Professional Documents
Culture Documents
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Fundamentals of Enineering
design
Lecture to Global Poduction Logistic students at JUB
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Institute for product development and
optomechatronic systems engineering
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Welfengarten 1A, D-30167 Hannover
http://www.ipeg.uni-hannover.de
lachmayer@ipeg.uni-hannover.de
Phone: +49 511 762 3472
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Engineering Design
Course Name 050131
Credits 2,5
Grade 90 min written test on Friday 28 January 2011 9:30-11:30
Questions and answers (10-20)
3-4 calculations/drawings
Lectures:
Thursday 13th Jan. 2011 9:45 - 12:30 and 14:15 - 18:30
Friday 14th Jan. 2011 8:15 - 12:30 and 14:15 - 18:30
Friday 21st Jan. 2011 8:15 - 12:30
Friday 28th Jan. 2011 9:30 11:30 (Test of 90 min)
Lecture Hall Research II
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Need: Paper A3
Set square / ruler
pencil
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Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
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Course Description
The course will provide a general understanding of innovation and development management and
the processes and methods used to develop and design machines with its context to logistics
engineering.
Basic aspects of development methods will be explained:
Development processes including specification, conceptual design and detailed design as
well as different types of modular approaches and development levels will be trained. The
use and need of design standards DIN/ISO, patents/IP and CAD systems will be shown.
An introduction to the general parts and elements of machines such and their function will be
given:
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings, gears
For selected examples basic methods to dimension these elements and machines with respect to
material and tension will be explained.
Specific focus will be given to the interrelations between product modularization and logistics as
well as the importance of logistic planning during the development process.
The course contents lectures and exercises.
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
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fr Produktentwicklung
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Targets of chapter 1
Basic understanding of the development of industrial
production/products
Product Lifecycle
Innovations due to Software, Photonic and Nanotechnology
Mechatronic Systems / Technical Systems
Product Costs
Link between product design and logistics
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Material Energy - Signal
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Signal Energy Material
Quelle: Roth
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Modell of Long Waves
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Steam engine
Railway steel
Chemical
Industries
Mass
Production
Electronic
Communication
Nano
Bio
Health
Telecommunication
Today
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Product Lifecycle
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Software related Innovations
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Moores law:
2x number of transistors on chips
18 month
Mechatronics, intelligent machines
Microsystem- and Nanotechnology
Software agents
Optoelectronics and Photonics
Networked systems and Mobility
Light engineering
Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality
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& Gertebau
Virtual Reality
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Technical systems
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Constraints during design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Structure of Mechatronics
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Gausemeier
Information
processing
Digital/analog
conversion
Analog/digital
conversion
Amplification
Actuator(s)
Digital/analog
conversion
Sensor(s)
Basic system
Human
Information
Processing
units
Communication
system
Energy
feed
Operator interface
(human-machine
interface)
Digital quantities
Analog quantities
Energy
feed
Energy
feed
Flow of information Flow of material
Flow of energy
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New Market-Constellation
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Gausemeier
Past Today
Costs and time to market
Only two reasons to buy a new product:
1. Value added
2. Cheaper
drive developments
Vertical integration is a risk
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Costs to Market
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Typical picture of project business
For mass production design phase is
much larger related to building and
testing of products, but design costs and
may also be much higher than product
costs
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Total costs of ownership
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Cost of material
Maintenance costs
(Maintenance, repairs,
Inspection)
Manufacturing costs
(Cost of labor, production
overhead costs)
Cost of operation
(Energy, operating
materials, auxiliaries,
operation)
Costs for:
Management, marketing,
development,
non-recurring costs for:
Transport, installation,
environmental protection,
scrapping
Production costs acquisition costs
Manufacturer
costs
Product user
costs
Requirements:
Funktion, Safety,
Total cost of product
Quelle: Ehrlenspiel
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Costs responsibility
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: VDI 2235
Development
Process
engineering
Purchasing
Sales and
marketing
Cost responsibility and influence
Cost generation
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Cost impact of design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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Impact of Complexity
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Constriction to core business
Co-operation with refiners for specific market niches
Options for action:
No. of
variants
Revenue Stock Stock Revenue
Variants cause a lot of stock but do not increase revenue significantly
No. of
variants
Plant A Plant B
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Segments of Products
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Intensity of technology is responsible for com-
plexity of production and process development in
R&D.
Intensity of labor provides information on amount
of manual labor in production.
Radius of market indicates reasonable
transportation of product from manufacturing
plant to customer
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Function of a Company
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Gausemeier
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Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
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Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 24
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Targets of chapter 2
Basic understanding of development process
Specification Technologies
Development of concepts
Use of building blocks and modular design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Innovation drivers
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Life cycle of a product
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Market driven innovation Technology driven innovation
Research
Advanced
development
Design
Planning
Production
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General approach to design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Types of designs:
New design
Modification design
Adaptation design
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Development for mass production
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 28
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Product Requirements List
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 29
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Specification Technologies
Product checklist
Brainstorming
Analysis of Product Lifecycle
Analysis of Product Use and Environment
Market survey / User Clinic
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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Example of a specification list
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quality of requirements
Fixed
Targeted
Wishes
Date changes
Responsabilities
Concrete and measurable
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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Introduction to the examples
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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Checklist for specification
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Performance
Geometry
Materials
Energy
Time
Cost
Manufacture
Standards
Safety
Transport
Ergonomics
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Conceptual design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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Establish functional structure
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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Example car lifter
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Search for working principles
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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Search for working principles
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Different working principles that satisfy the function store energy obtained by varying the type of energy
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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Search for working principles
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 39
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Combination of principals
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 40
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& Gertebau
Combination of principals
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
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& Gertebau
Combination of principals
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 42
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Combination of principals
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 43
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Evaluation of concepts
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 44
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Parameter design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 45
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Modularity / Building Blocks
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 46
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Modularity / Building Blocks
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 47
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Types of construction
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Product
Composite
construction
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Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 49
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Targets of chapter 3 - Drawings
Basic understanding of technical drawing standards
Ability to read and understand technical drawings
Ability to draw technical scratches
Basic understanding of tolerances and surface parameters
Understanding of basic design values and principals
Use and need of technical documents
Basic understanding of computer aided engineering
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
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CNC Machining Centre
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Hller Hille GmbH
Seite 51
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Component drawing
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 52
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Assembly drawing
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Bill of material
DIN 6771 Form A
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Design drawing
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 54
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Exploded assembly drawing
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 55
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Important Standards for Drawings
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
35
1
5
5
0
Front view
S
i
d
e
v
i
e
w
Top view
Top view
Side
view
Front
view
1
2
3
4
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Front view
Side view
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Projection
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Side view
from right
Side view
from left
Bottom view
Front view
Top view
Rear view
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Dimensioning
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Examples for Dimensioning of angles
Dimension arrow head
Linear dimension
Arrow head
Extension line
Measure
Dimendion line
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Dimensioning
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 59
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General tolerances
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 60
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Types of sectional drawings
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Full section
Half section
Partial sections
Seite 61
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Cutting lines
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 62
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Screw threads
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
External screw thread: hexagon head screw ISO 4014
Internal screw thread: tapped blind hole
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Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 64
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Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 65
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Tolerances
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
A
o
= G
o
N
A
u
= G
u
N
T = G
o
- G
u
= A
o
- A
u
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Tolerances
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 67
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Often used tolerance classes
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 68
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Surfaces
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
R
z
: Mean Roughness Depth
R
a
: Roughness Average
Seite 69
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Surface symbols
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 70
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Surface specifications
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
unmachined
Roughed
down
smoothed
finished Very fine
machined
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Reuse norm parts and solutions
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 72
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Reuse norm parts and solutions
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Database of norm part as well in DIN/ISO but
also from suppliers
Today geometries of norm parts can
automatically be copied into CAD programs
Different types of export systems are in use
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Design catalogue
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Roth
Seite 74
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Influences on Notch Effect
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 75
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Influences on Notch Effect
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 76
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Bearing arrangements
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
a. O.K
b. Specific
c. Dangerous
Allow thermal expansion!
Seite 77
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Avoiding double fits
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 78
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Self-reinforcing seals
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Self-reinforcing seals:
a self-sealing washer
b tubeless tyre
c radial shaft seal
d sleeve seal
e sliding ring seal
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 79
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Reduce stiffness
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
To avoid breaking
Seite 80
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Ensure guidance
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quelle: Pahl/Beitz
Seite 81
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Parameters of embodiment design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Characteristic
Shape
Position
Size
Quantity
Variant
Seite 82
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Rules for moulding
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 83
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Design rules for manufacturing
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 84
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Bill of material/drawings
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Bill of
material
Construction
Production/
Assembly
Purchasing/
Storage
Distribution
After sales
service
Accounting
Process
planning
Production
planning and
control
Seite 85
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Design Defense
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 86
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Computer aided design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Virtual prototype
Digital Mock-up
Element design Product structure
Kinematics,
dynamics, stability
Seite 87
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Visualisation
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 88
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Virtual Prototyping
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 89
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Computer Aided Planning
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Analysis of assembly line ergonomics
(Source: Siemens PLM Software)
3D-model of factory building (Source: Siemens PLM
Software)
Seite 90
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Computer Aided Planning
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Model components
SPS code of
production system
Gantt-chart with necessary states of
manufacturing steps
Seite 91
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Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 92
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Targets of chapter 4
Basic understanding of Hookes law
Understanding of fracture behavior of steel
Dynamic influence on material strength
Hardness
Fundamentals of stress and strain
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 93
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Material
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 94
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Material
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Material Design
Seite 95
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Stress and Strain
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 96
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Fracture Behaviour
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Elastic / plastic
brittle
Tensile strength R
m
Elastic strength R
e
Elastic limit R
p 0.2
Elastic Modulus E
Ultimate strain A
Seite 97
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Dynamic Fatigue Test
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 98
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Stress
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 99
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Stress
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 100
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Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Comparison stress
Seite 101
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Dynamic Fatigue Strength
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 102
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Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 103
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Targets of chapter 5
Basic understanding of design elements
Springs
Bolted connections
Roller bearings
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 104
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Design Elements
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Axes:
stagnant
revolving
Shaft:
Seite 105
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Design Elements
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
(1) Bearing seat (2) Shaft-hub joint (3) Axial fixation (4) Shaft seal
Seite 106
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Springs
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Steel springs Rubber springs
Seite 107
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Springs
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
progressive
linear
degressive
Stored work W
F, M
t
f,
Seite 108
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Examples of Springs
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 109
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Springs
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Parallel
Series
Seite 110
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Bolted Connections
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Embodiment of bolted
connections:
a) Bolt and nut
b) Stud bolt
c) Headed screw
d) Extension bolt
Seite 111
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Bolted Connections
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 112
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Bolted Connections
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
F
f
F
S
F
SB
F
PB
F
B
f
s
f
p
f
g
F
P
F
V
c
S
c
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
P S
V g
c c
F f
1 1
PB V P
F F F =
SB V S
F F F + =
P S
S
B SB
c c
c
F F
+
=
P S
P
B PB
c c
c
F F
+
=
Seite 113
Institut
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Fatigue Strength
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
+
z
d
w
-
z
d
w
Bolt:
e.g. property class 5.6 ( E295)
Azul
= 50 N/mm
2
Construction steel:
e.g. E295,
m
= 200 N/mm
2
Azul
= 95 N/mm
2
Seite 114
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Bolted Connections
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 115
Institut
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Roller Bearings DIN 625
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 116
Institut
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Roller Bearings DIN 625
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 117
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Bearings Design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Possibilities of axial fixation
Shaft nut with lock washer
Retaining rings for shafts and bore holes
Seite 118
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fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Bearings Design
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Fixed and floating bearing arrangement
Semi-locating bearing arrangement
Seite 119
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Gears
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Normal efficiency ~ 97%
Seite 120
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
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Gears Example
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 121
Institut
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Gears Example
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 122
Institut
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Engineering Design
1. Fundamentals/Introduction
Need to innovate
Fundamentals of technical systems
Products, costs and logistics
2. Product creation
Product planning and development processes
Clarification and specifications
Concepts and modular design
3. Embodiment design
Design standards DIN/ISO and drawings
Design rules and principles
Outlook to CAD use and CAE tools
4. Materials and mechanics
Material parameters
Fundamentals of mechanic stress calculation
5. Dimensioning of design elements
Shafts, springs, screws, bearings
Gears
6. Conclusion
Strategy and IP
Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 123
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Targets of chapter 6
Basic understanding of quality
FMEA
Total quality and balanced Scorecards
Strategy and innovation
Patents
Integrated innovation
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 124
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& Gertebau
Errors
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Develop and
plan
Buy and produce
Discovery of errors
Prevention of errors
E
r
r
o
r
C
o
s
t
s
Seite 125
Institut
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Errors
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Phases in product lifecycle
E
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
Errors fixed
Error cause
Seite 126
Institut
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Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 127
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
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Total Quality Management
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Quality of products
Quality of processes
Quality of work
Quality of contact with
customers and suppliers
Implementing TQM in stages
DIN ISO 9001 certification as standard
Elements of TQM Targets of TQM
Optimal satisfaction of external
customers
Optimal satisfaction of internal
customers
Minimal costs
Increase of productivity
Increase of market
share
TQM expresses overall success
Seite 128
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
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Balanced Scorecard
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Strategic goals Indicator Oper. goals Activities
Seite 129
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Competitive Ability
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Competitive capability
Future orientation
Seite 130
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fr Produktentwicklung
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Strategy
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 131
Institut
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Impact on Strategy
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Differentiation
Efficiency
Timing
Concentration of power
Build upon strengths
Take advantage of synergistic effects
Take advantage of environmental
chances
Balance of ressources and goals
Unit de doctrine
Seite 132
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Innovation
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 133
Institut
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& Gertebau
Patents
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Seite 134
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Integrated innovation
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer
Scenarios
Strategies
Processes
Systems
Seite 135
Institut
fr Produktentwicklung
& Gertebau
Literature
G. Pahl, u.a.: Engineering design, 3rd edition
Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84628-318-5
P. Kosky, u.a.: Exploring engineering, 2nd edition
Academic press, San Diego, 2010, ISBN 978-0-12-374723-5
J. Gausemeier, u.a.: Zukunftsorientierte Unternehmensgestaltung
Carl Hanser Verlag, Mnchen, 2009, ISBN 978-3-446-41055-8
W. Steinhilper, u.a.: Konstruktionselemente des Maschinenbaus 1 u.2, 6st edition
Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-76646-9
K. Roth: Konstruieren mit Konstruktionskatalogen 1 u.2, 3rd edition
Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994, ISBN 3-540-09815-1
Prof. Dr. Roland J. Lachmayer