Drainage Design Criteria

DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

Drainage.
- Design Manual of Road Drainage System, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 2005
- Guidelines of Surface Drainage Design on Road, SNI 03-3424-1994.
- Hydrology of Open Channel, Ven Te Chow, Erlangga-Jakarta.
- Analisa Hidrologi, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta 1993.
- Banjir Rencana untuk Bangunan Air, Yayasan PU, Jakarta 1992
- Calculation for Discharge Flood Method, SNI-03-2415-1991.
Hydrology and Drainage
Concept Design of Hydrology
Collecting Data
Design more attend to compiled highest maximum flood in happen and
compared with output from analysis rainfall data, and will calculated design
using flowed evaluation. The data getting from ;
a. Rainfall data from Badan
Meteorologi dan Geofisika
b. Surface map from Bakosurtanal
c. Study on site location
Distribution Frequency / Statistic of rainfall
Distribution frequency necessary used formula as follow ;
a) Distribution of Gumbel.
Calculation of Gumbel used formula as below :
) ( *
n T
n
X
T
Y Y
S
S
X X +
. . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 ).
4
X * 90%
I
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 )
Where ,
T
X
= Maximum daily rainfall on T years repeat period ( mm )
X
= Average sample of rainfall cumulative aritmatic ( mm )
t
Y
= Reduce private in probability function, table. A
n
Y
= Value of reduce private mean function of monitoring, table B
n
S
= Reduce private of standard deviation from n function, table C
X
S = Standard deviation
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Drainage Design Criteria
n
I
= Rainfall intensity ( mm/hr )
) ( x r
T
= Years repeat period
n
Ri
R
1 n
) R (Ri
SX
2

1
]
1

Where ;
R
= Maximum average daily rainfall ( mm/hr )
Ri = Maximum daily rainfall ( mm/hr )
n
= Time of monitoring
Table 5.6.1. Vary of Y
T
Return Period ( years ) Vary of reduce value
2 0.3665
5 1.4999
10 2.2502
25 3.1985
50 3.9019
100 4.6001
Table 5.6.2. Yn Value
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 0.4952 0.4996 0.5035 0.5070 0.5100 0.5128 0.5157 0.5181 0.5202 0.5220
20 0.5225 0.5252 0.5258 0.5283 0.5296 0.5309 0.5320 0.5332 0.5343 0.5353
30 0.5362 0.5371 0.5380 0.5388 0.5402 0.5409 0.5410 0.5418 0.5424 0.5432
40 0.5436 0.5442 0.5448 0.5453 0.5458 0.5463 0.5468 0.5473 0.5477 0.5481
50 0.5485 0.5489 0.5493 0.5497 0.5501 0.5504 0.5508 0.5511 0.5519 0.5518
60 0.5521 0.5524 0.5527 0.5530 0.5533 0.5535 0.5538 0.5540 0.5543 0.5545
70 0.5548 0.5552 0.5555 0.5556 0.5557 0.5559 0.5561 0.5563 0.5565 0.5567
80 0.5569 0.5570 0.5572 0.5574 0.5576 0.5578 0.5580 0.5581 0.5583 0.5585
90 0.5586 0.5587 0.5589 0.5591 0.5592 0.5593 0.5595 0.5596 0.5598 0.5599
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Drainage Design Criteria
Table 5.6.3. Sn Value
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 0.9496 .9676 0.9833 0.9971 1.0095 1.0206 1.0316 1.0411 1.0493 1.0565
20 0.0628 1.0696 1.0696 1.0811 1.0864 1.0915 1.0961 1.1004 1.1047 1.1086
30 0.1124 1.1159 1.1159 1.1226 1.1255 1.1285 1.1313 1.1339 1.1363 1.1388
40 0.1413 1.1436 1.1436 1.1480 1.1499 1.1519 1.1538 1.1557 1.1574 1.1590
50 0.1607 1.1623 1.1623 1.1658 1.1667 1.1681 1.1696 1.1708 1.1721 1.1734
60 0.1747 1.1759 1.1759 1.1782 1.1793 1.1803 1.1814 1.1824 1.1834 1.1844
70 0.1859 1.1863 1.1863 1.1881 1.1890 1.1898 1.1906 1.1815 1.1823 1.1930
80 0.1938 1.1945 1.1945 1.1959 1.1967 1.1973 1.1980 1.1987 1.1994 1.2001
90 0.2007 1.2013 1.2020 1.2025 1.2032 1.2038 1.2044 1.2049 1.2055 1.2060
SNI 03-3424-1994/P16
b) Distribution of Pearson
Calculation of Pearson used formula as below ;
( )
X TR Tr
S K X X
log
log log +
N
X
X
N
i
i

1
log
log
1
) log (log
1
2
log

N
X X
S
N
i
i
X
3
log
1
3
log
) )( 2 )( 1 (
) log (log
X
N
i
X
S N N
X Xi
g

Where ;
Tr
K = Denation factor for repeat period with using fixed
X
g
log
Table 5.6.4. Y value as T function
T Y T Y
1.01 -1.53 20 2.97
1.58 0.00 50 3.90
2.00 0.37 100 4.60
5.00 1.50 200 5.30
10.00 2.25 - -
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Drainage Design Criteria
Table 5.6.5. Frequency Factor for Extreme value ( K )
n
Repeat Period ( years )
10 20 25 50 75 100 1000
15 1.703 2.410 2.632 3.321 3.721 4.005 6.265
20 1.625 2.302 2.517 3.179 3.563 3.836 6.006
25 1.575 2.235 2.444 3.088 3.463 3.729 5.842
30 1.541 2.188 2.393 3.026 3.393 3.653 5.727
40 1.495 2.126 2.326 2.943 3.301 3.554 5.476
50 1.466 2.086 2.283 2.889 3.241 3.491 5.478
60 1.446 2.059 2.253 2.852 3.200 3.446
70 1.430 2.038 2.230 2.824 3.169 3.413 5.359
75 1.423 2.029 2.220 2.812 3.155 3.400
100 1.401 1.998 2.187 2.770 3.109 3.349 5.261
SNI M-18-1989-F
c) Distribution of Haspers ;
Calculation of Haspers formula based on maximum daily rainfall data with
principle as below ;

T D T T
U S R R X * +
n
R
R
T

,
_

VII
II
VI
I
S
R R
S
R R
SD *
2
1
m
n
T
R
1 +

Where ;
X
T
= R
T
Maximum rainfall on T years repeat period ( mm )
n = Total monitoring data
S
D
= S
X
Standard deviation
S
V**
= Standard variable
U
T
= Standard variable repeat period
m = Number level of data
T
R
= Probability
Result calculation of design rainfall therd distribution comparation shall be used
a high rainfall. The three distribution compare will get high result calculation of
rainfall design to used after evaluate with coefficient of skewness and curtosis.
Rainfall Intensity.
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Drainage Design Criteria
From several formulae for calculated the rainfall intensity one of them is
Mononobe formula. In this analysis, time of rainfall intensity certain by
assumption rainfall distribution during in 6 hours per day and used based on
Mononobe formula.
)
3
2
(
24
t
t
24
24
R
I

,
_

*

Where ;
I
t
= Average of rainfall intensity start point to t hours ( mm/hr )
R
24
= Maximum rainfall design in 24 hours ( mm )
24 = Standard presentation in 1 day ( R
24
= 100 % )
t = Duration of rainfall ( hours )
Effective Rainfall Intensity
Intensity of rainfall depend from effectively water flow and type of surface.
The effective rainfall intensity calculated with formula as follow ;
* I I
ef

Where ;
I
ef
= Effective rainfall
I = Rainfall intensity
= Coefficient of flowed as shown at table
Table 5.6.6. Coefficient of Flowed
No. Type of surface
Coefficient
( )
1 Asphalt Road 0.70 0.05
2 Shoulder 0.70 0.85
3 Concrete Road 0.70 0.95
4 Embankment 0.40 0.65
5 Urban 0.70 0.95
6 Inter Urban 0.60 0.70
7 Resident 0.40 0.60
Drainage will be design with adequate capacity to accommodate storm run off
and to avoid drainage to the fly over arterial road and surrounding properties
and to maintain traffic safety.
Table 5.6.7. Design Period of Life Time :
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Drainage Design Criteria
Type of drainage Life time period
In let 25 years
Box Culvert 25 years
Side ditch 10 years
River Q < 200 m
3
/sec 50 years
River Q 200 m
3
/sec 100 years
Design Discharge
a. Rational Method
Design discharge calculated with Rational Method, if the catchments area
smaller than 500 km
2
( SNI ) used formula as follow ;
A I f Q * * *
Where ;
Q = Design discharge ( m
3
/sec )
f = Conversion factor ( f = 0.278 )
= Coefficient of flowed
I = Rainfall intensity have same duration with time concentrated in
repeat rainfall time ( mm/hr ).
A = Catchments area ( km
2
).
Formula rational used to calculated the side ditch capacity and drainage which
replaced surrounding main road corridor. Based on site visit design alignment
crossing rolling area expected every 1 km can be installed 2 or 3 channels.
b Regression Method.
Regression Method used to estimated discharge of top debit at flow river area
with minimum data, parameter can used as follow ;
1. Area ( A ), map with scale 1 : 25,000
2. Average daily rainfall (
R
)
3. Slopping river ( S ), minimal S = 0.1 %
4. Flowed area (Al )
Equation regression from above parameter have formula to decided design
average per year as follow :
0.85
2
0.117 2.445 V 6
) A (1 * (S) * ) R ( * (A) * ) (10 * (800) X

+

Where ;
V = 0.02 0.0275.log A
Discharge debit based on repeat period as follow :
X C Q
N
*
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Drainage Design Criteria
Where ;
Q
N
= Design discharge debit ( m
3
/sec )
C = Coefficient factor as shown at table
Table 5.6.8. C - Factor
Repeat (
T )
Reduction Variable C factor
5 1.50 1.28
10 2.25 1.56
20 2.97 1.88
50 3.90 2.35
100 4.60 2.78
SK SNI M-18-1989-F/P21
Coefficient of Average Flow
n
n n
A A A
A C A C A C
C
+ +
+ +

2 1
2 2 1 1
* * *
Where ;
C = Coefficient of flow appropriate the type of surface condition
A = Wide area of flowed (Catchments area)
Table 5.6.9. Coefficient of Flow
Type of Surface
Coefficient of Flow
( C )
1 Concrete Road and Asphalt 0.70 0.95
2 Earth and Granular Stone 0.40 0.70
3 Shoulder :
- Soil with small granular 0.40 0.65
- Soil with rock granular 0.10 0.20
- Soft massive stone 0.70 0.85
- Hard massive stone 0.60 0.75
4 Urban 0.70 0.95
5 Inter Urban 0.60 0.70
6 Industry 0.60 0.90
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Drainage Design Criteria
Discharge of Ditch water
6 . 3
* * A I C
Q
Where :
Q = Discharge of water ( m
3
/sec )
C = Coefficient of flow
I = Rainfall Intensity
A = Wide area of flow/catchments area ( m
2
)
Design Dimension of Drainage
Sloping Control for existing area
One of the other provision during design drainage is breaking water flow,
% 100 *
2 1
L
elev elev
i
l

Where ;
i
l
= Sloping the existing area ( % )
elev
1
= Upper elevation the existing area
elev
2
= Lower elevation the existing area
Drain Capacity.
Design of side ditch based on uniform flow shall be continue and calculated with
formula as follow ;
V F Qs *
Where ;
Qs = Drain capacity ( m
3
/sec )
F = Catchments Wet area ( m
2
)
V = Velocity of flow ( m/sec )
Velocity of flow calculated by Manning formula :
( )
1/2
O
2/3
S * R *
nd
1
V
Where ;
nd = Coefficient Manning friction.
So = Slopping of channel
R = Hydrolic radii channel ( m ).

P
F
R
Where :
F = Catchment wet area ( m
2
)
P = Circumference wet area ( m )
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Drainage Design Criteria
Concentration Time
Flowing time to drainage or time of inlet used formula as follow ;
2 1
t t Tc +
0.167
So
nd
* l * 3.28 *
3
2
t
1
]
1

1
V
L
t
* 60
2

Where ;
t
1
= Time inlet ( minute )
t
2
= Time outlet ( minute )
l = Maximum length flowing
nd = Manning Coefficient of friction
So = Drainage Slopping.
V = Average velocity of ditch
Mannings Coefficient
Value of Mannings coefficient for design analysis shown at table.
Table 5.6.10. Manning Coefficient
No. Type of Surface Drain nd
1 Cement and Asphalt concrete 0.013
2 Slip and water proof 0.020
3 Slip and strong 0.010
4 Earth with small grass 0.020
Slopping of Drainage
Slopping of drainage shall be calculated with formula as follow ;
7
2/3
R
nd * v
So
1
]
1

Where ;
v = Velocity of flow
R = Hydraulic radii of drain
nd = Coefficient of friction
Slopping of Drainage Wall
Usually slopping of drainage wall valuated according to safety, economic and
have sloping 1 : 1 ~1.5
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Drainage Design Criteria
Free board
Distance vertical freeboard from top of drainage to surface of water design refer
to formula as follow :
d * 0.5 W
Where :
W = High of Freeboard ( m )
D = Depth of Drainage ( m )
Design of Drainage / Channel
Design type of drainage ( pipe or box ) shall be decided after maximum flood of
water founded also to easy build on site.
Slopping of drainage 0.5 ~2.0 % will condition freefall, for open
drainage/channel freefall shall be calculated with formula as follow ;
a) Outlet not flowed, if 1.2
D
h
h = depth of water, D = diameter of
channel
b) Outlet flowed, if 1.5D h 1.2D
c) Freeboard for open drainage D * 0.2 W
Box Culvert
The box culvert have been functioned to water side drain catchments and to
continued flowing to the ditch which have 3 main section :
Main Pipe
Head wall of box culvert and
Apron
Minimal life time design of box culvert 10 years, sloping of box culvert design
provision from 0.5 2.0 % with consider other function because sedimentation
in inlet or outlet drainage.
Box Culvert Dimension
Dimension of box culvert shall be used formula as below ;
v
Q
a
6 . 3
* * A I C
Q
2
1
3
2
* *
1
I R
n
v
Where ;
a
= Wide area ( m
2
)
Q = Debit of water ( m
3
/sec )
v = Flow velocity ( m/sec )
R = Hydraulic radii of drain ( m )
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Drainage Design Criteria
I = Rainfall intensity
A = Wide area of flow ( m
2
)
C = Coefficient of flow
n = Coefficient of friction
Pipe Culverts Dimensions
Place of underground culvert minimum = 60 cm in depth, with maximum length
of culvert = 300 m.
Dimension of Pipe Culvert were shown as below :
rad 5 . 4
D d * 80 . 0
2
) sin ( * 8 1 D F

v
Q
F
r P 2
r
F
R
P
F
R
2

Where :
= Angle wet surface of water in pipe ( rad )
d = high of water in pipe ( m )
F = Channel wet area ( m
2
)
D = Diameter of pipe ( m )
P = Circumference wet area in pipe ( m )
r = Radii of pipe culvert ( m )
R = Hydraulic radii of drain ( m )
Details dimension of Pipe Culvert based on standard drawing were shown as
below :
Table 5.6.11. Pipe Details
Diameter
D (mm)
Wall Thickness
T (mm)
Length
L (mm)
Weight
W (kg)
Rubber Ring
Thickness
400 55 1250 470 16
600 65 1250 825 18
800 84 12500 1400 18
1000 108 2500 2200 24
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Drainage Design Criteria
Table 5.6.12. Depth of Over Fill ( H )
Diameter
D (mm)
Type - A Type - B
400 500 < H 3000 300 H 500 or 3000 < H
600 500 < H 3000 300 H 500 or 3000 < H
800 500 < H 3000 300 H 500 or 3000 < H
1000 500 < H 3000 300 H 500 or 3000 < H
Simple Design for Size of Side Ditch
Design size of side ditch for at grade road have function to water catchments
rainfall from fly over and auxiliary road decided used the RC square side ditch.
Dimension of side ditch as follow :
Minimum wide size of side ditch is 0.5 m
2
Minimal highest of wall side ditch ( T ) 70 cm.
Dimension of side ditch with minimum highest of wall 70 cm, used the value as
shown at table :
Table 5.6.13. Vertical Wall of Side Ditch with Masonry
Ditch sloping
i ( % )
L = 100 m L = 200 m L = 300 m L = 400 m
0 1
High ( cm ) 70 80 90 100
Wide ( cm
2
) 4,900 5,600 6,800 7,000
1 2
High ( cm ) 70 70 80 90
Wide ( cm
2
) 4,900 4,900 5,600 6,300
2 5
High ( cm ) 70 70 70 70
Wide ( cm
2
) 4,900 4,900 4,900 5,600
5 - 10
High ( cm ) 70 70 70 70
Wide ( cm
2
) 4,900 4,900 4,900 4,900


Note ; T = High
P = Width
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Drainage Design Criteria
Table. 5.6.14. Vertical Wall of Side Ditch without Masonry ( bottom width
of ditch D= 50 cm)
Ditch sloping
i ( % )
L = 100 m L = 200 m L = 300 m L = 400 m
0 1
High ( cm ) 50 60 70 80
Wide ( cm
2
) 5,000 6,600 8,400 10,400
1 2
High ( cm ) 50 50 60 70
Wide ( cm
2
) 5,000 6,600 6,600 8,400
2 5
High ( cm ) 50 50 50 50
Wide ( cm
2
) 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,600
5 - 10
High ( cm ) 50 50 50 50
Wide ( cm
2
) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Where : L = Length of ditch
Fly over Drainage
Inlet box shall be used provided and spacing for depress fly over will be design
based on a 25 years frequency storm. The longer of concentration due to turfed
swales in medians will result in fewer inlets. Inlets in medians shall be grates or
a curb opening inlet turned directly into the flow. Grates have larger opening
than gutter inlet.
Drainage for fly over ordinary used the following types as :
a) Deck Drainage
b) Culvert with catch basin.
The deck drainage shall be accommodate of the rainfall in the fly over
catchments area with minimum a half of carriageway in maximum available
length within transversal and longitudinal drainage.
Culvert with catch basin are used to carry out the water through fly over or
embankments road. The type of culvert is pipe, and cross culvert should be to
take all the water out of the gutter.
Design of Deck Drainage and Culvert with catch basin as shown below :
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Drainage Design Criteria
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Drainage Design Criteria
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Drainage Design Criteria
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