http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/KSE_100_Index

Traffic Problems Of A Large City

Almost daily, the newspapers report about road accidents in big cities. The number of persons killed or injured in such accidents is ever on the increase. Big cities are industrial and commercial centres and are thickly populated. Life there is active round the clock. Apart from the pedestrians, the city roads are always crowded by trucks, buses, motorcars, scooters and cycles. Proper traffic facilities are not available in all parts of a city. Some dangerous crossings and turnings are without traffic lights or constables. It may be due to the lack of funds. Then there are certain roads that are very narrow and their widening is not possible. Some people have imperfect road sense. Drivers take wrong turns to save distances. The pedestrians cross the roads at wrong places. Some look at the sideways advertisements while others walk in the middle of the road. Traffic management is, therefore, a major problem in large cities. The advanced countries of the world have adopted most modern techniques of traffic control. In spite of all this, thousands die every year in traffic accidents in those countries. It is due to the fact that traffic is becoming heavier and heavier

day by day. We may adopt some measures to check accidents on city roads. Firstly, the condition of roads should be improved. The damaged roads should be repaired and new roads constructed. All dangerous road crossings and turnings must be fitted with traffic lights. Secondly, due care should be taken while issuing driving licenses. Only road-worthy vehicles should be allowed to move on the roads. Breakers of traffic rules should be severely punished. Thirdly, all means of propaganda--the press, the radio, the T.V.--should be used to produce road sense in the people. Only in this way traffic problems of large cities can be overcome to a great extent.

Solutions for traffic problems

Traffic is one of the most common issues in the big cities around the world. Traffic may cause chemical pollution and also sound pollution. By Moving big companies from cities to countryside, managing the conflict hours, and encouraging people to use public transportation, we will overcome this problem. There are lots of companies with a large number of employees in this area. These companies started to work years ago and grew slowly over these years. We should consider moving them to the countryside. By this change less employees drive in our cities and also the urban parts of our cities will improve. In addition people in the municipality, who are responsible for city planning, should not allow any more companies with a vast number of employees settle down in the center of the large cities because they will establish in the cities and relocating them will be harder than now. Between 7 am to 9 am and between 4 pm to 6 pm are rush hours in our cities. By managing our time we will have good solution for the traffic. Those hours should not conflict with the hours which kids go to school or when they come back. Those hours should not conflict with the hours that banks start to work or finish their work .If it does conflict we should change our schools hours or our banks hours. By changing these schedules, the traffic will be significantly lighter because we had reduced the number of cars in the street in a certain time. We need to encourage people to use the public transportation system, such as, metro, train, buses or even shuttle. To achieve this goal, we can return part of the taxes belong to the people who used metro for a year, or a family who have just one family car. Also by increasing the number of buses in our cities, people will encourage to use buses. By purchasing a couple of hundred new modern and elegant buses also we can catch

everybody's attention to use them. These three solutions will make traffic lighter, but certainly will not solve the traffic problems. Finally by training our next generation to replace a bicycle with a car in the short trip .we will solve the traffic problems slowly over the years.

The Place of Women in Our Society or The Duties of Women

Women play a very vital role in human progress and have a significant place in the society. They are not at all inferior to men. They are capable of sharing all the responsibilities of life. Man and woman have been rightly compared to the wheels of the same carriage. Islam has accorded an equal position to women in the society. Islam realized the importance of women and granted them a very dignified position equal to man. The main responsibility of a woman is to preserve the human race. As a mother, her position is unique. She brings up the children with extreme care. The first school of a child is the lap of his mother. It is quite true that great man had great mothers. Napoleon said: Give me good mothers and I will give you a good nation. The progress of nation depends upon the way the mothers bring up their children. If the mothers are educated, the whole society will progress. Women have always played an important role in the progress of a nation. In the early days of Islam, women worked side by side with men. In the battlefield, they nursed the injured, kept up the supplies and in certain cases even fought bravely. Florence Nightingale was the woman, who led a very successful campaign for the reforms of hospitals and nursing profession. Women had been great saints, scholars, poets, writers, reformers and administrators. Women should be given proper education and training. They should known what life is and how it should be lived. Educated women can do much to reform the society. Many disturbances in the society is created by those anti-social persons, who were brought up by wrong hands. In modern age, women are going very well in all the fields of progress. They are demonstrating their talents in best. They are serving as teachers, doctors, Engineers, Administrators and even head of the states. The literacy rate among the women so in Pakistan is very low. The need is to increase this ratio. More education among the women means the more progress of the society.

Difference Between Zip Drive & Flash Drive

Zip drives and flash drives both store digital data for quick viewing and management. In short, they allow you to back up files from your PC. However, despite their near-identical basic functions, there are many distinct differences that set these storage devices apart.

Compatibility
o

Zip drive hardware must be installed onto a specific computer for usage. Flash drives, however, utilize Universal Serial Bus, or USB, technology. USB flash drives are widely compatible with almost any modern computer.

Storage Method
o

Zip drives do not store their own data; instead, zip drives save data to separate zip disks. Flash drives store data directly on the drive.

Portability
o

Zip drives are large and bulky, but the zip disks that contain data can be transported easily. Flash drives are also highly portable.

Storage Size
o

Most flash drives can hold more data than is possible on a single zip disk. In each flash drive is a small solid-state hard drive capable of holding several gigabytes of information.

Price
o

While zip drives cost more up front than flash drives, individual zip disks are cheap and allow for storing multiple sets of data on many different disks for a small price.

Q2) Difference between dot matrix printer and laser jet printer with their functions
Laser printers operate by shining a laser beam to produce an image on a drum. The drum is then rolled through a pool, or reservoir, or toner, and the electrically charged portions of the drum pick up ink. Finally, using a combination of heat and pressure, the ink on the drum is transferred onto the page. Laser printers print very fast, and the supply cartridges work a long time. Color laser printers use the same toner-based printing process as black and white ( B/W) laser printers, except that they combine four different toner colors. Color laser printers can also be used as a regular black and white laser printer.

Impact (Dot-matrix) printers use a set of closely spaced pins and a ribbon to print letters or other characters on a page. These printers actually impact the page to print a character, much like a typewriter. Dot-matrix printers vary in terms of speed and the number of pins they have. They can run at a speed anywhere between 50 and 500 CPS (Characters Per Second). The number of pins, which can vary between 9 to 24, determines the quality of the print job. Dot matrix printers are commonly used for printing invoices, purchase orders, shipping forms, labels, and other multi-part forms. Dot matrix printers can print through multi-part forms in a single pass, allowing them to produce more pages than even high-speed laser printers

Q3) what are differnt types of computer and explain each with example?

There are millions of different types of computers, but here are four, and some information about them: 1. PC The personal computer (PC) defines a computer designed for general use by a single person. While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term with systems that run the Windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses

2. Laptops

Also called notebooks, laptops are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive(s) all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. 3. PDA Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input. PDAs are typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version of the PDA is the handheld computer.

4. Server A computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives.

Q4) define system sofware and how system software is differnt from application software

System software is an essential part of computer operations. The function of the systems software is to manage the resources of the computer, automate its operation and facilitate program development. It is generally provided by the computer manufacturer or a specialized programming firm (for example: Microsoft is a company that specializes in system software). While, the Application software are designed to perform specific data processing or computational tasks for the user. These programs are specifically designed to meet end-user requirements. (e.g: spreadsheets, word processors, media players and database applications)

Q5) explain the basic computer organization and its basic operations?

2.3 BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS A computer as shown in Fig. 2.1 performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make. These are 1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can process data as required by the user, 4) it gives results in the form of output, and 5) it controls all operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations. 1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

Fig. 2.1 Basic computer Operations 2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions. The storage unit performs the following major functions:

All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing. Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit. 4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.

5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer.

2.4 FUNCTIONAL UNITS In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocates the task between its various functional units. The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are 1) arithmetic logical unit, 2) control unit, and 3) central processing unit. 2.4.1 Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored. 2.4.2 Control Unit (CU) The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computers peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output. Therefore it is the manager of all operations mentioned in the previous section. 2.4.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.

Q6) 1.(a) (i) Explain two reasons why computers are considered as electronic devices. (ii) State four categories of micro computers A computer is, at its most basic, a machine which can take instructions, and perform computations based on those instructions.

A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information. One who computes.

State four categories of micro computers

Desktop Personal Computer Laptop Personal Computer Palmtop Computer / Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA) Workstation / Server

Q7)What are the differences between hardware and software? Computer hardware is any physical device, something that you are able to touch and software is a collection of instructions and code installed into the computer and cannot be touched. For example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text on and the mouse you are using to navigate this web page is computer hardware. The Internet browser that allowed you to visit this page and the operating system that the browser is running on is software.

Q8) difference between data and information

Data is the collection of raw facts collected from any specific environment for a specific purpose. Data in itself does not show anything about its environment, so to get desired types of results from the data we transform it into information by applying certain processing on it. Once we have processed data using different methods data is converted into meaningful form and that form of the Data is called information