt chin- left method.
Check for Breathing, use……

LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL method

(wait for five seconds)
If the victim is breathing, keep in
recovery position.
If the victim is not breathing, give
two quick breaths.
Check for a carotid pulse,
In the absence of breathing & pulse…
Begin CPR, locate the lower part of the sternum,
place the heal of the hand on this part of the bone,
place the other hand on the first, keeping the arm
straight & the elbow locked & the sternum should
be depressed one & half to two inches with each
compression at rate of:
15 compressions & two breaths for
single rescuer (4 cycles)
5 compressions & one breath for
two rescuers (12cycles)
► Check breathing & pulse, repeat if necessary

► In the presence of the pulse & absence of

breathing repeat the breathing every five
seconds (12 breaths per minute).

► If there is pulse & breathing, keep in the

recovery position & stay with him until
the arrival of an ambulance.
 In the absence of breathing & pulse…

► Check breathing & pulse, repeat if necessary

► In the presence of the pulse & absence of

breathing repeat the breathing every five
seconds (12 breaths per minute).

► If there is pulse & breathing, keep in the

recovery position & stay with him until
the arrival of an ambulance.
CPR in children & infants

♥ Use one hand for a child.

♥ Use two fingers for infant.

♥ Repeat the procedure for 20 times.

 Acute heart cases
Cases leading to cardiac arrest which require CPR
¾ Heart Attacks
¾ Shocks
¾ Brain Injuries
¾ Drowning
¾ Suffocation
 Cardiac Arrest
A sudden unexpected cessation of
breathing or circulation.
Signs & Symptoms:
Unconsciousness.
Absence of breathing &pulse.
Cool body.
Death likes appearance.
 Heat Related Illnesses
Heat exhaustion:occurs to a healthy
person who works or exercises in hot,
humid environment. It occurs due to
sever water loss in the body from
sweating without adding more fluids
to the system.
Occurs to those persons who are exposed to
hot, humid environments while working or
exercising.

It caused by accumulation of body heat due

to failure of heat regularity mechanism.

This condition is a true emergency & mostly

caused by exposure to dry heat.
 Signs & symptoms
Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
High or normal High temperature over 40c
temperature or more
Cold & clammy skin Dry, hot skin

Rapid weak pulse Rapid & full pulse

Nausea & vomiting Usually not present

Confusion & dizziness Early loss of consciousness

 Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
Lay the victim in cool place Lay the victim in cool place

Immediate cooling by cold

Elevate the lower limbs
compresses
Do not give any thing by
Remove heavy clothing
mouth
If conscious, give cold water
Seek medical advice
to drink

Seek medical advice

 POISONING
Poisons are any substance in a form
of solid, liquid or gas which, when
taken into the body in amount
sufficient to have a negative or
destructive effect on health.
 Routes of entry
1-Ingestion through the mouth in food & drinks.
Signs & symptoms:
) Burns or stains around the mouth.
) Unusual breath odors.
) Abnormal breathing & pulse rate.
) Abdominal pain.
) Sweating.
) Vomiting.
) Diarrhea.
) Unconscious (some times)
 Routes of entry
2- Inhalation through the airway and lungs by
breathing chemical gases or fumes.

Signs & Symptoms:

) Skin reaction.
) Itching of the skin.
) Irritation of the eyes.
) Headache.
) Increase skin temperature.
 Routes of entry
3 -Injection beneath the skin or the surface of
the skin.
Signs & Symptoms:
) Noticeable stings or skin bites.
) Puncture marks to the skin.
) Weakness or collapse.
) Headache & difficulty in breathing.
 POISONING

First Aid
1- Check the responsiveness, then seek medical help.
2- Do not induce vomiting.
3- Any signs of burns on the lips moisten them with water.
4- In the presence of the breathing keeps on recovery position.
5- If breathing has failed, start artificial respiration immediately.
6- Call for medical advice.
7- Remove any vomited matter to the hospital.
 FRACTURE
1- A fracture is the disruption
in continuity of bone.

2- Any break, crack, split or

crumbling of the bone.
 Causes of Fracture
Direct Trauma:
The injury occurs at the point of impact.

Indirect Trauma:
The injury occurs away from the point of impact.

Disease Process:
An illness that causes the bone to weaken or
decay (e.g., cancer)
 Classification of Fractures
l1- Closed fracture (simple fracture)
The underlying broken bone has not
penetrated the skin.
l2- Open fracture (compound fracture)
The skin has been broken, creating
open wound exposing the bone.
l3- Comminuted Fracture (complicated fracture)
A fracture in which the bone is broken
into three or more fragments.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

1 Tenderness & Pain.

1 Swelling & Discoloration.
1 Deformity.
1 Loss of use.
 General Rules
for First Aid for Fractures
1- Support the upper & lower joint of the injured
part with a splint.
2- Do not try to straighten or repair the fracture part.
3- If the victim is unconscious as a result of head or
back blows, treat as a spinal injury.
4- Special cares to be taken for head & spinal injuries.

5-Call for medical help.

 ROAD TRAFIC ACCIDENTS

Aim
To stabilize the accident scene and
create a safe working environment.
To reach, provide immediate life
saving measures.
To provide additional medical help.
To arrange for medical facility.
 ROAD TRAFIC ACCIDENTS

There are many hazards that accompany Car

Accidents, which must be recognized before
care of the victim begins:

1- Traffic congestion.
2- Gasoline spills.
3- Downed electrical lines.
4- Unstable vehicles.
5- Submerged vehicles.
 ROAD TRAFIC ACCIDENTS

Aim of First Aid

1- Protection of self & fellow rescuers.

2- Protection of patient as to prevent

further harm.

3- Proper handling emergency care

procedures.
 ROAD TRAFIC ACCIDENTS

How to prevent further complications

1- Extinguish any fire.
2- Switch off the car engine.
3- Secure the car movements by putting a solid material
beside the tires.
4- Put on the hazards (flushing) lights.
5- Do not take the victim out of the car if not in danger,
first aid could be provided in the car.
6- Ask bystanders to call for help.
7- Provide first aid giving the priority to the four fatal
factors:
Breathing, Bleeding, Circulation & Shock.
 LEFTING CASUALTIES
The handling of patients falls into two categories:
1- A victim who is found in a readily accessible
location which can be moved from home, building
or street in routine manner.

2- A victim who must be extricated, or removed from

allocation of difficult access, possibly dangerous to
the First Aider as well as victim.
 LEFTING CASUALTIES

Various one-person carries could be used

in emergencies such as:

1- The blanket drag:

The most effective one-person carry as it does afford
some support & protection to the victim.

2- The clothes drag:

The victim may be dragged by clothing if no blanket
available.
 LEFTING CASUALTIES

3- Fire Fighter Drag:

the victim must be supine with wrists tied together facing
the same direction, the Airst Aider crawls on hands and
knees dragging the victim.

4- Human crutch (the victim is conscious)

Two persons carry:
1- The chair method.
2- Two handed seat methods.