Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 1 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation

A Summary of Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation

General Governing Equation for Homogeneous, Anisotropic Turbulence, Steady
Velocity U:


c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
t
u
c
x
v
c
y
w
c
z
E
c
x
E
c
y
E
c
z
Kc
x y z
+ + + = + +
2
2
2
2
2
2
(0-1)

1 Instantaneous Point Sources (IPtS)
1.1 IPtS at (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
), steady unidirectional velocity field

q = (U, 0, 0)

c
M
t E E E
x x Ut
E t
y y
E t
z z
E t
Kt
x y z x y z
=

+

+

+

( ) ( )
exp
[( ) ] ( ) ( )
/ /
4 4 4 4
3 2 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t
(1-1)

where M = mass imput.


1.2 Fluid at rest, isotropic, no decay, molecular diffusion

c
M
Dt
r
Dt
=

(
( )
exp
/
4 4
3 2
2
t
(1-2)

where
r x y z = + +
2 2 2
(x
1
= y
1
= z
1
= 0).


1.3 IPtS at (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) with image at (x
1
, y
1
, -z
1
), Fluid at rest

c
M
t E E E
x x
E t
y y
E t
z z
E t
M
t E E E
x x
E t
y y
E t
z z
E t
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
=

+

+

+

+

+
+

( ) ( )
exp
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
exp
( ) ( ) ( )
/ /
/ /
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
3 2 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3 2 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
t
t
(1-3)



Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 2 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
1.4 IPtS in Shear Flow with Velocity Field

q = ( [u
0
(t) +
y
y +
z
z], 0, 0)

where
c
c

c
c
y z
u
y
u
z
= = , = velocity gradients (Okubo and Karweit, 1969).


( )
( )
c t x y z
M
t E E E t
x u t y z t
E t t
y
E t
z
E t
Kt
x y z
y z
t
x
y z
( , , , )
( ) ( ) ( )
exp
( ' )dt'
/ / /
=
+

+
}

`
)
+
+ + +

(
(
(
(
(
4 1
1
2
4 1
4 4
3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
0
0
2
2 2
2 2
t

u
u
(1-4)

where u
2 2 2
1
12
= +
|
\

|
.
|

y
y
x
z
z
x
E
E
E
E
.


2 Instantaneous Line Sources (ILS)
2.1 Steady velocity field

q = (U, 0, 0) Line source along entire line: x

1
, y
1
, - < z < +


( )
( )
| | ( )
c
m
E E t
x x Ut
E t
y y
E t
Kt
x y
x y
=

+

+

(
(
'
exp
/
4
4 4
1 2
1
2
1
2
t
(2-1)


where m = mass input per unit length.


2.2 Line source on z - axis between -Z
2
< z < +Z
2
, x
1
= y
1
= 0

( )
( ) ( )
| |
c
m
E E t
erf
z Z
E t
erf
z Z
E t
x Ut
E t
y
E t
Kt
x y
z z
x x
=
+

(
(


+ +

(
(
'
exp
/ / /
8
4 4
4 4
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
t
(2-2)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 3 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
3 Instantaneous Plane Source (IPlS)

Injection plane at x
1


| |
c
m
E t
x x Ut
E t
Kt
x x
=

+

(
(
' '
exp
( )
4 4
1
2
t
(3-1)
where m' ' = mass input per unit area

4 Continous Point Source (CPtS)

Time integration of instantaneous sources
( )
c d
t
a
t
b t d
t
=

(
}
1
3 2
0
1
t
t
t t
/
exp
( )
( ) (4-1)
where

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
a
x x
E
y y
E
z z
E
b
U
E
K
d
q
x x U
E
E E E
x y z
x
x
x y z
=

+

+

= +
=

(
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
3 2
1 2
4 4 4
4
2
4
exp
/
/
t

where q = time rate of mass injection =
dM
dt

4.1 Solution t > t
1
where t
1
= duration of injection

c
d
a
e erf
a
t t
b t t erf
a
t
bt
e erf
a
t t
b t t erf
a
t
bt
ab
ab
=

+
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
|

(
(

|
\

|
.
|
|
\

|
.
|

(
(

t
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
(4-2)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 4 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
4.2 Continuous injection t
1
= t

c
d
a
e erfc
a
t
bt e erfc
a
t
bt
ab ab
= +

(
+

t
2
2 2
( ) ( ) (4-3)

Steady-state solution t

| |
c
d
a
ab =
t
exp 2 (4-4)

Special case: Steady, homogenous, isotropic

c
q
Er
r U EK xU
E
=
+

(
(
4
4
2
2
t
exp (4-5)

where, r x y z = + +
2 2 2


4.3 CPtS (continuous point source) neglecting longitudinal diffusion
Governing equation, homogenous turbulence
U
c
x
E
c
y
E
c
z
Kc
y z
c
c
c
c
c
c
= +
2
2
2
2
(4-6)
Solution
( )
c
q
E E x
y U
xE
z U
xE
Kx
U
y z
y z
~ + +

(
(
4
4 4
1 2
2 2
t
/
exp (4-7)

4.4 CPtS in uniform flow with anisotropic, nonhomogenous turbulence
Governing equation
U
c
x
E x
c
y
E x
c
z
y z
c
c
c
c
c
c
= + ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
(4-8)
Diffusivities: (Walters, 1962)
E
y
= a
y
x
o
(4-9)
E
z
= a
z
x
|

Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 5 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
Solution
c
q
a a
x
U
x
y
a
U
x
z
a
y z y z
=
+ +

+
+
+

(
(

+
+ |
\

|
.
|
+ +
2
1 1 1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
t
o | o |
o |
o |
( )( )
exp
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(4-10)

4.5 CPtS in Shear Flow u(z) = a
0
z

with Non-homogenous, isotropic turbulence

Governing equation (Smith, 1957)
u z
c
x
E z
c
dy z
E z
c
z
( ) ( ) ( )
c
c
c c
c
c
c
= +
|
\

|
.
|
2
2
(4-11)
Solution for = , E
z
(z) = b
0
z
1-

( )
( )
c
qa
b x
a y z
b x
=
+

(
(
0
1 4
0
5 4
0
2 2
0 2 3
4
/
/
exp
t
(4-12)
5 Continous Line Source (CLS)
( )
( )
( )
| |
( ) ( )
( ) c
q
E E t
x U t
E t
y
E t
K t d
x y
x y
t
=

}
'
exp
/
4
4 4
1 2
2
2
0
t t
t
t t
t t (5-1)
where q = time rate of mass injection per unit length.

5.1 Steady state solution t
( )
( ) c
q e
E E
K
xU
E
x y
x
=
'
/
2
1 2
0 2
2
2
t
| (5-2)
where K
0
= modified Bessel funktion of second kind of order zero and
( )( )
|
2
2 2 2
4
4
=
+ + E x E y U E E E K
E E
y x y x y
x y


5.2 CLS, neglecting longitudinal diffusion
c
q
xUE
y U
E x
xK
U
y
y
~ +

(
(
'
exp
4
4
2
t
(5-3)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 6 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
6 Continous Plane Source (CPlS)
Time integration of IPlS

( )
( )
| |
( )
( ) c
q
E t
x U t
E t
K t d
x
x
t
=

}
' '
exp
4
4
2
0
1
t t
t
t
t t (6-1)
where q = time rate of mass injection per unit area.

6.1 Solution for t > t
1

( )
( )
( )
( )
c
q e
erf
x t
E t
erf
x t t
E t t
x
E
erf
x t
E t
erf
x t t
E t t
x
E
xU
E
x x
x
x x
x
x
=
+
|
\

|
.
|
|

+

(
(

|
\

|
.
|

|
\

|
.
|
|

(
(

|
\

|
.
|
(

(
(
' '
exp
exp
2
1
1
1
1
2 4 4
2
4 4
2
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
(6-2)
where O = + U KE
x
2
4

6.2 Continuous injection t
1
= t
c
q e
erf
x t
E t
x
E
erf
x t
E t
x
E
xU
E
x x
x x
x
=
+
|
\

|
.
|
|

|
\

|
.
|

|
\

|
.
|
|

|
\

|
.
|
(

(
(
' '
exp
exp
2
2 4
1
2
4
1
2
O
O O
O O

(6-3)
Concentration at x = 0
c
q
erf
t
E t
x
x
( )
' '
=
=
|
\

|
.
|
|
0
4 O
O
(6-4)

Steady-state t
( ) c
q x
E
U
x
=

(
' '
exp
O
O
2
(6-5)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 7 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
6.3 CPlS, neglecting longitudinal diffusion in downstream section
c
q
U
xK
U
for x ~

(
>
' '
exp 0 (6-6)

Neglecting decay in upstream section
c
q
U
xU
E
for x
x
~

(
<
' '
exp 0 (6-7)


7 Continous Plane Source of Limited Extend
7.1 Semi-infinite CPlS
Source over - < y < 0, - < z < +
Governing equation:
U
c
x
E
c
y
Kc
y
c
c
c
c
=
2
2
(7-1)
Solution:
c
q
U
e erfc
y U
E x
Kx
U
y
=
|
\

|
.
|
|

' '
2 2
(7-2)

7.2 Rectangular CPlS Brooks (1960)
Source over < < + < < +
b
y
b
z
2 2
,

7.2.1 Homogenous turbulence E
y
= const.
c
c
e erf
y b U
E x
erf
y b U
E x
Kx
U
y y 0
1
2
2
2
2
2
=
+
|
\

|
.
|
|


|
\

|
.
|
|

(
(

/ /
(7-3)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 8 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
Centerline concentration y = 0
c
c
e erf
b U
E x
Kx
U
y
max
0
4
=
|
\

|
.
|
|

(7-4)
Plume Width L(x) = 2 3 o
y
(x)
L b
E x
Ub
y
/ = + 1
24
2
(7-5)

7.2.2 Non-homogenous turbulence E E
L
b
y y
=
|
\

|
.
|
0


c
c
e erf
E x
Ub
Kx
U
y
max
/
0
0
2
2
3 2
1
12
1
=
+
|
\

|
.
|

(7-6)
L b
E x
Ub
y
/ = + 1
12
0
2
(7-7)

7.2.3 Non-homogenous turbulence E E
L
b
y
=
|
\

|
.
|
0
4 3 /
4/3 power law

c
c
e erf
E x
Ub
Kx
U
y
max
/
0
0
2
3
3 2
1
8
1
=
+
|
\

|
.
|

(7-8)
L b
E x
Ub
y
/
/
= +

(
1
8
0
2
3 2
(7-9)
Environmental Fluid Mechanics I 9 Solutions to the Convective Diffusion Equation
8 Instantaneous Volume Source

One-dimensional

Instantaneous injection of mass M over l
1
< x < l
2
producing initial concentration c
i

( )
c
M
A l l
i
=

2 1


where A = cross-sectional area.
( ) ( ) c
c
e
erf
x l Ut
E t
erf
x l Ut
E t
i
Kt
x x
=

(
(

(
(

2 4 4
1 2
(8-1)
Semi-infinite domain - < x < 0
( ) c
c
erf
x Ut
E t
i x
=

(
(
1
2
1
4
(8-2)