MACHINERY'S REFERENCE SERIES

EACH

NUMBER
STEAM

IS

UNIT

IN'

ENGINEERING
DESIGN

AND

SERIFS

DRAWING
SHOP

ON

EI.ECTRICAI.

AND

A M )

MACHINE

PRACTICE

NUMBER 53

USE OF LOGARITHMS AND

LOGARITHMIC TABLES
SECOND EDITION

CONTENTS

T h e U s e of L o g a r i t h m s , by ERIK ORKRG

Tables of Logarithms

C o p y r i g h t , 1912

18

T h e Industrial Proas.

19-55 L a f a y e t t e S t r e e t .

P u b l i s h e r s of MurHINFjRY,

N e w York

City

THE U S B OF LOGARITHMS

It is not intended in the following pages to discuss the m a t h e m a t i c a l

principles cn which logarithms and expressions containing logarithms
are based, hut simply te impart a working knowledge of t h e use cf
logarithms, so that practical men, u n f a m i l i a r with t h i s m e a n s foi
eliminating much of the work ordinarily required in long and cumbersome calculations, may be able tc m a k e advantageous use of the tables
of logarithms given in t h e latter part of the b o i k .
The object or' l o g a r i t h m s is to facilitate and s n o r t e n calculations
involving multiplication, division, the extraction cf roots, and t h e
obtaining of powers of numbers, as will be explained l a t e r ; but odin
a r y logarithms cannot be applied to operations Involving addition and
subtraction. Before entering directly upon t h e subject of t h e use of
logarithms in c a r r y i n g out the various classes of calculations men
tioned. it will be necessary to deal with t h e question of how to find
t h e logarithm of a given n u m b e r f r c m t h e tables; or, if t h e logarithm
is given, how to And the corresponding n a m b e r .
A logarithm consists of two parts, a whole n u m b e r and a decimal.
The whole number, which m a y be either a positive or a negative n u m
ber,* or zero, according to t h e rules which will be given in t h e follow
ing, is called the characteristic; the decimal is called the mantissa
The decimal or mantissa only is given in the tables of logarithms on
pages IS to 35, inclusive, and is always positive. The logarithm of 350,
for example is 2.54407. Here "2" is t h e characteristics, and "54407".'is
the mantissa, this latter being found f r o m t h e table on page 23
Rules for Finding' t t e Characteristic

The characteristic is not given in the tables of logarithms, due

partly to the fact that it can so easily be determined without t h e aid
cf tables, and p a r t l y because t h e tables, sc to say, a r e universal when
the characteristic is left cut.
For 1 and oil numbers greater than 1 the characteristic is one less
than the number of placcs to the left of the decimal point in the given
num ber.
The characteristic of t h e logarithm of 237, therefore, is 2, because
2 is one less t h a n the n u m b e r of figures in 237. The characteristic
cf the logarithm of 237.26 is also 2, because it, is only t h e number of
figures to the left of the decimal point t h a t is considered.
The characteristic of the logarithm of 7 is 0, because 0 is one less
III,

" See MACHINERY'S lieterenee Series

rositire and Negative Quantities.

No.

3 4 7 6 0 8

54,

Solution

of

Triangles,

Chapter

No.

'3-USE
.

O'F
i

LOGARITHMS

t h a n j, -which is t h e n u m b e r of places in t h e given n u m b e r

Below
a r e given s e v e r a l n u m b e r s w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i r l o g a r i t h m s :
Number

31
3163
229.634
1,112,352.62
1000

Characteristic of
Logarithm

1
3
2
6
S

100

For numbers srualler than I, that is, for numbers -wholly decimal,
the characteristic is negative, and its numerical value is one more
than the number of ciphers between the decimal point and the first
decimal which is not a cipher.
T h e n u m e r i c a l value of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m ot 0.036,
t h e r e f o r e , is 2; b e i n g n e g a t i v e it is 2. I n s t e a d of w r i t i n g t h e m i n u s
sign ( ) in f r o n t of or b e f o r e t h e figure ( 2 ) , it is, however, w r i t t e n
over t h e figure ( 2 ). T h i s m e t h o d is used because t h e m i n u s sign
r e f e r s only t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d not t o t h e m a n t i s s a , t h i s l a t t e r
a l w a y s b e i n g positive.
In t h e s a m e w a y , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e
l o g a r i t h m of 0.36 is I; a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m of
0.0006 is 3. Below a r e given s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s :
Number

Chan-cter'stic of
Logarithm

o.oaaosv-a

0.3
0.375
0.000812
0.01234

T
T
4
2

F i n d i n g t h e Lojjarii h m s o f N u m b e r s
A f t e r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h a s been f o u n d b y t h e r u l e s j u s t given, t h e
m a n t i s s a m u s t be f o u n d f r o m t h e t a b l e s of l o g a r i t h m s . W h e n finding
t h e m a n t i s s a t h e d e c i m a l point i s e n t i r e l y d i s r e g a r d e d . T h e m a n t i s s a
of t h e l o g a r i t h m s of 2716, 271.6, 27.16, 2.716, or 0.02716, f o r example,
is t h e s a m e ; it is only n e c e s s a r y to lind t h e given figures in t h e tables,
i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e location of t h e decimal point.
R e f e r r i n g n o w to t h e t a b l e s on p a g e s 18 to 35, it will be seen t h a t
n u m b e r s f r o m 100 to I,<100 a r e given in t h e l e f t - h a n d c o l u m n .
In
a d d i t i o n , at t h e top of t h e tables, a r e figures f r o m 0 to 9. each h e a d i n g
a c o l u m n of l o g a r i t h m s . T h e s e a d d i t i o n a l figures m a k e it possible to
o b t a i n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e tables t h e l o g a r i t h m s f o i all n u m b e r s w i t h
f o u r figures or less. T h e body of t h e tables gives t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e
logarithms.
W h i l e t h e tables do not give d i r e c t l y t h e m a n t i s s a of l o g a r i t h m s of
n u m b e r s w i t h m o r e t h a n f o u r f i g u r e s , i t i s possible t o a p p r o x i m a t e
t h e l o g a r i t h m f o r n u m b e r s w i t h a g r e a t e r n u m b e r of figures b> m e t h o d s
which will be e x p l a i n e d l a t e r .
At p r e s e n t , w h e n t h e l o g a r i t h m is
required f o r n u m b e r s w i t h five o r m o r e f i g u r e s , w e will a s s u m e t h a t

METHODS,

RULES

AND

EXAMPLES

f o r p r a c t i c a l r e s u l t s it is a c c u r a t e e n o u g h to find t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e
l o g a r i t h m of t h e first f o u r figures of t h e n u m b e r , r e m e m b e r i n g , of
course, t h a t if t h e fifth figure is m o r e t h a n 5, t h e n t h e f o u r t h figure
should be i n c r e a s e d by one u n i t .
To find t h e l o g a r i t h m of a n u m b e r f r o m t h e tables, first locate t h e
three first figures of the number for which the logarithm is required
i n t h e l e f t h a n d column, a n d t h e n find t h e f o u r t h f i g u r e a t t h e top o f
t h e c o l u m n s of t h e page. T h e n follow t h e column d o w n f r o m t h i s last
f i g u r e u n t i l opposite t h e t h r e e f i r s t f i g u r e s I n t h e l e f t - h a n d c o l u m n .
T h e figure t h u s f o u n d in t h e body of t h e t a b l e is t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e
l o g a r i t h m , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h a v i n g already been f o u n d b y t h e r u l e s
p r e v i o u s l y given.
If t h e n u m b e r of w h i c h t h e l o g a r i t h m is r e q u i r e d does n o t c o n t a i n
four figures, a n n e x c i p h e r s to t h e r i g h t so as to o b t a i n f o u r figures.
If t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e l o g a r i t h m of 6 is r e q u i r e d , f o r example, find
t h e m a n t i s s a f o r 6,000. T h e m a n t i s s a is t h e s a m e f o r 6, 0.6, 0.06, 60,
600, 6,000, etc., as a l r e a d y explained. T h e difference in t h e l o g a r i t h m
is t a k e n c a r e of by t h e c h a n g e of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e s e v a r i o u s
values.
In o r d e r to save space in t h e tables, it will be seen by
r e f e r r i n g TO t h e m t h a t t h e first t w o figures of t h e m a n t i s s a h a v e been
given in t h e first c o l u m n s of l o g a r i t h m s only, t h e 0-column. These
t w o f i g u r e s should, however, a l w a y s precede t h e t h r e e f i g u r e s given
in each of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o l u m n s .
A few e x a m p l e s will now m a k e t h e use of t h e tables c l e a r e r
Example 1.Find t h e l o g a r i t h m of 1852.
Following t h e r u l e a l r e a d y given, locate 185 in t h e left-hand c o l u m n
of t h e t a b l e s f i t will be f o u n d on p a g e 19), a n d t h e n f o l l o w i n g downward t h e column headed "2" at t h e top of t h e page, find t h e r e
m a n t i s s a opposite 185. It will be seen t h a t t h e m a n t i s s a is .26764, *
t h e figures 26 b e i n g f o u n d in t h e column u n d e r "0" a n d prefixed to
t h e figures 764 f o u n d d i r e c t l y in t h e c o l u m n u n d e r "2." T h e charact e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m , a c c o r d i n g to t h e r u l e s p r e v i o u s l y given, is 3.
H e n c e t h e l o g a r i t h m of 1852, or, as it is c o m m o n l y w r i t t e n , log 1852
= 3.26764.
Example 2 . - - F i n d log :1.852.
As t h e figures in t h i s n u m b e r a r e t h e s a m e as in t h a t given in exa m p l e 1, t h e m a n t i s s a r e m a i n s t h e s a m e ; b u t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is 0.
T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e q u i r e d l o g a r i t h m , o r log 1 . 8 5 2 = 0 . 2 6 7 6 4 .
Example 3.Find log 93.14.
L o c a t e 931 in t h e left h a n d c o l u m n of t h e t a b l e s (page 34), a n d
t h e n following d o w n w a r d t h e c o l u m n headed "4" -at t h e top of t h e
page, find t h e r e q u i r e d m a n t i s s a opposite 931. It will be round t h a t
t h e m a n t i s s a is .90914.
T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is 1.
H e n c e log 93.14
= 1.96914.
Example 4.Find log 4.576.
F i n d as before t h e last t h r e e figures of t h e m a n t i s s a opposite 457
* All the mantissas, or the n u m b e r s
the tables, are decimals,
and
the
decimal
point
has, therefore, been omitted entirely, since no confusion could
arise f r o m t h i s ; but it should always be put before the figures of the mantissa
as soon as taken f r o m the table.
The practice of eliminating the decimal point
f r o m the tables is c o m m o n to all l o g a r i t h m i c tables.

No.

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

in t h e left-hand column, a n d in t h e column u n d e r "6" at t h e top of

t h e page. T h e f i g u r e s a r e *049. T h e s i g n * i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t w o
figures to be prefixed a r e n o t 65, as w o u l d o r d i n a r i l y be t h e case,
but 66, or t h e figures given in t h e n e x t following line in t h e 0-column
This r u l e should a l w a y s be b o r n e in m i n d . H e n c e , log 4.576 = 0.66049.
Example 5.Find log 72.
To find t h e m a n t i s s a , proceed as if it were to be f o u n d f o r 7200.
T h i s we find f r o m t h e tables to be .85733. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e
l o g a r i t h m of 72 is 1. H e n c e log 72 = 1.85733.
Example 6 F i n d log 0.007631.
To find t h e m a n t i s s a , proceed as if it w e r e to be f o u n d f o r 7631.
T h i s we find f r o m t h e tables to be .88258. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is
a c c o r d i n g to t h e r u l e given f o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of l o g a r i t h m s of n u m b e r s less t h a n 1. Hence, log 0.007631 = 3.88258.
Example 7 F i n d log 37,262.
W h i l e w e will l a t e r e x p l a i n h o w t o f i n d m o r e exactly t h e m a n t i s s a
for a n u m b e r w i t h five figures, at p r e s e n t we may consider it a c c u r a t e
e n o u g h f o r our p u r p o s e t o f i n d t h e m a n t i s s a for f o u r f i g u r e s , o r for
3726. T h i s is .57124. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m of 37,262 is
4. H e n c e log 37,262 = 4.57124. T h i s , of course, is only an a p p r o x i m a tion. but is n e a r e n o u g h f o r n e a r l y all shop a n d g e n e r a l engineeri n g calculations.
If t h e given n u m b e r h a d been 37,267 i n s t e a d of 37,262, t h e l o g a r i t h m
should h a v e been f o u n d f o r 3727, a s t h e f o u r t h f i g u r e t h e n should
h a v e been increased by 1, w h e n d r o p p i n g t h e fifth figure, w h i c h is
l a r g e r t h a n 5.
Below a r e g i v e n s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s of n u m b e r s w i t h t h e i r l o g a r i t h m s .
A c a r e f u l s t u d y of these examples, t h e s t u d e n t finding t h e l o g a r i t h m s
f o r himself f r o m t h e tables, a n d c h e c k i n g t h e m w i t h t h e r e s u l t s given,
will t e n d t o m a k e t h e m e t h o d s employed c l e a r e r a n d f i x t h e m i n the,
mind.

Number

Logarithm

16.95
2
966.2
151
3.5671
12.91
3803.8
0.007

1.22917
0.30103
2.98507
2.17898
0.55230
1.11093
3.58024
-3.84510

It should be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t in l o g a r i t h m s of n u m b e r s less t h a n 1,
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , only, is negative. T h e m a n t i s s a is a l w a y s positive,
so t h a t 3.84510 a c t u a l l y m e a n s ( 3) + 0.84510.
Finding the Number whose

When a logarithm
p o n d i n g n u m b e r , first
column h e a d e d " 0 " in
all h a v i n g the s a m e

Log

is Given

is given, a n d it is r e q u i r e d to find t h e corresfind t h e first t w o figures of t h e m a n t i s s a in t h e

t h e tables. T h e n find in t h e g r o u p of m a n t i s s a s ,
f i r s t two f i g u r e s , t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e f i g u r e s .

METHODS,

RULES

AND

EXAMPLES

These m a y be in a n y of t h e c o l u m n s headed "0" to "9." T h e n u m b e r

h e a d i n g t h e c o l u m n in w h i c h t h e last t h r e e figures of t h e m a n t i s s a
were f o u n d , i s t h e l a s t f i g u r e i n t h e n u m b e r s o u g h t , a n d t h e n u m b e r
in t h e l e f t - h a n d column h e a d e d "N," in line w i t h t h e figures of t h e
m a n t i s s a , gives t h e t h r e e f i r s t f i g u r e s i n t h e n u m b e r s o u g h t .
, W h e n t h e a c t u a l figures i n t h e n u m b e r sought h a v e t h u s been determined, locate t h e d e c i m a l point a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r u l e s given f o r t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of l o g a r i t h m s .
If t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is g r e a t e r t h a n 3,
ciphers are added.
F o r example, if t h e figures c o r r e s p o n d i n g to a
c e r t a i n m a n t i s s a a r e 3765, a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is 5, t h e n t h e n u m
ber sought m u s t h a v e 6 figures to t h e l e f t of t h e decimal point, a n d
hence would be 376500.
If t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h a d been
then the
n u m b e r s o u g h t , in t h i s case, would h a v e been 0.003765.
If tire m a n t i s s a is n o t exactly o b t a i n a b l e in t h e tables, find t h e nearest m a n t i s s a i n t h e t a b l e t o t h e one g i v e n a n d d e t e i m i n e t h e n u m b e r
c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h i s . In m o s t cases t h i s gives a m p l e accuracy. A
m e t h o d will be e x p l a i n e d l a t e r w h e r e b y still g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y m a y be
obtained, but f o r t h e p r e s e n t i t will b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e n e a r e s t m a n t i s s a i n t h e t a b l e s a r e accurate,
enough for practical purposes.
A f e w e x a m p l e s will now be g i v e n in w h i c h it is r e q u i r e d to find
t h e n u m b e r w h e n t h e l o g a r i t h m i s given.
Example 1.Find t h e n u m b e r whose l o g a r i t h m is 3.89382.
F i r s t find t h e fir^t two figures of t h e m a n t i s s a (89) in t h e c o l u m n
h e a d e d "0" i n t h e tables. T h e n f i n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e f i g u r e s (382)
in t h e m a n t i s s a s w h i c h all h a v e 89 f o r t h e i r first t w o figures. T h e
figures "382" a r e f o u n d in t h e c o l u m n h e a d e d "1," which 1hus is t h e
last figure in t h e n u m b e r s o u g h t ; t h e figures "382" a r e also opposite
t h e n u m b e r 783 i n t h e l e f t - h a n d column, w h i c h gives t h e f i r s t t h r e e
figures in the number sought. The figures in this number, thus, are
7831, a n d as t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is 3, it i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e are. f o u r
figures to t h e l e f t of t h e d e c i m a l point, or, in o t h e r words, t h a t 7831 is
a whole n u j i b e r .
Example 2.Find t h e n u m b e r whose l o g a r i t h m is 2.75020.
F i r s t find t h e first t w o figures of t h e m a n t i s s a (75) in t h e column
h e a d "0" i n t h e tables. T h e n f i n a t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e figures (020)
in t h e m a n t i s s a s , w h i c h all h a v e 75 f o r t h e i r first t w o figures. T h e
s in f r o i . t of t h e figure *020 in t h e line next aDove t h a t in w h i c h 75was f o u n d i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e f i g u r e s belong t o t h e g r o u p preceded
by 75.
T h e r e f o r e , as s 020 is f o u n d in t h e c o l u m n h e a d e d "6" a n d
opposite t h e n u m b e r 562 i n t h e l e f t - h a n d column, t h e f i g u r e s i n t h e
n u m b e r r e q u i r e d to be f o u n d a r e 5626. As t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is 2,
t h e decimal p o i n t i s placed a f t e r t h e f i r s t t h r e e f i g u r e s , and, hence,
t h e n u m b e r w h o s e l o g a r i t h m is 2.75020 is 562.6.
Example 3.Find t h e n u m n e r w h o s e l o g a r i t h m is 2.45350.
A f t e r h a v i n g located 15 in t h e c o l u m n headed "0," it will be f o u n d
t h a t t h e last t h r e e figures (350) of t h e m a n t i s s a a r e not to be f o u n d
In t h e table in t h e g r o u p preceded by 45. T h e n e a r e s t v a l u e in t h e
table, which is 347. is, t h e r e f o r e , located, a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g n u m -

No.

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

b e r is f o u n d to be 284.1, t h e decin.al point b e i n g placed a f t e r t h e t h i r d

figure. because t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m is 2. H a d t h e chara c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m been 5 i n s t e a d of 2, t h e n u m b e r to be i - j n d
would h a v e been 284,100.
Below a r e given a selection of e x a m p l e s of l o g a r i t h m s w i t h tl ir
corresponding numbers.
T h e s t u d e n t should f i n d t h e n u m b e r ? for
himself f r o m t h e tables, a n d check t h e m w i t h t h e r e s u l t s given.
T h i s will a i a i n f i x i n g t h e r u l e s a n d m e t h o d s employed m o r e firmly i n
the mind.
Logarithm
1.43201
4.89170
2-76057
0.12096
2.99099
T.60206
5.60206

Corresp' Hiding
Xumoer
27.04
77.930
0.05762
1.321
979.5
0.4
400,000

It being now assumed that the student has mastered the methods
f o r f i n d i n g t h e l o g a r i ' h m s f o r given n u m b e r s , a n d t h e n u m b e r s f o r
given l o g a r i t h m s f r o m t h e tables, t h e use of l o g a r i t h m s in multiplication a n d division will next be e x p l a i n e d
Multiplication by Logarithm?

If two or more numbers are to be multiplied together,

find
the
logarithms of the numbers to be multiplied, and
then add
these
logarithms; the sum is the logarithm of the product, and, the, number'
corresponding to this logarithm
is
the required product.
Example 1 F i n d t h e p r o d u c t of 2831 X 2.692 X 29.69 X 19-4.
T h i s calculation is c a r r i e d out by m e a n s of l o g a r i t h m s as f o l l o w s :
log 2831.
= 3.45194
log
2.692 = 0.43008
log
29.69 = 1.47261
log
19.4 = 1 . 2 8 7 8 0
6.64243
T h e s u m of t h e l o g a r i t h m s . 6.64243, is t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e p r o d u c t ,
and f r o m t h e tables w e t h e n f i n d t h a t t h e p r o d u c t equals 4.390,000.
T h i s r e s u l t is, of course, only a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o r r e c t at t h e last t h r e e
f i g u r e s a r e a d d e d c i p h e r s ; but foi m o s t e n g i n e e r i n g calculations t h e
r e s u l t would give all t h e a c c u r a c y r e q u i r e d .
I n most e n g i n e e r i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n s one or m o r e f a c t o r s a r e assumed f r o m e x p e r i m e n t a l
values, a n d a s t h e s e a s s u m e d v a l u e s e v i d e n t l y m u s t o f t e n v a r y bet w e e n w i d e limits, it would s h o w lack of j u d g m e n t to r e q u i r e calculat i o n s i n w h i c h s u c h a s s u m e d v a l u e s e n t e r , t o b e c a r r i e d out w i t h too
m a n y " s i g n i f i c a n t ' ' figures. S u c h v a l u e s a r e f u l l y a s well expressed
in r o u n d n u m b e r s , w i t h c i p h e r s a n n e x e d to give t h e r e q u i r e d v a l u e
t o t h e f i g u r e s f o u n d f r o m t h e tables.
If one oi m o r e of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e l o g a r i t h m s a r e n e g a t i v e ,
t h e s e a r e s u b t r a c t e d i n s t e a d of a d d e d to t h e sum of t h e character-

METHODS,

RUI.ES

AND

EXAMPLES

istics.
T h e m a n t i s s a s , a s already m e n t i o n e d , a r e a l w a y s positive,
so t h a t t h e y a r e a l w a y s a d d e d In t h e u s u a l m a n n e r .
Tn o r d e r to
f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e a d d i n g o f positive a n d n e g a t i v e n u m b e r s i n t h e
following examples, t h e s t u d e n t should b(T f a m i l i a r w i t h aletjlatjona
with positive a n d n e g a t i v e q u a n t i t i e s , as e x p l a i n e d in M*ACHI>~ERY'S.
R e f e r e n c e Series No. 54, Solution of T r i a n g l e s , C h a p t e r I I I .
Example 2.Find t h e product 371.2 X U.0972 X 8.
log 371.2
=2.56961
log
0.0972 = 2.98767 1,
log
3.
=0.47712
2.03440
T h e n u m b e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e l o g a r i t h m 2.03440 is 108.2. Note
t h a t t h e first t w o figures of t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e l o g a r i t h m a r e 03.
Example 3 F i n d t h e p r o d u c t 12.76 X 0.012 X 0.6.
log 12.76 = 1 . 1 0 5 8 5
log
0.012=2.07918.1^,.
'6
log 0.6 = 1 . 7 7 8 1 5 t>
2.96318
T h e p r o d u c t , hence, is 0.09187.

OJVT

Division Dy Logarithms

W h e n d i v i d i n g one n u m b e r by a n o t h e r , t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e divisor
is s u b t r a c t e d t r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e dividend.
T h e r e m a i n d e r is
t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e q u o t i e n t .
F o r example, if we a r e to find t h e quotient of 7568
935.3, we first
find log 7568 a n d t h e n s u b t r a c t f r o m it log 935.3. T h e r e m a i n d e r
is t h e n t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e q u o t i e n t .
It is advisable, h o w e v e r , to m a k e a modification, as e x p l a i n e d in
t h e following, of t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e d i v i s o r so as to p e r m i t of i t s
a d d i t i o n to, i n s t e a d of its s u b t r a c t i o n f r o m t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e divid e n d . Assume, f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t a n example, a s below, w e r e g i v e n :
375.2 X 97.2 X 0.0762 X 3
962.1 X 92 X 33.26
It would be perfectly correct to find t h e l o g a r i t h m s of all t h e factors in the numerator and add them together, and then the logarithms
o f all t h e f a c t o r s i n t h e d e n o m i n a t o r a n d a d d t h e m t o g e t h e r ; and
finally subtract the sum of the logarithms of the denominator from
t h e s u m of t h e l o g a r i t h m s of t h e n u m e r a t o r . T h e r e m a i n d e r is t h e
l o g a r i t h m of t h e r e s u l t of t h e calculation.
T h i s m e t h o d , however,
involves t w o s e p a r a t e a d d i t i o n s a n d one s u b t r a c t i o n . I t i s possible, b y
a modification of t h e l o g a r i t h m s of t h e n u m b e r s in t h e d e n o m i n a t o r
to so a r r a n g e t h e calculation t h a t a single a d d i t i o n will give t h e
l o g a r i t n m of t h e final r e s u l t .
In d e a l i n g w i t h positive a n d n e g a t i v e n u m b e r s we l e a r n t h a t if
we a d d a n e g a t i v e n u m b e r to a positive n u m b e r , t h e s u m will be
t h e s a m e as If we s u b t r a c t t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u e of t h e n e g a t i v e

10

No.

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

n u m b e r f r o m t h e positive n u m b e r ; t h a t is 5 -j- ( 2 ) = 5 2 = 3.
If ve r e v e r s e t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n ve h a v e 5 . 2 = 5 4- ( 2 ) .
If we
now a s s u m e t h a t 5 is t h e l o g a r i t h m of a c e r t a i n n u m b e r a a n d 2 t h e
l o g a r i t h m of a n o t h e r n u m b e r &, a n d if we i n s e r t these values in t h e
last e x p r e s s i o n , i n s t e a d of 5 a n d 2, we h a v e :
tog a log & = log a + ( log
F r u m t h i s we see t h a t i n s t e a d of s u b t r a c t i n g log h f r o m log a we
can add t h e n e g a t i v e v a l u s of log h a n d o b t a i n t h e s a m e r e s u l t . As
t h e m a n t i s s a a l w a y s m u s t r e m a i n positive, i n o r d e r t o p e r m i t direct
a d d i t i o n , t h e n e g a t i v e v a l u e of t h e l o g a r i t h m c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d
by s i m p l y p l a c i n g a m i n u s s i g n b e f o r e it. I n s t e a d , it is o b t a i n e d in
t h e following m a n n e r :
If t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is positive, add 1 to i t s n u m e r i c a l v a l u e ar.d
place a m i n u s sign over it.
To obtain t h e m a n t i s s a , s u b t r a c t t h e
given m a n t i s s a f r o m 1.00000.
Example 1.This l o g a r i t h m of 950 = 2.97772. F i n d ( log 950).
A c c o r d i n g to t h e r u l e given, t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c will be 3. T h e m a n tissa will be 1.00000 .97772 = .02228. T h e last c a l c u l a t i o n ean be
c a r r i e d out m e n t a l l y w i t h o u t w r i t i n g i t down a t all, b y s i m p l y f i n d i n g
t h e f i g u r e w h i c h , added t o t h e last f i g u r e i n t h e given m a n t i s s a w o u l d
m a k e t h e s u m 10, a n d t h e figures w h i c h a d d e d to each of t h e o t h e r
figures in t h e m a n t i s s a , would m a k e t h e s u m 9. as s h o w n below:
9
0

7
2

7
2

7
2

2
8

9 10

A s t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s easily c a r r i e d o u t m e n t a l l y , t h e m e t h o d
described, w h e n f u l l y m a s t e r e d , g r e a t l y simplifies t h e w o r k w h e r e
o p e r a t i o n s of b o f h m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d division a r e to be p e r f o r m e d in
t h e s a m e example.
j\
Example 2.The l o g a r i t h m of 2 is 0.30103. F i n d ( log 2 ) .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e given r u l e s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s I , a n d t h e
m a n t i s s a , .69897.
T h e following e x a m p l e s should b e s t u d i e d u n t i l t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r stood.
UO
log 270.
=2.43136
log 270.
=3.56864
log 10.
=1.00000
leg
10.
=T.OOOOO^^,
log 26.99 = 1 . 4 3 1 2 0
log
26.99 = 5 . 5 6 8 8 0
I n t h e e x a m p l e i n t h e second iine a n exception f r o m t h e r u l e f o r
o b t a i n i n g t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e n e g a t i v e l o g a r i t h m is m a d e .
It is
obvious, h o w e v e r , t h a t if log 10 = 1.00000, t h e n ( log 101 =
1.00000.
I n t h e e x a m p l e i n t h e l a s t line t h e r e i s a n o t h e r deviation
f r o m the literal understanding of the rule for the mantissa. As the
last figure in t h e positive l o g a r i t h m is 0, t h e last figure in ( log
26.99) is also 0, a n d t h e n e x t last figure is t r e a t e d as if it w e r e t h e
last, m a k i n g t h e n e x t las v figure in t h e n e g a t i v e l o g a r i t h m 8
If t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m ! s n e g a t i v e , s u b t r a c t 1 f r o m
i t s n u m e r i c a l value, a n d m a k e i t positive. T h e m a n t i s s a i s obtained
b y t h e s a m e r u l e a s before.

METHODS,

RUI.ES

AND

EXAMPLES

11

Example 1 T h e l o g a r i t h m of 0.003 3.47712. F i n d ( -- log 0.003).

A c c o r d i n g to t h e r u l e i u s t given t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c will be 2. T h e
m a n t i s s a -will be .52288. H e n c e ( log 0.003) = 2.52288.
T h e following e x a m p l e s should be studied until f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d :
log 0.3
= T.47712
l o g 0.3
=0.52288
log 0.0006963=3.84280
l o g 0.0006963 = 3 . 1 5 7 2 0
log 0.6607
=1.82000
l o g 0.6607
=0.18000
"When sufficient p r a c t i c e h a s been obtained, t h e n e g a t i v e v a l a e of
a l o g a r i t h m can be r e a d off a l m o s t as quickly f r o m t h e tables as t h e
positive v a l u e given, a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t gain of t i m e , a n d t h e ease of
t h e calculations following, m o r e t h a n j u s t i f y t h i s short-cut m e t h o d
Examples? of the Use of Lcg-arit'nms

We will now give a n u m b e r of e x a m p l e s cf t h e use of l o g a r i t h m s in

c a l c u l a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g m u l t i p l i c a t i o n and division.
Xo c o m m e n t s
will be m a d e , as it is a s s u m e d t h a t t h e s t u d e n t h a s n o w g r a s p e d t h e
p r i n c i p l e s sufficiently to be able to follow t h e m e t h o d s u s e d w i t h o u t
f u r t h e r explanation.
Example
1.
0.0272 X 27.1 X 12.6
2.371 X C.007
log
0.0272 = 2-43457
log 27.1
= 1 43297
log 12.6
=1.10037
Oog
2.371 = 1 . 6 2 5 0 7
log
0.007 = 2 . 1 5 4 9 0
2.74788
T h e result, t h e n , is 559.6.
Example
2.
0.3752 X 0.063 x 0.012
0.092 x 1289
leg
0.3752 = 1:57426
log
0.063 = 2 . 7 9 9 3 4
log
0.012 = 2 . 0 7 9 1 8
log
C.092 = 1.03621
log 12S9.0
=5.88975
6.37874
T h e result, t h e n , is 0.000002392.
Example
3.
3.463 X 1.056 X 14.7 x" 144 X 10
log
3.463 = 0.53945
log
1.056 = 0.02366
log
14.7
= 1.16732
log 144.0
=2.15836
log
10.0
=1.00000
T h e result, t h e n , is 77,410.

4.88879

12

No.
Example

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

4.
0.00005427
log
log
log
log
log

X 392 X 2.5 X 200 X 200

0.00005427 = 3.73456
392.
=2.59329
2.5
=0.39794
200.
= 2.30103
200.
= 2.30103
3.32785

Hence, t h e r e s u l t is 2127.

Obtaining: -he Power? of Numbers

E x p r e s s i o n s of t h e f o r m 6.513 can easily be calculated by m e a n s of

logarithms.
T h e xinal- ( ' ) is called exponent..*
In t h i s case t h e
" t h i r d p o w e r " of 6.51 is r e q u i r e d .
A n a m b e r m a y be raised to a n y p o w e r by simply m u l t i p l y i n g t h e
logarithm oi the number hy the exponent of the number. The product
gives t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e v a l u e of t h e power.
Example 1.Find t h e v a l u e of 6.51\
log 6 . 5 1 = 0 . 8 1 3 5 8
3 X 0.81358 = 2.44074
T h e l o g a r i t h m 2.44074 is t h e n t h e l o g a r i t h m of 8.51*. H e n c e 6.51'
equals the number corresponding to this logarithm, as found from the
tables, or 6.51* = 275.9.
"
Example 2.Find t h e v a l u e uf 121-2".
log 12 = 1.07918
1.29 X 1.07918 = 1.39214
Hence, 12 ' - ' = 24.67.
T h e multiplication. 1.29 X 1.07918 is c a r r i e d o u t in t h e u s u a l a r i t h m e t i c a l way. T h e e x a m p l e above is one of a type w h i c h cannot be
solved by a n y m e a n s except by t h e use of l o g a r i t h m s . An e x p r e s s i o n
of t h e f o r m 6.51* can be f o u n d by a r i t h m e t i c by m u l t i p l y i n g 6.31
X 6.51 X 6.51, but an e x p r e s s i o n of t h e t o r m 121-2" does n o t p e r m i t
of being calculated by a n y arithmetical method. Logarithms are here
absolutely essential.
One difficulty is m e t w i t h w h e n r a i s i n g a n u m b e r less t h a n 1 to a
given power. T h e l o g a r i t h m is t h e n composed of a n e g a t i v e t e r m , t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d a positive t e r m , t h e m a n t i s s a . F o r e x a m p l e : F i n d
t h e value 0.31". T h e l o g a r i t h m of 0.31 = T. 49136. In t h i s case, m u l t i ply, s e p a r a t e l y , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d t h e m a n t i s s a b y t h e exponent,
a s s h o w n below. T h e n add t h e p r o d u c t s .
log

0.31=1.49136

M u l t i p l y i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d m a n t i s s a s e p a r a t e l y by 5 we h a v e :
5 X 1 = 3
5 X .49136 = 2.45680
Hence,

0.31' = 0.002863.

log

r See MACHINERIES R e f e r e n c e
the Machinist. Chapter III.

0.31= = "$.45680

Series

No.

52,. Advanced

Shop

Arithmetic

tor

METHODS,

RUI.ES

AND

EXAMPLES

13

Tf t h e e x p o n e n t is not a whole n u m b e r , t h e p r o c e d u r e will be somewhat m o r e complicated. T h e p r i n c i p l e of t h e m e t h o d , however, remains the same.

Example:
F i n d t h e v a l u e of 0.06 5 - 31
log 0.06 = 2,77815
1
Ljt

2.31 X 2 = 2.31 X ( 2) = - f 4 . 6 2
2.31 X 0.77815 = 1.79753
In t h i s case, t h e first p r o d u c t , 4.62, is n e g a t i v e b o t h as r e g a r d s t h e
whole n u m b e r and t h e decimal. I n o r d e r t o m a k e t h e decimal positive
so t h a t we m a y be able to add it d i r e c t l y to t h e secoml p r o d u c t , 1.79753,
we must, use t h e s a m e r u l e as given f o r c h a n g i n g a l o g a r i t h m w i t h a
positive c h a r a c t e r i s t i c to a n e g a t i v e value. H e n c e 4 . 6 2 = 3 - 3 8 . We
can now a d d t h e p r o d u c t s :

Then

5.38
1.79753
log 0.06 ? - 31 Jfj.17753
H e n c e 0 . 0 6 ^ " = 0.001503.
As a f u r t h e r example, find 0.07 s - 51 .
log
0.07 = 2.84510
Then
3.51 x 2 = 3.51 X ( 2 ) = 7 . 0 2 = 3 . 9 8
3.51 X .S1510
=2.96630
log 0.07 s - 61 =: 5.91630
Hence

3 51

0.07 -

= 0.00008837.
Extracting Boots by Logarithm*

Roots of n u m b e r s , as f o r e x a m p l e
37, can easily be e x t r a c t e d by
m e a n s of l o g a r i t h m s . T h e s m a l l ( 3 ) in t h e r a d i c a l ( V ) of t h e rootsign is called t h e i n d e x of t h e root. In t h e case of t h e s q u a r e root
t h e i n d e x is ( 2 ) , b u t it is n o t u s u a l l y i n d i c a t e d , t h e s q u a r e root b e i n g
m e r e l y e x p r e s s e d by t h e sign V.
A n y root of a n u m b e r m a y be f o u n d by d i v i d i n g i t s l o g a r i t h m by
t h e index of t h e r o o t ; t h e q u o t i e n t is t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e root.
Example 1.Find
f/~276.

Hence log - ^ I s S s
Example 2.Find

log 276 = 2 . 4 4 0 9 1
2.44091 - f - 3 = 0.81364
a n d ^ ' " 2 7 6 = 6.511.
f ' 0.67

log 0.67 = 1.82607

In t h i s case we cannot d i v i d e directly, because we h a v e a n e g a t i v e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d a positive m a n t i s s a . We t h e n proceed as follows: Add
n u m e r i c a l l y as m a n y n e g a t i v e u n i t s or p a r t s of u n i t s to t h e characteristic as is n e c e s s a r y to m a k e it evenly c o n t a i n t h e index of t h e root.
T h e n a d d t h e same n u m b e r of positive u n i t s or p a r t s of u n i t s to t h e
mantissa.
Divide each s e p a r a t e l y by t h e index. T h e q u o t i e n t s give

14

No.

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d m a n t i s s a , respectively, of t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e
root.
P r o c e e d i n g w i t h t h e e x a m p l e above a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s rule, w e h a v e :
T + 5 =

3;

.$2607 + 2 = 2.82607;
Hence,

log f "0X7 = 1.94202,

itExample 3.Find j
0.2.
log

3 4 - 3

1.

2.82607 -r 3 = .94202.

and

0.67 = 0.875.

0.2 = 1.30103.

If we add ( 0.7) to t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e l o g a r i t h m round, it

will be evenly divisible by t h e i n d e x of t h e root.
Hence:
T -f ( 0.7) = 1 . 7 ;
.30103 + 0.7 = 1.00103;
Hence, log

1 . 7 - 4 - 1 . 7 = 1.
1.00103 jr 1.7 = .58884.

V 1)72 = T.585S4, and

0.2 = 0.3S8.

A n u m b e r of e x a m p l e s of t h e use of l o g a r i t h m s in t h e solution cf
everyday p r o b l e m s in mechanics, a r e given in MACHINERY'S R e f e r e n c e
S e r i e s No. 19, Use of F o r m u l a s in Mechanics, C h a p t e r II, 2nd edition.
W h e n e x p o n e n t s o r i n d i c e s a r e given i n c o m m o n f r a c t i o n s , i t i s
u s u a l l y best to c h a n g e t h e m to decimal f r a c t i o n s before p r o c e e d i n g
f u r t h e r w i t h t h e problem.
Interpolation

If t h e n u m b e r for w h i c h t h e l o g a r i t h m is r e q u i r e d consists of five

figures, it is possible, bj m e a n s of t h e s m a l l tables in t h e r i g h t - h a n d
column o f t h e l o g a r i t h m tables, h e a d e d " P . P . " ( p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t s ) ,
to obtain the logarithm more accurately than by taking the nearest
v a l u e f o r t o u r f i g u r e s , a s h a s p r e v i o u s l y been done i n t h e e x a m p l e s
given. T h e m e t h o d b y w h i c h t h e l o g a r i t h m i s t h e n o b t a i n e d i s called
interpolation.
In t h e same way, if a l o g a r i t h m is given, t h e e x a c t v a l u e cf w h i c h
c a n n o t b e f o u n d i n t h e tables, t h e n u m b e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e logari t h m can b e f o u n d t o f i v e f i g u r e s b y i n t e r p o l a t i o n , a l t h o u g n t h e m a i n
tables c o n t a i n only n u m b e r s of f o u r figures.
T h e l o g a r i t h m of 2853 is 3.45530, a n d t h e l o g a r i t h m of .2854 is
3.45545, as f o u n d f r o m t h e tables. A s s u m e t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m of 2853.6
were xequired. It is evident t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h i s l a t t e r n u m b e r
m a s t have a v a l u e b e t w e e n t h e l o g a r i t h m s of 2853 a n d 2854. It m u s t
b e s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r t h a n t h e l o g a r i t h m o f t h e f o r m e r n u m b e r , and
s o m e w h a t s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t of t h e l a t t e r . W h i l e t h e l o g a r i t h m s , in
f e n e r a l a r e not p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e n u m b e r s t o w h i c h they correspond, t h e difference is v e r y s l i g h t in cases w h e r e t h e i n c r e a s e in t h e
n u m b e r s is s m a l l ; so t h a t , in t h e case of an increase f r o m 2853 to 2854,
t h e l o g a r i t h m s for t h e d e c i m a l s 2853.1, 2853.2, etc., m a y be considered
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e n u m b e r s . I t i s o n t h i s basis t h a t t h e s m a l l t a b l e s i n
t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n h e a d e d " P . P . " a r e calculated, and t h e l o g a r i t h m
of 2853.6, f o r example, is f o u n d as follows:
F i n d f i r s t t h e difference b e t w e e n t h e n e a r e s t l a r g e r a n d t h e n e a r e s t
entailer l o g a r i t h m s .
Log 2854 = 3.45545 a n d log 2853 = 3.45530. T h e

METHODS,

RUI.ES

AND

EXAMPLES

15

difference is 0.00015. T h e n in t h e s m a l l t a b l e h e a d e d "15" in t h e righth a n d c o l u m n find t h e figure opposite 6 (ti being t h e last or fifth figure
in t h e given n u m b e r ) . T h i s figure is 9.0. Add t h i s to t h e m a n t i s s a
of t h e s m a l l e r of t h e t w o l o g a r i t h m s a l r e a d y f o u n d , d i s r e g a r d i n g t h e
decimal point i n t h e m a n t i s s a , a n d c o n s i d e r i n g it, for t h e w h i l e b e i n g
as a whole n u m b e r . T h e n 45530 + 9.0 = 45539. T h i s is t h e m a n t i s s a
of t h e l o g a r i t h m of 2853.6, a n d t h e complete l o g a r i t h m is 3.45539.
Example.Find log
236.24.
Log 236.2 = 2.37328; log 236.3 = 2.37346; difference = O.00018.
In table "18" t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t opposite 4 is 7.2. T h e n 37328 -f 7.2
= 37335.2. T h e d e c i m a l 2 is not used, b u t is dropped.
H e n c e log
236.24 = 2.37335.
If t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t to be a d d e d h a s a d e c i m a l l a r g e r t h a n 5, it
should not be dropped before t h e figure p r e c e d i n g ft h a s been r a i s e d
one u n i t . F o r example, if t h e l o g a r i t h m of 236.26 had been r e q u i r e d ,
t h e n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t would h a v e been 10.8 a n d t h e m a n t i s s a
sought 37328 + 10.8 37338.8. Now t h e decimal 8 c a n n o t be dropped
before t h e figure 8 p r e c e d i n g it h a s been r a i s e d to 9.
T h e n log
236.26 = 2.37339.
If t h e n u m b e r f o r w h i c h t h e l o r g a r i t h m is to be f o u n d consists of
more than five figures, find the mantissa for t h e nearest number of
five figures b u t choose t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a c c o r d i n g to t h e t o t a l number of figures to t h e l e f t of t h e d e c i m a l point. F o r example, if t h e
l o g a r i t h m of 626.923 is r e q u i r e d , find t h e m a n t i s s a , by i n t e r p o l a t i o n ,
for 62692
If t h e l o g a r i t h m f o r 626,928 is r e q u i r e d , find t h e m a n t i s s a
for 62603, a l w a y s r e m e m b e r i n g to r a i s e t h e v a l u e of t h e last figure,
if t h e figure d r o p p e d is m o r e t h a n 5. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c in each of
these e x a m p l e s would, of course, be 5, as it is chosen a c c o r d i n g to t h e
total n u m b e r of figures to t h e l e f t of t h e d e c i m a l point in t h e given
n u m b e r s , w h i c h is 6.
To find a n u m b e r whose l o g a r i t h m is g i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y l h a n to
t'our f i g u r e s , w h e n t h e given m a n t i s s a c a n n o t b e f o u n d exactly i n t h "
tables, find t h e m a n t i s s a w h i c h is n e a r e s t to. but less t h a n t h e given
mantissa.
Subtract this manlissa fiom the nearest larger mantissa
i n t h e t a b l e s a n d f i n d i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n t h e s m a l l table headed
b y t h i s difference. T h e n s u b t r a c t t h e n e a r e s t s m a l l e r m a n t i s s a f r o m
the g i v e n l o g a r i t h m , and find t h e difference, exact or a p p r o x i m a t e , in
t h e " p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t " t a b l e ( i n t h e r i g h t h a n d c.olamn o f t h i s
t a b l e ) . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g figure in t h e left-hand c o l u m n of t h e "proportional p a r t " t a b l e i s t h e f i f t h f i g u r e i n t h e n u m b e r s o u g h t , t h e o t h e r
four f i g u r e s b e i n g vhose c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e l o g a r i t h m n e x t m a i l e r
t o t h e given l o g a r i t h m .
Example.Find t h e n u m b e r whose l o g a r i t h m is 4.46262.
T h e m a n t i s s a c a n n o t b e f o u n d exactly i n t h e t a b l e s ; t h e r e f o r e , following t h e rules j u s t given, w e see t h a t t h e n e a r e s t s m a l l e r m a n t i s s a
in t h e t a b l e s equals 46255. T h e next l a r g e r is 46270. T h e difference
between t h e m is 15. T h e difference b e t w e e n t h e m a n t i s s a of t h e given
l o g a r i t h m . 46262 a n d t h e next s m a l l e r m a n t i s s a , 46255 is 7. Now, in
t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l p a r t s table opposite 7.5 in t h e r i g h t - h a n d column of

16

No. 5 3 U S E OF

LOGARITHMS

the table h e a d e d 15. we tlnd t h a t t h e fifth figure of t h e n u m b e r sought

would be 5. T h e f o u r first figures a r e 2901. H e n c e t h e n u m b e r sought
is 29,015.
T h e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s , if c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d will give t h e s t u d e n t
a clear conception of t h e m e t h o d of i n t e r p o l a t i o n .
Number

52,163
26.933
0.012635
12.375
6.9592

Logarithm

4.71736
1.42996
2.10157
1.09254
0.84256

T h e s t u d e n t should f i n d f o r himself f i r s t t h e l o g a r i t h m s corresponding t o t h e g i v e n n u m b e r s , a n d t h e n t h e n u m b e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e

given l o g a r i t h m s .
In t h i s w a y a check on t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e w o r k
can b e o b t a i n e d b y c o m p a r i n g w i t h t h e r e s u l t s given.
General Bemarks

In t h e s y s t e m of l o g a r i t h m s t a b u l a t e d on p a g e s 18 to 35, t h e baseof t h e l o g a r i t h m s is 10; t h a t is, t h e l o g a r i t h m is a c t u a l l y t h e e x p o n e n t

w h i c h w o u l d be affixed to 10 in o r d e r to give t h e n u m b e r correspond
ir.g to t h e l o g a r i t h m . F o r e x a m p l e log 20 = 1.30103, w h i c h is t h e
same as to s a y t h a t lO1-301"3 = 20. L o g 100 = 2, a n d , of course, we
k n o w t h a t lp 2 = 100. As 101 = 10, t h e l o g a r i t h m of 10 1. T h e
l o g a r i t h m of 1 = 0. T h e s y s t e m of l o g a r i t h m s h a v i n g 10 t o r its b a s e
is called t h e B r i g g s or t h e c o m m o n s y s t e m of l o g a r i t h m s .
W h i l e t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g l o g a r i t h m tables a r e g i v e n t o f i v e decimals,
it should be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m of a n u m b e r can be calculated w i t h a n y degree of accuracy, so t h a t l a r g e l o g a r i t h m t a b l e s give
t h e l o g a r i t h m w i t h as m a n y as seven d e c i m a l places, an-1 some, used
for v e r y a c c u r a t e scientific i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , give as m a n y as t e n decimals.
It will be noticed t h a t in t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g tables t h e figure
5, w h e n in t h e fifth decimal place, Is e i t h e r w r i t t e n 5 or 3. If t h e
s i x t h place is 5 or m o r e , t h e n e x t l a r g e r n u m b e r is used in t h e fifth
place, a n d t h e l o g a r i t h m i s t h e n w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m 3.90853.
The
d a s h over t h e 5 s h o w s t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m is less t h a n given. If t h e
s i x t h figure is less t h a n 5, t h e l o g a r i t h m is w r i t t e n 3.91025, t h e dot
over t h e 5 s h o w i n g t h a t t h e l o g a r i t h m is m o r e t h a n given. In calcul a t i o n s of t h e type p r e v i o u s l y explained, t h i s , h o w e v e r , need nor be
t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n and t h e s e s i g n s should b e d i s r e g a r d e d b y t h e
student.
Hyperbolic Logarithms

I n c e r t a i n m e c h a n i c a l calculations, n o t a b l y t h o s e i n v o l v i n g t h e calcul a t i o n of t h e m e a n effective p r e s s u r e of s t e a m in e n g i n e cylinders, use

is m a d e of l o g a r i t h m s h a v i n g for t h e i r base t h e n u m b e r 2.7183, commonly d e s i g n a t e d e, ar.d f o u n d by a b s t r a c t m a t h e m a t i c a l a n ? lysis.
T h e s e l o g a r i t h m s a r e t e r m e d hyperbolic, Xapierian or natural; t i
p r e f e r a b l e n a m e , a n d t h a t m o s t c o m m o n l y i n use i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
is hyperbolic l o g a r i t h m s . T h e hyperbolic l o g a r i t h m s a r e usually design a t e d " h y p . log." T h u s , w h e n log 12 is r e q u i r e d , it a l w a y s r e f e r s to

METHODS,

RUI.ES

AND

EXAMPLES

17

common l o g a r i t h m s , h u t w h e n t h e h y p . log 12 is r e q u i r e d , r e f e r e n c e
is m a d e to h y p e r b o l i c l o g a r i t h m s .
S o m e t i m e s , t h e hyperbolic logar i t h m is also d e s i g n a t e d "log," a n d "rial, log."
To convert the common logarithms to hyperbolic logarithms, the
f o r m e r should be m u l t i p l i e d by 2.30258. To convert hyperbolic logar i t h m s to c o m m o n l o g a r i t h m s , m u l t i p l y by 0.43429. T h e s e m u l t i p l i e r s
will be f o u n d of value in cases w h e r e hyperbolic, l o g a r i t h m s a r e req u i r e d in f o r m u l a s .
H y p e r b o l i c l o g a r i t h m s find e x t e n s i v e use in
higher mathematics.

SECTION II

TABLES
COMMON LOGARITHMS
1 TO 10,000

18

No.
N

L 0

100
1

USE OF LOGARITHMS

'

102
103
104

ooooo

343

432

47f

73

232

243

53

572 612 633 C94

938

079 #019

108
109

160

S61

02 I I 9
1

T OOO

234
* 1JO

34^ 333 423 403 503

743 782 822 802 902

110
111
112
113
114

O4I39
532
922
05308
690

I79
57I
961
340
729

218
6lO
999
38;
767

258
6?0
#038
423
805

2Q7
689
#077
4*31
843

115
110
ii7
lib
"9

06 OTO
446
819
07,188
55?

jzn
483
856
225
J9i

145
521
893
2->2
^28

183
558
v3c
2-1I
604

221
59S
967
335
700

120
121

<jirt 954 993 ,027 ,053

08 279 314 35O 386 422

122

123
12;

217

2TO

303

647 089 7.,^

604
800 903 94=; ^33 ^030 <072 ii5 ,157
01 284 326 3b8 io 452 494 53^ 578
703 74S 787 828 870 y i2 953 g5
8

105

106

346

775
,199
620
,03(5

389

SI7
#242
662
.078

1,141 l 3 l , 2 2 2 , 2 6 2 3 0 2
'43 5 S 5 6 2 3 6 5 3 703

941 981 *02I OCO ,10c

336 376 415 454 4 9 3

727 766 5oJ 344 883
* n 5

,154

*I92

881

018

956

258
633
oc4
372
737

296
<70
*C4408
773

333
707
,073
44S
So
9

2jl

*99 *I35
493

529

9 9 4 *o'?

371
744
.,115
4S2
846

408
7^1
,151
518
882

691 726 760 795 835

10037 u 7 2 I0|5 14-> 17?

4v4
82b
156
483
808

528
3 00
189
516
840

561 594 628 561 694

135

13 033 060 098 130

354 38b
418
450
672 704 73 J 767
988 s,oi9 ^051 sO82
14 301 333 304 39j

162

I94 226 258 290 322

5-3
545
577
640
830 862 893 925 956
I45 *I76 *2O8 ,,239 ,27c

38-

140

145
146
147
148
149

428
760
9
413
743

449

461
793
T
-y
4JJ
775

1*3

S7

431

799
ii4
420

S93

8gy 934

243
JSS
924
261
w26

273
619
958
294
959

968
3I2
653
992
327

72

457

90?

489

937

52"

3_ /
7,

11,4
15 2
19 >
22 3
26,6
304

,003
34'
687
*025
361

9 6 9 *OGI

551

582

15

768 799 329 3 6 o 891

922
953
983 DI4 ,045
,076
,137
,198
229
259
2yO 3 2 0
3 C I -->381 4^2 442 473 S03
534 ^ 4 5 9 4 6 2 5 65; 6 8 4 7 1 5 746 776 806
830 36-5 897 927 957 9 7 Q - 7 * 4 7 * " 7 * i o 7

36
3.6
7,2
10.8
ii 1
14,8 1 4 . 4
18 5 i3 J
22 2 21 6
25 9 25,2
3,7
7.4

29.6

23.8

35

34

33

3.5
7,0

3.4
6,8

3,3
6 6

3
4

io,5
14 0

34,2

992 *024

222 2C4 287 32O 352

=48 581 613 646 678

7 8

33,3 324

10 2

9,9
13-2
16,5

17,0
2u 4 19.3
23 8 2 3 . 1
28 0 27 2 20,4

5
6

17,5
a r e

7
8

24,5

31.5

30,-6

29,7

613 644 675 706 73-7

16 137
43?
732
17 C20
319

150
N

4i

364
20y
551
890
227

37

38

636
672
7J7
743
778
814 849 884 920 955
991 020 *o6i ,096 .132 ,107 .202 ,237 ,272 ,307
OO342 377 412 447 482 517 552 587 621 656

394
727
12057
384
710

143
144

33
3.9

12,3 120 117

16 4 16 o 15 6
2 0 . 5 20 o 19 5
24 6 24,0 234
28 7 28 o 27 3
32 8 32 O 3 2
9 36,9 36,0 351

*207 , 2 4 3
5 ^
600

130
131
132
133
134

141
142

41 40
-4.1 4 0

,26^

500 538 576 614 652

721 75^ 789 823 857

11050 cj? 126 10 J 193

137
138
139

44 43 42
44 43 4 2
bo (<,4
132 129 12,6
17 6 17 2 16 3
22 o 21,5 21 o
20 4 25 8 25,2
30 8 3c . 2^,4
3 5 . 2 34,4 330
39.0 38,7 378

325 306 407 449 490

735 776 816 S57 8*3

125
12b
127
12b
129

13^

? T?

167
46=:
761
05S
343

197
49?
791
38?

227
524
320
114
37-7 406

256
554
850
14;
43S

609 638 6(r 606 725

I

286
584
879
173

316
613
pog
202

346
<~43
938
23I

376
673
967
260

406
702
997
289

404

493

522

551

5o

32 31
3,2 3 1
6,4

6 2

3 0
6 0

9,6
9,3
9o
12,8 124 120
16,0 15 5 15,0
192 18,6 13,0
22 4 21,7 21 o
25 6 24 3 24 o
28 8 27 Q 27 o

754 782 SlI S40 369

8

30

P P

LOGARITHMIC
L. 0
150
151
153
154

17

609

898
1 8 I&4
469
752

638
926
213
4g8
780

667
955
241
526
608

696 725
984 ,013
27C
2< 8
554
583
837
863

754
782
8u
840 869
, 0 4 1 07r> , 0 9 9 , , 1 2 7 * I 5 6
327
355
384
412
441
61 j
639 667 69b 724
S93
921
949
977 a o o 5

145;
424
700
976
249

173
201
229
257
28;
45J
479
507
535
56728
75b
783
8i'
838
*C3 *o3o , 0 5 8 ,085 i l l 2
27b
303
330
358
383

161
162
163
104

412
0?3
952'
21 219
484

439
466
493
5-2
7io
737
703
79c
9 7 8 - 0 0 5 3,032 , , 0 5 9
243
2 7 2 2Q9 326;
511
>37
504
590

=48
573
602 629
656
817
844
871
898
923
o8J * H 2 .,139 ,,165 *I92
352
378
405
431
458
617
643
609 696 722

165
166
165
16S
169

748
22 e n
272
S3I
789

775
037
298
557
814

80:
C63
324
583
340

827
089
350
608
86b

854
11J
-7b
634
891

880
I4I
401
660
917

yo6
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376
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171
172
173
174

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246
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9 8 9 j|(Oi2 * 0 3 5 *c>58 , 0 8 1
217
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735
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981

195
196
197
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226

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270

C70
292

092
314

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7=4
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336
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137
358
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798

159
380
601
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181
403
623
842

203
423
643
863
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200

3<5103

123

146

108

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211

233

253

276

29S

L. 0

175
17b

17:

17S
179

180
181
182

190
tflk
192
193
194

28

P P

061
34O
618
893
167

159

117
39b
673
948
222

1 9 C33
jI2
59
866
20 140

155
150
157
158

089
3O8
64$
921
194

19

TABLES

29

28

2,9

28

2
3
4
5

5,8
8,7
11,6
14,5
17 4
213,3
23,2
26 I

5.6

7
8
9

1
2
3
1
5
6
j
>
9

8,4
11,2
14,0

lb,8

19,6
2u,4
25,2

27

26

2,7
5,+
8/1
10,8
13,5
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18 <j
21 6
24,3

2,6
5 2
7 8
10,4
I3.<J
15,6
18,2
20 8
23,4

25
1
2

25
5,0

3
4
5
6

1^,5
15,0

7 5

1 0

7 F7 5
8 20,0
0 22,5

24
1
2

23

2,4
4,8

2,3
4,6

7.2
9,6
5 12,0
6 14,4
7 lb 8
8 19 J
9 2 1 '>

6.9
9 2

3
4

22

lie

13,8
16 *
18 4
20,/

21

2.2

2,1

2
3

4,4
6,6

4,2
6,3

11 u

10 3

13,2

12,6

M 7
ib,S
i3 9

,8,8

5,4
17,6
19,8

IP,

84.

20

No.

53USE

N,

L. C

200
201
202
>3
2U4

3 c IC3
3?"
535
7?
963

123
146
190
341
3<>3
384 4 ' S
557
578
<-00
6 2.
77i
792
814
835
9 8 4 , 0 0 6 , 0 2 7 *C4.8

205
20
2C7
208
209

3 1 173
387
597
be6
32013

197
4Qj
t-18
827
035

218
429
039
848
036

239
450
bbo
869
C77

210
211
212
213
214

222
428
"34
838
33 0 4 1

243
449
654
858
062

263
469
673
79
CKS2

215
216
21;
21!'
219

244
443
646
84b
34 044

264
463
666
866
064

220

242
439
*>35
830
35 023

262

221
222
223
224
225
220
227
22C
229

23b

459
655
85U
-J44

218
238
411
430
603
022
793
^13
984 ,003

OF
5

LOGARITHMS
6

211
428
643
856
*ot>9

233
444
064
878
ji

253
276
298.
471
442
514
685
707
728
899
y20
942
2 (133 +J54

2tO
471
b&i
890
098

281
492
702
911
118

302
513
723
931
139

323
534
744
932
ibo

284
490
693
8*9
102

303
510
713
919
122

325
531
736
94c
143

346
552
756
9bo
163

366
387
408
57'
593
613
777
747
81S
u 8 o J.001 # 0 2 1
183
203
224

284
486
186
8R3
084

304
506
706
1.03
T>,4

323
52b
726
923
124

345
54b
74b
445
145

365
566

385
4o3
425
58b
fob
b2b
786
806
82b
4 8 3 5,003 * 0 2 3
183
203
223

282
479
fV4
869
064

301
498
'*34
889
083

321
5'8
713
908
102

341
537
753
928
[22

257
276
449
4->8
641
bbo
832
831
, 0 2 1 (.040

295
4*8
079
870
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515
334
353
372
392
507
526
545
564
583
698
717
736
755
774
889
908
927
946
965
. 0 7 8 , 0 9 7 , 1 1 6 , 1 3 5 ,,154

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6bi
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847
806
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280

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577
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967
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305

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555
763
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181

300
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785
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201

4
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792
811
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180
199

324

234

192
380
568
754
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211
399
586
773
959

229
4 8
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791
977

248
436
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235
236
237
238
239

3 7 107
291
475
658
840

123
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493
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838

144
328
5 "
694
876

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346
-12
894

1&1
363
548
731
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199
383
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749
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218
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583
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949

236
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783
967

254
273
438
457
621
639
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9 8 5 >,003

240

039
220
399
578
7^7

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238
417
396
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614
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093
274
453
632
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112
242
477
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828

130
310
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243
244

38 02]
202
382
561
739

148
328
507
686
863

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34b
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245
240
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24a
249

917
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445
620

934
T
287
463
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952
129
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480
653

070
146
322
408
672

987
164
340
515
690

794

SlI

829

846

863

881

898

913

933

930

241
242

250
N.

I. 0

11

669,
846

22

21

1
2,2
2 4 4
3
6,6
4
5
6
7
S
9

21
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6,3

8 8
111
13 2
15 4
171

8,4
10.5
12,6
14 7
16,8
18,9

19,8

20
20

2
4.0
3
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4
8 0
;
100
6 12 0
7 14,0
8
rto
9

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1 1,9
2
3
4

3."
5 7
7 6

5
6

9.5
11,4

7 13.3
8 15,2
9: r7 1

342

3 6 173
301
540
736
922

231
232

P. P,

184
364
^43
721
899

* o n 5 5,023 * 4 i * 5 8 # 0 7 6
182
10,
217
23^
252
358
375
343
4io
42'
533
55
568
585
602
7'7
7=4
742
759
777

18
1

1,8

3,6

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

5 4
7-2
Q >
10,8
12 6
14 4
16,2

17
1
2
3
4

1,7
3.4
5,1
6,8

5
6

85
10.2

7
8
9

,9
13,6
15,3

P P

LOGARITHMIC
X

I. 0

250

39 794
967
40 140
312
483

252
253
254
255
230
257
258
259

260
261
202
263
264

654
824
593
4J 162
33"

II
985
157
329
JOO

829
846
803
* 0 0 2 * O I 9 ,037
175
192
2C9
346
364
3 1
518
535
552

07'
d4i

683
858

179
347

19O
363

705
722
875
892
*C44 * o i
212
229
380
397

497
514
S31
547
5^4
664
681
097
73]
83c847
863
880
890
y 9 b * o i 2 02ii , 0 4 5 *C02
4 2 IOO
I77
I93
21"
226

205
266
207

881
*54
226
398
569

581
747
913
,078
243

357
521
6i 4
840

4 3 136
' -297
45;
616

152
313
473
632
791

169
329
489
(148
87

185
345
55
664
823

201
361
521
080
838

275
276
277
27S
279

933
4 4 091
243
404
560

949
90S
107
122
264 . 2 7 9
42c
436
57b
592

981
138
295
.451
607

996
154
31T
407
623

280

716
871
45 025

747
902
056

762
917

332

731
886
040
x
94
347

362

5
378

778
932
086
240
393

793
.48
102
255
408

2B5.
286
287
288
289

484
637
788
939
46 090

500
652
803
954
105

515
6O7
8T8
969
120

530
54S
682
697
834
849
984 *
13 5 1 5 0

561
712
864
rOi$
165

290

240
389
53*
637
835

255
404
Si3
702
8^0

^70
419
568
710
864

28^
434
583
731
879

271
272
27:i
274

281
282
283
284

77&

291
292
2C.3
294
295
296
297
298
299

982
47 129
27^
422
5^7

300
N

712

171
a 2

217
377
537
696
854

315
464
013
7fti
909

9 9 7 $ 0 1 2 *02fi *C4I
144
159
73
188
290
305
3111
334
436
451
465
4*'
.182
596
611
625

*056
202
349
494
640

741

756

770

597
614
764
780
929
946
09K
*
I
TI
a:
259
275

233
393
553
712
870

933
950
, i c 6 3123
278
20;
449
4'*>
620
637

631
647
797
814
V63
979
I27 , 1 4 4
292
308

439
455
472
602
6iy
635
765;
781
797
927
943
959
*120
; o 8 8 *I04
249
409
5*9
727
886

26;
425
584
743
902

8c 9
963
117
27-.
423

824
979
133
286
439

2P1
44*
Oco
759
917

S40
855
994 * '
148
163
301
31;
454
469

576
591
606
621
728
743
758
773
879
894
909
924
(,030 *C45 o(-o * o 7 5
180
195
210
225
33
479
627
776
w23

494
642
j'.p
"3s

359
59
057
8o,5
953

P P

* o i 2 a.0211 , 0 4 4 s . 0 5 9 * 0 7 j
170
1 8 J 20 \ 2 1 7 2 3 ^
326
342
358
373
389
483
498
514
529
545
638
654
669
685
700

300
449
598
746
894

727

898
915
*<7I 9088
243
261
415
432
580
603

406
423
570
586
732
749
894
911
,,050 , 0 7 2

341
504
667
830
Q
9'

269

739
750
773
790
007
909
926
943
560
976
,078 ,095 * I I I *i2b 14J
246
263
280
296
313
4 1 4 43<
447
4&4
481

32?
48X
051
813
97S

270

374
390
s37
553
700
716
862
378
*024 *040

21

TABLES

37*'
523
672
820
967

1.070 * U 8 5 , , 1 0 0 # 1 1 4
2'7
232
246
261
363
378
39*
4<J?
C
5 9
524
538
553
654
669
683
698

784

799

813

828

842

18
1
2

J,j8
3,6
5/4
7,2
9,o
n i,8
1 2
,6
14,4
16,2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

17
1

1,7

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3,4
5,1
6,8
8,5
10,2
119
15,6
15 3

16
1

1,6

.2

3
4
5
6
7

4,8
6,4
3,o
9,6
XI 2

1^,3

14,4

15
1

15

2
3
4
5

3,
4 5

7
8
9

7 5
9,o
ie/S
12,0
13,5

14
1
2
3
-1
5
6

i,4
2,8
4^2
5,6

7
8
9

v.*
11,2
12 6

:P
0,4

P P

22

No.

300
3CI
3 "
3C3

47-12
857
4 8 OCI
144
287

37
3O
3?

3 "
31a

49136
270
415
554
b93

3*3
314

7*7
8-1
,15

741
885
G2,

756
900

784

813
958

173
31b

33^

344

359

210
37 i

244
387

828
y72
lib
25Q
40I

842
986

44
187

799
943
1187

159
302

77
914
058
20 2

ISO
290
4.19
Sb8
707

164

859
996

872
*oio
147
284
420
556
691
82b
Q6I

319

379

393

133
270
406

515
651
786

529
664

542
673

799
934
068

8X3
947
081

202

2i5
348
+81
614
74b

321
322
323
324

5I055

32s
32b

188
322

327
328
2

3 y

45b
587
720

330

851
52

983
" 4
244
375
504

335
468
601
733

53 oao

340

148

34i
342
343
344

275
4C3
529
656

4i{
542
668

345
346
347
343
349

7S2
908

794
920

c
33
158
283

< 45
170
295

407

350
H

54

L. 0

95
228
362
495
627
759

192
332
471
Qio
748
886
.024
161
297
433
569
75
974
iOf'
242
375
508
640
772

891
8bJ
87S
904
99b , 0 0 9 *022 . 0 3 5
1
4
0
155
127
153
270
284
257
297
388
401
414
427

335
33<337
338
339

634
713
892

178
318
457
596
734

317
318

33i
332
333
334

3< 4
44J
582
721

845
982
120
25b

320

LOGARITHMS

831
969
50 106
243

315
316

OF

487
458
44
43
473
629
Goi
586
572
615
"
2
8
770
7t2, 75
714
8(39
S
8
3
8
y
7
9 "
855
9 9 6 ,0111 * 0 2 4 . 0 3 8 , 0 5 2

35
300

310

53USE

517
647
776
905
033
Ibi
288

53
660
789
917
046

543

173
301
42;,

186
314
441

55"
681

567
694

H02
930
058

807

820

933
058

945
070

307

1*3

195
320

419

432

929
73
216

485
624
762

22 1
3
49*638
770

234
374
513
651
790

248

262
402

527
665
8oj

541
679
817

941
900
927
914
95?
0 3 7 * 5 I * b ; , 0 7 9 X) 2
202
22y
188
2ii
174
338
352
32?
365
3T4bi
488
447
474
5I
596
732
860
853
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121
135

583
718

610

637
623
772
759
745
880
893
.014 ,028 4I
162
148
175

255
38B

268
402

282

521
654
786

534
667

548
b*o
812

799

569
699
^27

943
071

956
084

199
326

212
339
46b
593
719

295
428
5 6 I
f

93
82;

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1

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3
4 5

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

6,0

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14
1
2
3

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2,8
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8.4
7
8
9

9,8
11,2
12.6

308
574
706
3

11
1 1,3

26

3,9
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970
943
957
,07* ,088 .101
2
1
8
231
205
362
336
349
466
492
479

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595
724
853
982
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608

621

" 7

737

866

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179

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122

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352
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237
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377
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N

54407

419

432

353
354

543
667
790

55.?
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444
568
691
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456
580
704
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925

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352

593
716
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TABLES
6

481

494
617

506
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974

741
804
986

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753
876
888
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108
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352
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364
485
606

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13
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361
362
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364

229

365
366

241
300
478

367
368

348
467
585

369

73

597
714

370

820

832

37i
372

937
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171
287

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375
376

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377
378
379

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373
374

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380
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382
383
384

978
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387
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546
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771
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253
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490
608
720

265
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277
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570

289
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398
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671
682
093
780
791
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616

660
770

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159
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24

No.

53USE

I. 0

400

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401
402

314
423
531
638

756
803
570
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767
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087

183

194

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109
204
215

300
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310
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847

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552
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239
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163
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422
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186
283

196
292

205
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213
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360

369

379

389

348

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758

473
572
670
708

836

846

933
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223

943
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856
953
050

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234

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157
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875
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263

321

331

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355
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450
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453
454
455
456
457
458
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TABLES

29

33i
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34i
437
533
629
725

35
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543
639
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456
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379
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389
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581
677
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398
495
591
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782

4'J8
504
600
696
792

849
858
808
877
944
954
963
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43
153
229
238
247
257

387
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820
830
839
896
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92.5
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09b
106
115
124
181
191
200
ait
219

461
4 62
43
464

276
370
464
558
652

285
3811
474
567
661

295
389
483
577
071

304
398
492
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314
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596
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323
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511
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699

332
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521
614
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465
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467
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783
876
969

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154

792
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811
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829
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108
182
191
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470

210
302
394
486
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219
311
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228
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596

237
330
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514
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247
334

256
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265
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367
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376
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293
385
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523
614

532
624

541
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55"
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56<J
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569
660

669
761
352
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679
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143

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124
215
305
395
485

133
224
314
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142
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151
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160
251
341
431
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169
260
35
44
529

178
269
359
449
538

787
273
368
458
547

196
287
377
467
556

574
664
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59*
681
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860
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601
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610
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583
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628
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26

No.
N
500
501
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6997
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70

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1
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526
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515
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214
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273
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374
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383
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617
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200
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122
209
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389

398

552
638

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057
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239
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247
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33f
41b
49b

477
558
040
722
803

825
90S

405
48?

675
759
S42
34
923
917
,
0
00
999

165

44
520

090
173
235
337
419

493
575
6,56

73b
i *l l

738
819

892
973

ooo
981

135
213

143
223

151
231

206

304
3P4
44
544
b24

312

73
783
X02
941

711
79i
870

376
456
53"
616

*
*
2
3

1
5
6 < 4
5 4
/ b . 3s
8
9

997 *5

695
775
854
933
*OI3

ft

$
1 0,8
2
3
4

2.4
3:2
4,&
4-1, f8

5
7
8

7,2

&

583
663
746

827
908

989

+7

392
472
552
632

1 4,7
2
3 2 1
2 8
3 5
X
0 4 2
7 4.^
Q r h.
O
5 b
9

687
767
84"
926

' 9
1,8
2,7

501

567
048

, 0 3 8 .,040 5 4

344
424
54
584

239
320
400
4*0
560

371

650

272

997
73078

088
172

231

2t>3

689
770

834
919

223

024

444
526
607

749

S25
910

642

214
29b

578
663

155

933

123
20b
288

655
740

995
070
164

475
559

I P

406
442

147

54
139

72 016
099
181

" 5
1 &
28c
302

96b
958
975
*044 , 0 5 3 Cb2
1
4
0
48
131
217
22b
234
312
321
33

544
62q

525
526

1 ;
1S9

372
458

524

527
52b

6,3

94o
*'J2Q < 0 2 8

550

71

036

044

052

c6o

068

076

0S4

C92

99

107

H,

P P

LOGARITHMIC
M
550

i .

27

TABLES

531
55*
553
554

7 4 C36
115
I94
273
35*

044
123
202
280
359

052
iji
2IO
288
37

c5o
139
21?
29(3
374

c68
147
225
3 O.,
3S2

076
153
233
312
390

084
Ib2
241
320
398

092
170
249
327
406

009
178
257
335
41,

107
I6
263
343
421

555
556
557
558
559

429
57
586
663
741

437
5r0
593
671
749

445
523
hoi
079
757

453
S3'
009
687
7&4

4M
539
017
693
772

468
547
b24
702
780

476
554
032
710
788.

484
640
71c
796

492
57
648
72b
803

500
578
656
7 3
811

560

819
890
974
7 5 OCT
128

327
904
981
O59
130

834
912
989
OOO
143

842
850
920 927
997 o o 5
C74
082
IJI
I59

S5E
93S
* d 2
089
ibb

865
943

873
95

c-fj
174

105
182

203
2?2
358
43?
511

213
28w
36"
442
519

220
297
374
45
52b

223
30?
J81
458
534

571
572
573
574

5S7
664
740
815
891

59$
071
747
823
899

g03
679
753
331

575
576
577
57C
579

967
7 6 042
118
193
268

974
050
125
2c:>
275

343
4lS
492
r
". 5 6 7
b4i

SO:
502
5fi3
5<w.

881 88c,
95s
9>
, 0 3 5 ^043
113
120
180
197

23b
312
389
4&S
542

243
320
397
473
549

25 r
328
44
481
557

259
335
412
488
565

2bo
343
42"
496
572

274
35]
427
504
58'

yc6

61c
686
7 b2
33a
914

604
77c
846
921

626
702
778
853
J2 9

633
700
7*i
861
937

641
717
793
868
944

648
724
800
876
95*

656
732
fcod
884
959

982
057
133
20b
283

989
065
14c
215
290

997
C72
148
223
298

35
4*5
?oo
574
b49

358
433
507
582
656

365
44
515
589
664

373
448
522
597
b7i

381.
455
53
004
678

388
4*2
537
612
686

393
47
54?
619
693

403
477
55*
626
701

410
48?
559
634
7' 5

71b
7^,0
864
938
77 C12

723
797
871
945
019

730
803
879
933
02b

738
812
880
96c
C34

745
819
893
9*>7
041

753
327

760
834

768
842

77?
849

7*
856

973
048

982
056

980
063

997 ,004
C70 078

093
106
24O
3lj
38b

ico
173
247
320
393

107
isi
254
327
4

II?

591
592
593
5*4

085
159
2J3CJ
379

2b2
333
4c'8

122
195
afg

129
203
276

137
2 j>
283

144
217
291

T51
223
298

34415

349
422

357
430

3*4
437

371
444

595
596
5s7
59?
599

452
52?
597
67c
743

459
532
(303
677
75

4b6
539
612
683
757

474
546
619692
764

481
554
627
699
7/2

488
561
634
706
779

495
568
641
714
786

53
576
648
721
793

5
583
656
72H
3oi

517
590
663
7
">8

600

815

822

330

837

S44

S51

859

866

873

880

565
566
567
508
5&y

570

530
58'
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589

590

L. 0

P P

8
1 0,?
2 1 6
3 *,4
4 3-2
5 4-e
6 4,8
7 5-6
8 6,4

7-2

,.003 * o i 2 0 2 f ,,027 , 0 3 5
080 087
C95
103
110
155
ifi3
ICO
178
183
23c
23b
245
253
260
3S
3*3
3*
3*8
335

90]

<xj8 91b 923 930

7
1

0,7
2 1 4
3 2.1
4 2 8
5 3-5
6 4 2
7 4,9
8 5 '
9

6,3

P.P.

32

No.
N

53USE

OF
5

LOGARITHMS
6

L. 0

604

77815
C87
960
78032
IC4

822
8c/5
9b7
C39
i n

83c
UG2
t-74
C46
Ii

837
9'. .
981
05?
125

S44
dlb
1,88
ctil
132

851
859
86b
S73
880
924
931
938
94?
952
99b *oc3 oio ,017 . 0 2 3
008
073
0S2
089
C97
140
147
154
101
108

*P$
600
&>7
b
O09

176
247
319
300
4b2

183
254
326
398
409

190
202
333
40.?
476

197
340
412
483

204
27b
347
419
490

si I
283
355
420
497

219
2^0
3*2
433
s4

226
297
3^9
4 4
512

233
305
376
447
519

240
312
33
455
520

533
54
547
604
on
01a
675
682
689
74b
753
7b
fai? 824
831

554
><25
696
7*7
838

5i
033
704
774
845

5&9
40
711
,781
852

576
64;
718
789
859

583
654
7*25
79b
8b

59
061
732
&03
873

597
Cb8
739
eio
880

909
479
050
120
190

910
986
037
127
147

923
93
937
944
993 ^ 0 0 0 . 0 0 7 , 0 1 4
064
071
07*
083
134
141
-48
:5s
204
211
21b
225

951
,021
c 9 2
Ib2
232

600
bcr
t i c 13

610
611
612
613
014
biS
616
617
biS
6iy

620
62 s
022
623
624
"25
626
627
628
629

630
031
032
^33
p

14

635
036

88f
958
79020
c;9

B93
9^5
030
100
176

932
972
043
113
183

239

240

253

260

267

274

2?I

2bR

2yt

302

3c)

316

323

330

337

544

351

358

3"5

372

379

S^b

393

40

4CT

414

4*1

428

433

442

449

45o

4"3

47

477

484

491

49S

503

511

518

525

532

539

54

553

56

567

574

=81

588
657
727
716
665

393
664
734
A53
872

602
671
741
bio
879

foe,
67b
748
817
886

fiti
685
754
824
893

(,23
692
7bi
831
<,00

630
699
768
C37
906

637
7c*
77 S
>44
913

644
7-3
782
851
920

6to
720
780
838
927

934
80 003
G72
140
^09

941
010
C79
14;
21b

948
015
oSt
154
223

955
024
Gy2
101
229

962
030
C99
I t 18
236

96?
037

175
243

975
014
113
1S2
230

982
051
12
1S8
257

989
05S
is/
105
234

277

284

291

21,8

303

346

353

359

366

573

434

441

312
380
448
516
384

318
387
435
523
591

323
393
402
530
398

332
4
468
536
004

339
47
475
343
611

66?
733
8( 1
860
936

672
740
bob
873
943

679
747
M 4
882
949

lr.6

421

428

482

489

496

55

557

564

-;7o

=77

640

623
693
760
ei2b
S93

632

43
644

618
6b6
754
821
88y

767
833
902

638
706
774
841
s9

643
713
7
848
916

652
720
787
853

6<y
72b
794
862
929

645
f46
"47
'-48
649

95
81023
09.
158
224

963
030
Cy7
164
231

9^9
037
IO4
171
234

976
043
TI!
17a
243

983
050
1:7
184
25T

990
0C7
124
191
258

996 , 0 0 3 , 0 1 1 , 0 1 7
064
07"
077
o?4
T
I31
37
144
148
2C4
211 2 1 S
27I
I.78
283

2yl

298

30?

311

318

32?

331

33

345

351

641
h

660
S.

L. 0

6c,g

<09

c,8
1,6

2 4

3.2

5
4
6 4 8
7
a
9

5,6
6,4
7,2

7
1

,7
2 1,4
3 2 1
4 2 0
5
6

3.5
4,2

4,9

3,6

6.3

ob?
134
2VJ
271

414

Kt.2

8
1
3

996

37
038
639

P P

6
1 0,6
2 1 2
?
i "
4

2,4

6
7
9

3.6
4 2
4 3
5.4

P P

LOGARITHMIC
N
650

29

TABLES

2y8
3&S

305
371
438
3?
r
7

311
3/8
4455 "
^78

31S
38?
451

331
463
53*
598

338
403
471
538
604

345
4 i i
478
544
611

351
418
48S
551
617

671
737
"03
8b9
935

077
74-1
8C9
875
941

684
75
10
8R2
948

I. 0

653
654

81 291
358
423
441
558

498
5h4

^84

32?
391
458
52.5
591

655
656
65?
658
059

624
690
757
23
R89

631
697
7"3
82.
89^

637
7C.4
77"
836

644
7 10
776
842
90S

655
717
73
849
913

657
723
790
856
921

664
73
796
8bz
928

663
664

954
2 02c
086
151
217

961
027
092
158
223

968
033
c'19
104
23c

974
<14"
loj
17
23b

981
046
IIS
178
243

987
053
119
184
249

9 9 4 *oc, *cx/7 , 0 1 4
cbe
ob6
073
379
123
132
138
145
19'
I1J7 21 4 2I<
256
2"3
269
276

605
666
667
608
669

282
347
413
478
543

289
354
419
4*4
549

295
36
426
491
556

302
3*7
432
497
562

308
373
430
504
509

313
38c
445

321
387
452

328
393
438

510

517

575

52

670

607
672

614
679
713
808
872

f>20
68J
75"
<L4
79

027
692

633
698
7n3
327
892

640
703
769
834
89R

646
711
776
":40
905

651
652

660
001
602

67:
67^
673
674
675
6 7 fi
"77
67S
679

680
681
682
68S
684
685
686
687
688
689

(..
86b

a,I

930
937
993 *ooi
83 C
065
12 5
12;,
1.,
193

7S>
R^i
88,5

943
95
956
oo8 , 0 1 4 020
72 .78
083
136
I J? 1 4 9
2tX) 2" )6 2 1 3

334
4
463

341
46
471

5-23

530

536

588

593

601

653
.
;82
R47
9' 1

659
7-4
'9
853
9i'<

666
730
"93
'".
924

257
321
383
448
512

264
327
39T
433
518

27O
334
398
4*1
523

276
340
404
407
531

283
347
410
474

J37

289
353
41:7
48r
544

296
359
423
47
S5<

302
'366
429
493
556

jo
372
436
4w9
563

569

575
639

S82

594
65R
/.I.
704
847

601
664
72-/
700
853

607
670
734
797
860

bi3
677
74'
03
866

620
'183
746
09
872

626
b9
753
E16
S79

929
992
05?
180

935
942
99 *c04
061
067
123
130
i6
192

bS
828

708
7; i
835

588
65J
71?
778
841

891
954
017
080
142

897
91-0
o"3
086
148

9a)
<167
029
C02
155

910
973
036
Oy8
ifii

916
979

693
694

885
94*
84 o n
073
*3b

105
lOy

923
98J
048
III
173

695
'96
"97
^98
699

198
261
323
386
448

203
267
33'
392
4'I4

211
273
336
398
-ibc

217
28(1
342
404
46b

223
28b
348
410
473

230
292
354
+T 7
479

236
; 18
3"i
423
48?

242
303
<"7
429
49i

248
311
.(73
433
497

255
31;
379
.442
54

700

510

516

522

528

535

541

547

553

559

5&C

r<-0
691
692

L. 0

7
1

0,7
2 1 4
3
4
5
6,

2 1
2,8
3,5
4 2

7
8
9

4,9
3,6
6,3

963
969
975
982
988
*027 ,0-33 , 0 4 0 ,,046 , 0 5 2
091
c ' i C 4
xio
117
155
101
T6
174
ti
219
225
232
23fi
243

251
31?
378
442
506

IY)h
7C9
8 22

P P

04.

If',

6
1
2
.

o,6
1,2
* 3

4
5
6
7
8

2,4
3,c
3,6
4 2
4 3

5,4

P P

30

No.
N
700

53USE
3

S3?
507
658
720
-82

54i
003
665
726
788

547
009

553
6i5
077

559
621
083

c66
628
689

739
BOj

745
K07

751
8*3

862
924

868

874

985
046

930
991
052

Iv7

114

936
997
<-5
120

169
230

175
230

181
242

297

3-3
304
423

34510

516

S22

528

572
34
690

57=
040
702

59o
632

74

757

7^3

584
646
700
770

714
776

7S
706

819
38o
942
85 003
c6J

887
943
ocp
071

831
893
954
016
077

<?37
899
960
>22
083

IJ3
199
200

144
205
266

I50
211
272

321
382

327
388

670

443
S03
5^4
623
635

739
SL ;
860
920
980

7C9

710
711
712

126
187
248

713
71+

39
370

7iS
716
717
7:8

431
491

552
612
673

715

720

733
794
154
914

721
722
723
724

974

132
193
254
3iS
376
43"
497
558
6i3

8-0

856
917

C2C
089

095

040
101

156
217
27s

163
224
283

333
394

339
400

345
406

449
509

455
516

57
631
691

576
t>37
697

461
522
582

467
528
538
649
70J

473
5.14
594
655
7i5

745
800
806
Q26
986

751
612
872

757
318
878

763

769

775

884

830
890

932
992

938
998

052
112
171
231
29I

050

064

118

124
183
243
33
362
421
481
5 to

658
717
776

86034
094

040

I( 0

046
106

727
728

153

729

273

159
219
279

iS
225
2S3

332
332
451
5:0

538
398
457
5r6

344

K-J2

350
4IO
469
528

57

576

58*

587

35o
4i$
473
534
593

629
688

63S
694

641
700

646

652

747
8co
S64

753
C12
870

759
817
876

73i
732
733
734
735
730
737
73?
739

740
743

923
982
8 7 740
099

744

157

,24

404
463

7^5
764
^23
882

177
*37
297

711

770
825
638

988
C46
I05
I63

935
994
052
IJ1
169

9tl
999
058
116

947
-005
064
122

175

181

227
286

233

239

338
39<>
454

344

349

355

749

274
332
390
443

221
280

455

750

5c6

512

318

741
742

745
746
747
748

If

'

216

I. 0

071
733
794

y'n
973
034

844
905
907

725
720

730

LOGARITHMS

701
702

737
70?

OF

402
460

643
7-3

97?

291
352

412

599

835
894

070
130
189
249
30368
427
487
546
605

076
136
19?
255

314
374
433
493
552
611

OS2
141
2ni

201
320

cS8
147
207
207
320

380

380

439

445

4*9
558
617

564
f'23

676

632

735
794
853
911

741
800

256

262

3i;

320
379

413
471

123

477

483

373
431
489

523

529

535

541

9 0,3

6
I

*0

0*

1,8

4 2,4
3c j.3 0
6 3,0
4 2
8 43

7
9

S4

670

9C4 9 7 0
958
953
, 0 1 1 , 0 1 7 ,,023 , 0 2 9
c.70 7 $
c8i
0B7
123 1 3 4 1 4 0 1.46
186
192
198
204

3 2 1
4 28
5 3,5
6 4 2
7 4 9
3 5,6

727

729
788
647
906

T
J 0 7

485
546
606
667

723
782
841
900

419

397

54
600
661
721

664

251
309
367

2QI

47Q

783
781
S42
?+3
8c
002
908
<M4 9 ? o 9 5 6 9 6 2 <168
*OQ4 . 0 1 0 , 0 1 6 * 0 2 2 , 0 2 8

324

24?
303
361

4OJ

358
41S

I .P

859
917
97b
.033
093

151

210

5
I
2

1/3

3
4
c
0 2 / j^
6 3/
2 oc
73 d
9

4 5

268
320

437

384
*43

547

552

35s

495

P P

LOGARITHMIC

31

TABLES

N,

L 0

760
751
752
753
754

87 506
54
622
679
737

512
57
>128
685
74J

518
576
633
691
749

523
581
639
697
754

529
587
645
703
7'

535
593
651
jr.:
766

54i
599
656
714
77^

547
604
662
720
777

552
OK
b68
726
783

55
616
b74
751
789

755
756
757
75
759

795
852
910
9"7
88 0 2 4

800
858
915
973
030

dob
864
921
978
036

812
8 69
927
984
041

818
875
9.-13
-V'
<147

823
829
833
B41
846
881
887
892
8> ( 8
404
938
944
950
9fi
96i
9 9 6 , 0 0 1 ,,007 ,,013 * o i 8
053
058
004
070
C76

081
138
145
25.!
39

087
144
20;
25?
3Ji

093
150
2"7
264
321

098
15b
213
2/1 326

104
ibi
218
275
3.ii

n o
167
22.4
281
338

116
173
23'.
287
343

121
178
235

760
761
702
7(>3
76+

j49

127
184
241
248
355

133
140
247
34)4
3"c

366
423
480
536
593

372
429
485
542
598

377
434
4yi
547
604

383
440
497
553
610

389
446
502
559
bi5

393
451
508
564
621

400
457
513
570
627

406
463
519
76
632

4-2
408
525
381
638

417
474
530
587
643

649
705
7<'2
818
874

653
; [
76?
12J
83<

660
717
773
829
885

666
722
>79
f3<
891

672
728
784
$4<
807

b77
734
790
846
902

683
73y
7*3
R52
yo8

689
745
8c1
857
913

694.
75
807
863
919

70c
756
8T2
8b8
915

930
98b
8yO}5>
998
i<S4

93b
992
148
104
159

941
947
953
997 , 0 0 3 ^oog
. >53
059 064
109
115
12<
ib;?
170
176

938
964
969
975
*D14 *20 ,025 ,031
070
076
081
"87
120
I3I
I37
I43
182
IB7
I43
lo's

981
,037
CX.2
I48
2C4

783
784

209
263
32'i
37b
432

213
27)
326
382
437

221
276
332
387
443

226
282
337
^93
448

232
287
343
398
454

237
^43
348
404
459

243
29a
554
4C 4
465

248
304
3tb
413
47C

254
31,1
365
42476

260
'315
371
42b
481

785
7*6
787
7c
780

487
54a
597
bs.3
708

492
548
r o
3
658
713

498
553
609
664
719

504
859
614
669
724

509

513
57<
025
68<i
735

52c
575
631
68b
741

526
581
636
6yi
74b

531
586
642
b97
7 "

537
592
647
702
757

790
793
794

982

b8
774
"79
8 2 3 8 2 9 W34
H78
8S3
889
933
938
944
988
093
998

785

791
792

763
8t8
S73

765
766
h

7 7
708
709

770
771
772
773
774
775
776

it:
t,*
779
780
7?i
7S2

795
796
79
798
794

800

927

9 0 037
042
oy:
097
146
151
2CX - 2 0 6
233
260
3C9

L. 0

56-4
f.2o
673
73".

P,<>
8t 4
949
4

790 79b
845
S51
400
903
455
96"
<009 * 0 i 3

048
IOi
157
2
266

053
lnX
162
217
271

059
,-3
168
22-s
276

C64
n g
i7:~
227
282

069
124

3J4

320

325

331

3,6

1,2

3 1 8
4 2,4
5 3 ^
6 3,6
7 4,2
8 4,8
9

5-4

5
1 o,5
2 1 0
3
4

1,5
2 0

I6 3 20 5
7
8

3,5
4 0

4.5

801
807
! 1 2
856
8bS:
867
411
916
922
96b
47'
977
,020 , 0 2 6 *C3I

233
28-

073
129
184
238
24;

080
J33
189
244
298

c86
140
193
249
3U(.

336

342

347

352

358

179

P. ?.

P.P

32

No.
s

OF

LOGARITHMS

39
3"3
417
472
=26

314
3<>9
423
477
53i

32a
374
428
482
536

32$
3
434
488
542

331
385
439
4y3
547

336
390
445
499
553

342
396
4*0
504
558

347
401
455
509
563

352
407
461
513
569

358
412
40b
52J
574

80s
So-i
807
8c8
80*

580
634
687
7-1
7y5

58;
039
093
747
SOU

590
644
698
752
80^

590
650
703
757
8ll

bci
655
7G0
73
816

607
6bo
714
768
822

6<>6
720
773
827

617
671
725
770
832

023
677
730
784
838

62S
682
736
789
843

810
811
812
613
814

E49
932
956
9 1 x. 9
cb2

854
g-17
9b;
0I4
o*>8

859
913
96b
c :o
073

86?
918
072
025
078

870
924
977
030
0S4

873
924
982
036
089

881
886
934
94
98S
993
C4I =46
094
ICO

891
94?
998
105

S97
95
,004
057
1IJ

815
816
817
81S
819

115
169
222
275
328

121
174
228
281
334

126
iao
233
28b
339

132
183
238
291
344

137
190
243
2y7
35

I42
I96
249
3G2
355

I48
201
234
307
3' >

I53
20b
259
3IJ
365

158
212
263
318
37i

164
217
270
323
376

820
823
824

381
434
4S7
540
543

387
44
492
545
598

392
445
498
551
603

397
45
503
556
609

403
455
508
561
614

4!j8
4bi
514
566
619

413
466
519
572
624

418
471
524
577
630

424
477
52y
582
63?

42 4
482
533
587
640

825
826
82;'
928
829

645
b98
751
803
855

651
7-13
71:6
irjS
S61

65b
709
761
ri4
866

65i
714
766
119
871

665
719
772
^24
876

672

677

682

687

693

82
882

>\34
887

(-40
892

[J4<.
897

8Jb
903

830

908
060
92 012
063
117

913
963
oi3
c.70
122

918
971
C23
07V
127

924
976
028
080
132

029
98:
033
085
137

934
985
033
< ji
143

939
991
C44
096
148

944
9?
955
997 , 0 0 2 ,,007
^4'J
054
059
ii-1
icb
1 11
153
158
163

169
2 21
273
324
37b

174
22b
278
33
381

179
231
283
335
307

184
23b
288
340
392

189
241
293
345
397

193
247
2y8
35
402

200
232
304
355
4.07

205
257
309
361
412

210
2b2
314
366
418

215
267
3iy
371
423

42a
480
531
583
034

433
483
530
588
639

438
490
542
5y3
643

443
495
547
5y8
650

449
5b
552
603
653

454
503
557
609
660

459
511
562
614
663

464
516
567
biy
670

469
521
572
b24
675

474
526
578
b2y
63i

68ft
737
788
840
891

691
742
793
84?
896

606
747
799
850
901

701
"52
804
85?
906

706
758
809
3bc
911

711
763
814
865
916

71b

847
848
849

819
870
Q2I

722
773
824
875
927

727
778
829
881
932

732
783
834
886
937

850

942

947

952

957

9^2

967

973

978

983

988

800
EC I
S 2
803
804

821
822

831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839

840
S41
842
843
844
845
846

L. 0

53USE

V-

L. 0

-JC.2

P P

6
1

0 6
I 2

3
4
5
6
7
8

- 8
2,4
3."
3,6
4,2
4 8

5 4

724 73 735 740 745

7=12 7 8 7 7y3

768

5
1 ,5
2 1 0
3
4

1,5
2,0
2 5

6
3,'J
7 , 5
8
, 0

+;

P. P

LOGARITHMIC
N.

L. 0

8a0

92942
993
9 3 r 14
095
14b

957

33

TABLES

947
952
998 *r,o3
"49
$4
100
ioj
151
15b

59
110
ibi

962
oij
"4
113
16b

197
24;
2u8
349
399

202
25 2
p3
354
44

207
258
308
359
49

212
263
313
3h4
414

217
2b8
31S
36y
42u

222
:273
32J
374
425

227
27
328
379
43

232
283
334
384
435

237
288
339
389
44

242
293
344
394
445

801
862
863
804

4?
Jeo
551
for
bsi

455
50J
556
"06
bsb

4bo
510
561
b n
661

465
513
566
616
666

470
=20
571
621
671

475
526
576
626
676

480
S31
581
r
l
682

485
536
586
687

49
541
591
641
692

495
546
596
646
697

fibS
Sbb
8b7
BbS
8by

702
752
S02
852
9^2

707
757
8O7
857
v7

712
7h2
812
862
912

717
7b7
817
86;
917

722
772
c
22
872
922

727
777
827
877
9!7

732
782
832
881
932

737
787
337
887
937

742
792
,42
892
942

870
871
8 72
S73
054

952
94002
352
IOI
151

957
007
057
106
156

962
012
062
III
Ifil

967
017
c'17
116
l66

972
022
072
121
I7I

977
027
C77
12D
176

982
032
082
131
181

987
037
o36
136
186

992
042
001
141
19T

997
04;
f )6
14b
196

875
876
877
878
879

201
25O
300
349
399

20b
253
JO=T
354
44

211
200
310
359
409

216
263
313
J64
414

221
270
320
3*9
419

226
275
325
374
424

231
280
33"
379
429

23b
283
335
334
433

240
250
34"
389
438

245
295

448
40P
5471
596'
645

453
458
0 3
468
3113
507
512
517
5 5 2 5 5 7 5 6 2 5<V
boi
bob
611
616
650
653
660
665

473
522
571
621
670

478
527
57"
62b
675

483
532
581
630
680

48
537
586
633
685

49.3
542
591
"4"
689

604

699

704

709

71 4

719

743
792
R4I
890

748
797
841
895

753
"1)2
851
900

758
807
85b
903

763
Pl2
861
9IO

768
817
866
915

724
7"3
82-s
871
919

729
.-78
827
876
924

734
783
832
880
929

738
787
836
885
931

939
988
93 036
085
134

944
993
041
090
[39

949
998
1146
OJ3
143

954
,002
>51
ICO
148

959
'xyj
036
103
153

963
oi2
061
109
158

897
8 ,8
899

182
231
279
128
376

187
236
284
332
381

192
240
289
337
386

197
24S
294
342
390

202
250
209
347
395

207
255
33
352

211
260
38
3S7
405

216
265
313
3&i
41"

221
27'j
3l8
36b
415

226
274
3*3
371
419

900

424

429

434

439

444

448

453

453

463

468

851
852
8=3
854
855
856
857
858
859

860

880
8*3
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889

890
8ui
892
893
894
895
896

IT

L. 0

P P

9"7
973
97
983
98
^018 #02 4 f.029 * 0 3 4 ,,039
069
073
080
u*j=,
oyo
123
123
131
I,141
171
176
181
186
192

968
oi7
066
114
163

6
1
2

0,6
12

3
1,8
4
2,4
5
3," 1
6
3-6
7
4 2
8 ^ 8
9
5.4

747

797
54/
897
947

M'

394
443

973

978
983
4,027 , 0 3 2
071
J75
8o
119
124
129
16K
173
17;

:,022

5
1 0 5
2 1,0
3
4
5
6

1.5
2,0
2,5
3,0

7
8

3,5
4,0

4 5

4
1
3
5

0,4
0 3
1,2

4
5
0
7
8

1,6
2,3
2,4
2,8
3,2

3,6

P P

No.

900
gci
902
93
504
905
9 0
907
908
909

910
911
912
9-3
9X4
915
916
917
918
919

53USE

OF

LOGARITHMS

L. 0

95 424
472
521
569
617

429
477
525
574
622

434
482
530
578
626

439
4*7
535
583
631

444
492
540
588
636

448
497
545
593
641

453
5oi
55
598
646

458
50b
554
66a
bjo

463
511
559
607
655

468
516
5&4
612
060

663
713
711
109
856

t>7f
7T8
706
&13
861

674
722
770
818
866

679
727
775
823
871

684
732
780
328
875

689
737
785
832
880

634
7478c.
!7
884

698
746
794
842
89O

703
751
799
847
89?

708
756
8c. 4
bs2
899

504
909
914
9*3
023
952
957
961
9
(,71
9 9 9 ,.034 - 0 0 9 . 0 1 4 , 0 1 9
90 c 47
052
057
c6i
o6
0
o-jg 104 1 0 9 1 1 4
142

161

928
933
93b
942
947
C176
980
983
990
993
0 2 3 , 0 2 8 ,,033 , 0 3 s , 0 4 2
,-71
O7O
CbO
.183
^,0
Il8

I23

12b

133

I37

l66

I7I

173

I80

I83

147

152

156

190

194

199

204

cog

213

Jl3

22;-

227

232

237

242

246

251

256

201

205

27O

27?

230

303

3CK-

3I3

3T7

322

327

355

3f-

36?

369

o/4

284

289

294

298

332

33r

34-

34b

35

379
42b
473
520
567

384
431
478
523
572

388
435
483
530
S77

393
4+
487
534
581

398
445
492
539
586

402
450
497
5+4
591

407
454
5i
548
503

412
459
56
553
boo

417
464
511
558
bo3

421
4 b 8
515
562
bog

925
92ft

614
708
75?
802

'128
675
722
7*9
3l6

633
b3o
727
774
i >2c

638
683
731
778
823

642
680
73"
783
830

647
6154
74i
788
834

652
6ug
745
792
33a

7.5"

3ty:

b24
070
717
764
811

656
703

92,
92P

019
665
713
759

84S
895
942
988
97035

853
9O0
946
093
Q3y

858
904
95"x
997
044

862
909
956
.002
049

867
914
960
,007
053

872

870

83T

886

890

918

923

928

932

937

965
,,011
058

97
,Ol6
C63

E 02I

979
,025
007
J7i

984
-O3O
077

081
128
174

090
137
183
23' 1
276

095
142
188
234
2BO

IOc
146
Iy2
239
23

104

109

Iy7

202

267

086
132
179
22?
271

313
359
405
453
497

317
3"H
410
456
502

323
3"8
414
460
506

327
!73
419
465
511

543
589
63;
681
727

548
594
640
685
7JI

552
=98
644
690
736

557
603
64.,
69?
74

920
921
922
923
921

929

930
931
932
933
934

935
936
937
938

939
940
941
942
943
944

945
946
947
945

949
950
5

661

772

L. 0

151

974

5
1
2

,5
1,0

3
4

1,5
2,0

5
6

2.5
3,0

"
8
9

3-5
4-
4 3

1
2

0,4
0,3

797
844

114 11* 1 2 3
155 ieo 1 6 5 164
200

P P

211

216

243

248

253

257

202

29^

294

299

304 308

331
!77
424
470
516

33b
382
428
474
320

340
387
433
479
523

345
391
437
483
52U

350
39b
442
488
534

354
4-0
447
4^3
539

562
607
653
69c
745

566
612
6q3
7' 4

571
617
663
708

573
621
6(7
713

580
026
672
717

583
030
676
722

800

804

8oy

813

4
3
'.2
'< 1 . 6
5
6
7
8

2,0
2,4
2,8
3,2

3,5

74y 754 759 7b3 7&8

777

782

786

791

793

P P

LOGARITHMIC

TABLES

39

952
953
954

97 772
iu8
864
909
955

777
623
808
914
959

782
827
873
918
964

786
832
877
923
968

79]
83b
882
928
973

795
841
886
932
978

8og
843
89]
937
982

804
830
896
941
987

809
855
91*'
946
991

813
859
905
95b
99b

955
956
957
958
959

98 000
046
oyl
137
182

005
o=;o
096
!4r
186

009
055
ibo
M"
191

014
059
105
i5o
195

019
064
109
155
2UO

023
ob's
114
159
204

028
073
Ib4
209

032
078
123
Ib8
214

037
082
127
173
218

041
087
132
177
223

960
961 ^
462
9^3
9"4

227
272
318
3t>3
408

232
^77
322
3"7
412

236
281
327
372
417

241
286
331
376
421

245
290
336
381
426

230
295
34''
385
43

254
299
345
300
435

259
304
349
394
439

2b3
308
354
399
444

268
313
35?
403
448

965
960
967

453
498
543
588
632

457
302
547
592
637

492
507
552
597
041

406
511
55t>
601
646

471
516
59i
605
650

475
520
565
bio
6
55

48<>
523
57"
614
659

484
529
574
bi9

489
334
579
623
668

493
538
583
628
673

677
722
767
8U
856

682
726
7; 1
"T6
800

680
731
77O
<20
865

691
735
78"
H25
869

695
74n
784
821.
874

700
744
789
834
878

704
749
703
8-j8
883

709
753
798
-43
887

713
758
bo2
847
892

717
762
807
851
896

900
945
989
99 34
078

903
944
994
038
083

909
914
918
954
958
963
998 ,,003 , 0 0 7
"43
"47
"52
087
092
09b

123
ib7
211
255
3bO

127
171
21b
260
304

131
176
220
264
30R

136
18b
224
269
313

140
183
229
273
317

143
184
233
27,
322

149
193
23s
282
32b

154
198
242
286
330

158
2C.2
247
291
333

' 62
207
25J
295
339

344
388
432
47b
520

348
392
43fi
480
524

352
396
44i
484
528

357
4m
445
489
533

361
405
449
493
537

366
410
454
448
542

37"
414
458
502
546

374
419
463
506
55

379
423
467
511
555

383
42;
47'
515
559

564
607
b5l
695
739

568
bI2
656
bog
743

572
bib
b6o
704
747

577
b2I
664
708
752

581
625
669
712
756

583
629
673
717
760

59"
634
"77
721
763

594
b38
682
726
769

599
04:2
686
730
774

603
647
bgi
734
778

782
82b
870
913
957

787
830
874
917
961

791
833
878
022
9t>5

795
839
883
92b
"70

8rw
843
88;
930
974

804
848
801
935
978

808
852
896
939
483

813
856
90U
944
487

817
861
904
448
991

822
865
909
952
906

00 000

004

009

013

017

022

026

030

033

039

N,
9d0

L.

968
9"9
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
97"
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
g3
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999

1U00
N

L.

i-S

923
927
967
972
ifOIE ,1,016
036
061
100
103

P.

5
1 ,5
2 1 0
3
4
5
6
;
8

1,5
2,0
2.5
3,"
3,5
4 j

4,5

1
2

0,4
u,8

932
936
941
97"
48i
985
0
2
I
,
0
2
5

029
t
063
ob-)
'>74
109
114
118

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.6
2,0
2 4
2,8
3,2
3,6

P.

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