Formulas for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing Ultrasonic Key V = velocity Sin = sine of angle Cos = cosine of angle F = frequency

D = diameter of the transducer BS = beam spread = lambda or wavelentgh p = density of the material Z = acoustic impedance dB = decible NF = near field Snell's Law: Sin 1 / Sin 2 = V1 / V2 or Sin 2 = (Sin 1 * V2) / V1 Near Field: NF = D2F / 4V or NF = D2 / 4 Beam's Spread: BS = K * (V/DF) Note: K = 1.22 for 0 or null point K = 0.7 for 6 dB down Wave Length: = V/F Acoustic Impedance: Z = pV Coefficient of Reflection: ((Z1 - Z2)2 / (Z1 + Z2)2)1/2

Decibel Ratio: dB difference = 20 log10 (amplitude1 / amplitude2) Flaw Location Depth: Depth = cos of the angle X the sound path Flaw Location from the exit point (surface distance): Surface = Sound path X Sin of the angle Formulas for Radiography Nondestructive Testing Radiography Key I = intensity D = distance Ug = geometric unsharpness F = focal spot size D = distance from the source to the source side of the object T = the thickness of the object plus the distance from the object to the film SDD = source to the detector (film) distance Inverse Square Law: I1 / I2 = D22 / D12 or I2 = I1 * D12 / D22 Unsharpness: Ug = FT / D Source to Detector Distance: SDD = (FT / Ug) + T To figure the strength of a source after a certain amount of time: If an Ir. 192 source is 120 days old that is 1.6 half lives. So if the source was 100 curies at purchase the strength at 120 days is 39.6 curies. 100 * 0.51.6 = 39.6

If you have a 1/2" of lead and the half value layer is 0.2" you have 2.5 have value layers. If you had 60 Roentgens and put the 1/2" of lead at the point of 60 R you would now have 10.6 R on the opposite side of the lead. 60 * 0.52.5 = 10.6 Formulas for Magnetic Particle Nondestructive Testing Magnetic Particle Key N = number of turns in the coil I = amperes R = radius of the coil L - is the usable length for the exam Ex. 9" each side of the center coil would allow for a max. length of 18" for ASME Section V; for ASTM E-1444 use coil diameter each side of the coil All formulas are for American units of measurement. Testing with part next to the inside wall of the coil: NI = 45000 / (L / D) or I = (45000 / (L / D)) / N Testing with part centered in the coil and less than a 10% fill factor: NI = (35000R) / ((6L / D) - 5) Effective Diameter of hollow round parts: (OD2 - ID2)1/2 Effective Diameter of hollow rectangular parts: 2(At - Ah / P)1/2 At = the area of the total cross section of the part and Ah = the area of the hollow cross section of the part