220

HEAT TRANSFER
To T`
Ti T`
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

o =

k
hL = 1
Bi =

1.0

0.6
0.7 0.5

35

25

40

30

16

2 1.8
1.6 1.4
1.2

0.05

2.5

0
2

50

20

18

0.2

0.1

45

0.4
0.3

12

10

0.
8

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

4 6 8 10

14

18

22

26

30 50
= t/L2

70

100

120

150

T`
h

(a) Midplane temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

300

Initially
T = Ti
0

T T`
To T`
x/L = 0.2
1.0

Q
Qmax
1.0

0.9

0.9

0.4

2L

Bi = hL/k

0.4

0.8

50

10

0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2

0.00
5
0.01
0.02

0.3

0.9

0.1
1.0
0
0.01
0.1

0.00
1
0.00
2

0.5

0.2

Bi =

0.6

0.5
0.3

T`
h

0.7

0.6

0.6
0.4

600 700

0.8

0.8
0.7

400 500

20

0.001

100
80 90
60 70

14

0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

Plate

0.2
Plate
1.0

10

100

0.1
0
105

Plate
10 4

103

102

1
k
=
Bi
hL
(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2

10

102

103

104

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 413
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a plane wall of thickness 2L initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from both sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.

where m is the mass, V is the volume, r is the density, and Cp is the specific
heat of the body. Thus, Qmax represents the amount of heat transfer for t `.
The amount of heat transfer Q at a finite time t will obviously be less than this

221
CHAPTER 4
o =

To T`
Ti T`

1.0
0.7

Cylinder

0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

2.

8
1.

1.6

90

18
70

14

10
0
80

60

1.2

50

10

0.8

0.6

8
45

35

30

0.3
0.1

0.5

40

0.4

0.2

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003

16

1.4

1.0

0.02

25

20

12

0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03

k
hr = 1
o
Bi =

0.002
0.001

4 6 8 10

14

18

22

26

30

50

70

100

120

140 150

250

350

= t /ro2
(a) Centerline temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

T` Initially T`
h
T = Ti h
0

T T`
=
To T`
1.0 r/ro = 0.2

Q
Qmax
1.0

0.9
0.4

0.8

0.7

0.3
0.2

0.4
0.8

50

20

10

0.3
0.2

0.9

0.1
1.0
0
0.1
0.01

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.7
0.6

.001
0.00
2
0.00
5
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2

0.6

Bi = hro /k

Bi =
0

0.8

0.9

ro r

Cylinder
1.0
1
k
=
Bi
hro

10

100

(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

0.1
0
105

Cylinder
10 4

103

102

101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2

10

102

103

104

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 414
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a long cylinder of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti
subjected to convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.

222
HEAT TRANSFER
To T`
Ti T`

1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

12 14

2.

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
= t/ro2

30

40

50

100

150

(a) Midpoint temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

T T`

T`
h

To T`
r/ro = 0.2
1.0

Q
Qmax
1.0

0.9

0.9
0.4

ro

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.9

0.2

0.1

1.0
1.0
1 = k
Bi hro

10

50

20

10

0.1

Sphere
0.1

0.5
1

0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2

0.6

0.6

0.00
5
0.01
0.02

0.7

0.5

0
0.01

T`
h

0.8

0.7
0.6

Initially
T = Ti

Bi = hro /k

0.00
1
0.00
2

0.8

250

Bi =

200

0.75

0.5
.35
0
0.2 0.1 .05
0
0

0.01
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

4
3.5

1.0

0.02

2.0
2.2
1.6
1.8
.2
1.4 1

6 2.8
2.
4

50
40
45
0
35 3
25 20
18 16

10
9 8
7 6
5

3.0

0.1
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03

0.001

100
80 90
60 70

Sphere

k
hr = 1
o
Bi =

o =

100

(b) Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

0
105

Sphere
10 4

103

102

101
1
Bi 2 = h2 t/k 2

10

102

103

104

(c) Heat transfer (from H. Grber et al.)

FIGURE 415
Transient temperature and heat transfer charts for a sphere of radius ro initially at a uniform temperature Ti subjected to
convection from all sides to an environment at temperature T` with a convection coefficient of h.

maximum. The ratio Q/Qmax is plotted in Figures 413c, 414c, and 415c
against the variables Bi and h2at/k2 for the large plane wall, long cylinder, and