Cell Division

The growth and development of every organism depend on cell division. In unicellular organisms cell division results in reproduction of the entire organism. In multicellular organisms cell division is essential for reproduction and growth. Kinds of cell division 3 types. 1. Binary fission 2. Mitosis 3. Meiosis

CELL DIVISION IN PROKARYOTES Binary fission

1. BINARY FISSION is the Division of a Prokaryotic cell INTO TWO Offspring Cells. 2. Binary Fission consist of THREE General Stages: STAGE 1 - The chromosome, which is attached to the inside of the cell membrane, makes a copy of itself, resulting in two identical chromosomes attached to the inside of the inner cell membrane. STAGE 2 - The cell continues to grow until it reaches approximately twice its normal size. Then a cell wall begins forms between the two chromosomes. STAGE 3 - The cell splits into two new cells. Each new cell contains on the identical chromosomes.

CELL DIVISION IN EUKARYOTES

A cell typically goes through phases during its life, performing life processes of growth and development before it divides into new cells. THE PHASES OF LIFE OF A CELL ARE CALLED THE CELL CYCLE . THE CELL CYCLE CONSISTS OF THREE PHASES: A. INTERPHASE B. MITOSIS C. CYTOKINESIS.

INTERPHASE
1. INTERPHASE IS THE PORTION OF THE CELL CYCLE BETWEEN DIVISION. 2. Interphase is the LONGEST Phase in the Cell Cycle of a typical Cell. Interphase used to be referred to as the "RESTING PHASE". 3. During Interphase, cells carry on all their usual functions, such as respiration and enzyme production. The Cell also GROWS and DEVELOPS into MATURE FUNCTIONING Cells while in Interphase. It is the period of normal metabolic activity. 4. INTERPHASE CONSIST OF THREE PHASES: A. G1 PHASE First Gap/Growth Phase - PERIOD OF NORMAL METABOLIC CELLULAR ACTIVITIES: THE NUMBER OF ORGANELLES AND AMOUNT OF CYTOPLASM IN A CELL INCREASE. Synthesis of RNA, protein and membranes lead to the growth of nucleus and cytoplasm. Offspring cells grow to mature size.

B. S PHASE Synthetic phase Replication of DNA and synthesis of histone proteins occur. C. G2 PHASE Second Gap/Growth Phase - Structure directly involved with mitosis are formed. The Cell makes the Organelles and substances it needs for Cell Division. Synthesis of RNA and protein continues. A time during which the Cell prepares to divide.

Chromosome Replication

CELL DIVISION
1. CELL DIVISION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ONE CELL PRODUCES TWO NEW IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS. 2. CELL DIVISION INVOLVES TWO STEPS: CALLED MITOTIC CELL DIVISION. A. MITOSIS - FIRST STEP. A SERIES OF PHASES IN CELL DIVISION DURING WHICH THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO NUCLEI WITH IDENTICAL GENETIC MATERIAL. B. CYTOKINESIS - SECOND STEP. THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO NEW CELLS CALLED DAUGHTER CELLS. 3. DAUGHTER CELL NUCLEI ARE IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT CELL NUCLEUS IN EVERY WAY. LIKE THEIR PARENT CELL, SOME DAUGHTER CELLS WILL PASS THROUGH THE CELL CYCLE OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND CELL DIVISION. 4. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS GROW AS MORE CELLS REPEAT THE CYCLE OF CELL DIVISION AND GROWTH.

Mitosis
Mitosis is known as somatic cell division because it occurs in the body cells or somatic cells. Mitosis includes the division of nucleus (Karyokinesis) and the division of the cytoplasm (Cytokinesis). Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic cell which involves the exact replication of the parent cell into two daughter cells which are identical quantitatively and qualitatively containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Four phases 1. Prophase: 2. Metaphase: 3. Anaphase: 4. Telophase:

Prophase
1. Chromosomes become thicken and shorten -become visible. 2. Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the nucleus. 3. Nucleolus disappears. 4. Nuclear membrane disintegrate.

Metaphase
1. Chromosomes arrange at equator of the cell 2. Become attached to spindle fibres by centromeres 3. Centromere divide into two sister chromatids, attached with the centromere.

Anaphase
1. The chromatids of each chromosome are separated and form 2 chromosomes called daughter chromosomes. 2. Spindle fibres contract pulling the daughter chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. 3. The chromosome develop the shape of J/V according to the position of the centromere in the chromosome.

Telophase
1. Chromosomes uncoil. 2. Spindle fibres disintegrate. 3. Nucleolus begins to reappear. 4. Nuclear membrane forms. 5. Cell divides.

Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm (actual splitting) into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis. The unit membrane develops between the 2 cells.

Mitosis

Significance of Mitosis
It is an equal division through which identical daughter cells are produced having the same amount and type of genetic constitution as that of the parent cell. It is responsible for growth and development of multicellular organisms from a single-celled zygote. The number of chromosomes remains the same in all the cells produced by this division. Thus, the daughter cells retain the same characters as those of the parent cell. It helps the cell in maintaining proper size. Mitosis helps in restoring wear and tear in body tissues, replacement of damaged or lost part, healing of wounds and regeneration of detached parts (as in tail of a lizards). It is a method of multiplication in unicellular organisms.

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm of the cell and its organelles separate into 2 new daughter cells. In animals, a groove called the cleavage furrow forms pinching the parent cell in two.

MEIOSIS
Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that Reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to Half the number in the original cell. The Halving of the chromosome number counteracts a fusion of cells later in the life cycle of the organism. For example, in humans, meiosis produces haploid reproductive cells called GAMETES. Human gametes are sperm and egg cells, each which contains 23(1n) chromosomes. The fusion of sperm and egg results in a zygote that contains 46 (2n) chromosomes.

Meiosis
Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. The cells produced by meiosis are gametes or spores. The animals' gametes are called sperm and egg cells. The diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to haploid number during gamete formation. Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome one from the organism's mother and one from its fatherand produces four haploid cells containing one copy of each chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA, ensuring that offspring are genetically distinct from either parent. This gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually reproducing populations, which provides the variation of physical and behavioural attributes (phenotypes) upon which natural selection acts.

Reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. New cells have a single copy of chromosomes (23 total) but are not identical to each other or the original parent cell. Used for making gametes ( sperm and eggs) with the haploid or n number. In meiosis, cells divide twice after a single DNA duplication. Meiosis I separates homologs & the Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. Meiosis I stages are Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, & Telophase I. Meiosis II stages are Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, & Telophase II. Produces 4 haploid cells or gametes. When a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote, the diploid number of chromosomes is restored (23 + 23 = 46). Egg cells or ova (ovum, singular) are larger , nonmotile cells. Gametogenesis is meiosis producing eggs & occurs in the female's ovaries. Sperms contain less cytoplasm so they're smaller & have a flagellum to swim to the egg. Spermatogenesis is meiosis producing sperm cells & occurs in the testes.

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
1. THE PROCESS OF MEIOSIS SEPARATES THE PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES IN A DIPLOID CELL TO FORM HAPLOID CELLS. 2. ONE PARENT CELL DIVIDES TWICE TO PRODUCE FOUR HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS. 3. DURING MEIOSIS, THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN EACH CELL IS REDUCED FROM DIPLOID TO HAPLOID BY SEPARATING HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES. 4. MEIOSIS PROCEEDS IN TWO MAIN STAGES: A. MEIOSIS I HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS ARE SEPARATED. B. MEIOSIS II THE SISTER CHROMATIDS OF EACH CHROMOSOME ARE SEPARATED.

MEIOSIS I
1. AT THE START OF MEIOSIS I EACH CHROMOSOME CONSIST OF TWO STRANDS OF SISTER CHROMATIDS CONNECTED AT THE CENTROMERE. 2. HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES COME TOGETHER BEFORE MEIOSIS BEGINS, AN EVENT THAT DOES NOT OCCUR IN MITOSIS. THIS EVENT IS CALLED SYNAPSIS . 3. Each Pair of Homologous Chromosomes is called a TETRAD . 4. The cell that undergoes Meiosis I is a primary spermatocyte or oocyte.

MEIOSIS I

Meiosis ProphaseI I
Chromosomes coil tightly & are visible. Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disintegrate. Spindle forms. Synapsis (joining) of homologous chromosomes occurs making tetrads. Kinetochore fiber forms on each chromosome. Chromosomes in tetrad exchange fragments by a process called crossing over.

 Meiosis Metaphase I Tetrads become aligned in the center of the cell attached to spindle fibers. Meiosis Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate. Meiosis Telophase I CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning the process of CYTOKINESIS (cell division). Resulting daughter cells are HAPLOID (1N).

MEIOSIS II
1. CHROMOSOMES DO NOT REPLICATE BEFORE BEGINNING THE SECOND PHASE MEIOSIS II WILL DIVIDE CHROMOSOMES INTO HAPLOID CELLS CALLED GAMETES. 2. Each Diploid Cell from Meiosis I will go through a second division, forming the FOUR GAMETES HAPLOID CELL.

Meiosis II

 Meiosis Prophase II Spindle formation begins and centrosomes begin moving towards poles. Meiosis Metaphase II Chromosomes become aligned in the center of the cell attached to spindle fibers. Meiosis Anaphase II CHROMATIDS separate and begin moving to the poles. Meiosis Telophase II CLEAVAGE FURROW forms beginning CYTOKINESIS.

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Significance of meiosis
It maintains the same chromosome number in the sexually reproducing organisms. From a diploid cell, haploid gametes are produced which in turn fuse to form a diploid cell. It restricts the multiplication of chromosome number and maintains the stability of the species. Maternal and paternal genes get exchanged during crossing over. It results in variations among the offspring. All the four chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes segregate and go over separately to four different daughter cells. This leads to variation in the daughter cells genetically.

Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis I
(first division)

Meiosis II
(second division)

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and become visible

Homologous chromosomes synapse Crossing over between homologous chromosomes Chromosomes condense and become visible as tetrads (4 chromatids)

Chromosomes may remain visible

Metaphase

Individual chromosomes line up at spindle equator

Tetrads line up at spindle equator

Individual chromosomes line up at spindle equator

Chromosomes split at centromere

Homologous chromosomes separate

Chromosomes split at centromere

Anaphase Telophase

Daughter chromatids pulled to opposite poles

One chromosome from each pair pulled to each pole

Daughter chromatids pulled to opposite poles

Daughter cells Formed

2 haploid daughter cells

4 haploid daughter cells

Comparison between Mitosis & Meiosis

S.No. Mitosis Meiosis

1. 2. 3.

It occur in the somatic cells. It occurs continuously. It occurs in asexually organisms.

It occurs in the reproductive cells. It occurs gametogenesis. only during sexually

sexually and It occurs only in reproducing reproducing organisms.

4. 5.

Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed. The resulting daughter cells The resulting daughter cells have have the same number of half the number of chromosomes chromosomes as that of the as that of the parent cell. parent cell. The daughter cells are all alike The daughter cells are not alike and similar to the parent cell. and dissimilar to the parent cell.

6.

Each new nucleus is genetically identical to the parent nucleus

Parent Cell Chromosomes have been replicated Daughter Cells Each cell has the same genetic makeup as the parent cell

Mitosis

35

Meiosis
Daughter Cells (1n)
each chromosome has 2 chromatids

Gamete Cells (1n)

Parent Cell (2n)

1st division

2nd division

36

Mitosis & Meiosis