Report On Pandemic Influenza

This report is only allowed for reviewing or references purpose. All rights reserved 2009.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study It is hard to avoid hearing about influenza virus these days. The new influenza virus (H1N1) was first detected in people in the Mexico in April 2009. This virus is spread from person-to-person, transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact, and perhaps, by indirect contact, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza virus spread. As like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Seasonal flu, severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus. The new spread of this virus has lead to 66 deaths in Malaysia (updated on 18 August 2009) and many people being contact with the influenza either directly or indirectly. There is no vaccine available right now to protect against novel H1N1 virus. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Thus, it is important to discover the level of awareness especially among UMP students. As observed, we can identify that different students in UMP might have different perceptions or attitude towards prevention and protection strategy of influenza. For example, keep ourselves away from the crowded areas; wear suitable personal protective equipment such as masks or glove when necessary. Thus, a case study such as this may help create deeper awareness on the effects of pandemic influenza. 1.2 Problem statement The spread of influenza is increasing rapidly and vaccines are not found easily, a measure to protect mankind from getting this flu is important. Not many are aware on how to react if they are faced with such a situation, thus awareness is a must. 1.3 Research objectives 1.3.1 To investigate the level of awareness on pandemic influenza. 1.3.2 To find out influenza self-prevention strategy among students.
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1.4 Research Question 1.4.1 Do UMP students know what pandemic influenza is? 1.4.2 Are they aware pandemic influenza? 1.4.3 Do UMP students practice positive attitude towards pandemic influenza? 1.4.4 Do UMP students work towards practicing self-prevention from the spread of 1.5 Definition of the terms 1.5.1Awareness Awareness is the state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness among the students. It is an alert cognitive state in which the students are aware of themselves and their situation. 1.5.2Pandemic Pandemic is a geographical widespread outbreak of an infectious disease in which many people are infected at the same time; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world. 1.5.3Influenza Influenza is an acute febrile which is characterized by fever and highly contagious viral disease. It is easily diffused or spread as from one person to another by infection. influenza?
1.6 Review of methodology As to conduct this research, we decided to use one type of instruments which is survey questionnaires. The target audience involve in this research are 80 UMP students from varies faculties. For the survey questionnaires participants, we decided to choose them according to our distribution ratio which is non-random technique.
1.7 Organization of chapters This study comprises of five chapters which are introduction, review of literature, methodology, findings, conclusion and recommendation. Under chapter one of introduction, the chapter is sub-divided into background of the study which explains a history on pandemic influenza, problem statement, research objectives, research questions and definition of the terms.
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As for the second chapter of review of literature, it is all about the synthesis of articles related to the study of the level of awareness for pandemic influenza. The third chapter of methodology is sub-divided into three which are description of participants who are involved in the survey questionnaires, data collection instruments which are survey questionnaire and individual interview and data analysis. The fourth chapter is on the findings and discussion of the survey and interview conducted and for the results obtained. As for the last chapter which is conclusion and recommendation is an overall on the study and to provide measures for improvement.
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CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature of this pandemic influenza research consists of three sub-elements. The sub-elements are pattern of pandemic influenza, symptoms and effect of pandemic influenza, prevention and control measures of pandemic influenza and Malaysian government policy and reaction towards influenza. Basically we synthesized related articles from various case studies of pandemic influenza as a support evidence of every fact that we discussed.
2.1 Pattern of pandemic influenza
From history, there are several types of pandemic influenza that been attacked human starting from year 1918 (H1N1, Spanish Flu), 1957 (H2N2, Asian Flu) and 1968 (H3N2, Hong Kong Flu). (Yu, Tsung, Ding, Pei, Luan, Chun, Chin, Fu, Li, 2006) The latest pandemic influenza before Influenza A, H1N1 is H5N1 which called as bird flu that attacked in year 2006. The same patterns of all these pandemic influenza are the characteristic, symptoms and effects of this virus. But the levels of seriousness of the pandemic influenza are different. From the research, it can be realized that the level of severity of this virus is increasing from the first pandemic influenza till the latest one (bird flu in 2006). A researcher predicted that the new pandemic influenza that will be more severe than the bird flu because the virus can be transmitted between human to human compared to the previous which is bird flu (transmitted between poultry to human only) (Robin B. M., 2007) This statement has been proven by the existing pandemic influenza in 2009 which is swine flu, H1N1. From the bird flu cases, the wide spread of the virus are because of seasonality element. This is due to the virus which is transmitted via bird. The bird usually transfer from one place to another place when the change of season. Thats make the avian influenza spread. (Andrew, W. P., Kathryn G., 2007) As the conclusion, from the past cases of pandemic influenza, we can predict what the characteristic of the future pandemic influenza is. If we can predict it earlier, the vaccine of the pandemic influenza can be produced faster than before and that makes the number of fatality or infected persons can be decrease.
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2.2 Symptoms and effect of pandemic influenza
The pandemic influenza factsheet is the research on comparing symptoms and complications with symptoms of the common cold. The symptoms of pandemic influenza are similar as seasonal influenza. A guide from a medical officer of health claim that the symptoms appear suddenly and can include, muscle aches and pains, tiredness, loss of appetite, cough, sore throat and stuffy or runny nose. Depending on the new subtype that emerges, symptoms may be more severe and complications more widespread because nobody will have any immunity or protection against that particular virus. In his study of pandemic influenza and health care demand, (Hageenaars, 2004) found that the effect of differences in timing of vaccination campaigns, and the impact of strategies in which anti viral are prescribed to certain groups up until the moment that a newly developed vaccine becomes available. Other than that, he revealed that there are some nonlinear effects such as the reduction of the transmission intensity that occurs when therapeutic antiviral use leads to a reduced duration of infectiousness and when the number of susceptible individuals is reduced through vaccination. On the other hand, the effect arises because immune individuals are not only unable to acquire the infection but also unable to pass it on to others. As for that, it can be said that the pandemic symptoms are serious than seasonal influenza and the effect of the disease can be more serious if the early prevention measure are not taken when the symptoms are clearly appear to the victim.
2.3 Prevention and control measures
Research conducted in the 20th century has revealed the spread of influenza is constantly increasing and is predicted to continue increasing in the near future (Cinti, 2005). Pandemic preparedness has been visible across the world. Exposure to influenza such as type A (H1N1) requires prevention and control measures. Kitler (2002) in his research on prevention and control of influenza says that, medically vaccination has been proven to be most effective to stimulate the production of antibodies and also to reduce the replication capabilities of the virus. In addition to that, extensive experience with vaccines has demonstrated that vaccines provide good protection. On the other hand (Cinti, 2005) the control measures such as quarantine is said to be most effective for the moment, delaying the spread of epidemic. Wearing mask, adequate ventilation can help to equally prevent influenza spread that is airborne. On the other hand, Kitler (2002) claims that early warning through pandemic surveillance around the world is -PAGE 5-
most effective in achieving early prevention and protection against such spread of influenza. In addition, pandemic readiness based on international, national and regional planning across the world in order to develop the worlds capacity to respond to the epidemics (Cox, 2003). Therefore, it can be said that prevention of such deadly spread of influenzas is much needed to sustain the human population. Its best said that prevention is better than cure.
2.4 Malaysian government policy and reactions towards influenza
The Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia has taken some measures on preventive and control actions on the novel pandemic influenza, H1N1. Some measures such as school closure, setting up operation rooms for the monitoring of influenza H1N1 since 26 April 2009. (MOH, 2009) The Government has also developed the interim guidelines on surveillance of influenza A H1N1 in Malaysia. The Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (SOEM) of the Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) with the collaboration of Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia had defined the pre-pandemic and pandemic action stage on recommendations on influenza for industry in Malaysia (MOH, SOEM, 2006). Those agencies have listed down the level of influenza pandemic phase and strategic actions to be taken. This included the list of the participating designated hospitals. It is also explained the guidance provided under NIPPP for the preparedness and response needed in facing the threat of an influenza pandemic and the roles or functions of other ministries, departments and nongovernmental organizations during influenza pandemic (NIPPP,2009).
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CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, we will discuss about the specification of method used to conduct our research. This methodology chapter consist of three elements which are participants, data collection instruments and data analysis. The participants section discusses about the target audience of this survey and how we distribute our instruments to the participants. For the second section, we explain about the detail of instruments used which are survey questionnaires. The last section will explain about how we analyze the collected data. 3.1 Participants As for the first method to conduct this research, we decided to use the survey questionnaire method. Generally the participants are UMP students from all faculties including male and female. The faculties involved in this survey are Faculty of Technology Management, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Natural Resource, Faculty of Computer Science & Software Engineering, and Faculty of Science & Industrial Technology. Each faculty will be given an equal number of survey questionnaires which is 10 per faculty. From each faculty, we divide it into two categories which are male and female and the distribution ratio is 50:50. For a clearer view of the participant division, refer to the table below.
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Table 3.1 No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FACULTY Faculty of Technology Management Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Computer Science & Software Engineering Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology MALE 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 FEMALE 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 TOTAL Breakdown of participants according to gender and faculty TOTAL 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80
3.2 Data collection instruments
There are several methods to collect primary source data. Therefore we chose two that are survey questionnaires and individual interview.
methods
Survey questionnaire on the awareness of pandemic influenza among UMP students is our main method to collect primary data about the study mentioned above. The survey consists of 19 questions. The survey questionnaire is sub-divided into two which are open ended and close ended questions. The close ended form is equally sub-divided into a few types which are dichotomous, rank and multiple choices.
3.3
Data analysis
After we conducted the survey, the data are collected and interpreted. There are 80 respondents for survey questionnaire. The analyses of survey questionnaires are done using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The feedback from 80 respondents has been analyzed in the spreadsheet because it will be easy for calculating the frequency for each choice of the answer. -PAGE 8-
Step 1 Numbering each of the questions. Step 2 Number each question and variable. For example each type of question will have a different way of numbering: i. For all closed, open-ended, multiple choice (in which respondents can only choose one answer), fill in relevant information and scale question, each question will be considered as individual variables. ii. With rank questions, each choice is a variable.
Step 3 Once we have collected the feedback from respondents, we transferred the data into Microsoft Excel worksheet. The summary of the data look like the table below: Variables Respondents R1 R2 R4 R5 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
Step 4 Tabulate the information :
Table 1 Program Respondents n = 80 Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Male 40 50 Female 40 50 Total 80 100
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CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter is the analysis of the findings on the level of awareness among UMP students towards pandemic influenza and UMP students awareness towards self-prevention from the spread of pandemic influenza. This analysis will be presented in table form, pie chart and diagram. 4.1 PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION Eighty UMPs students are involved in this research. Table 4.1 illustrates the breakdown of the participants according to gender and faculty. Table 4.1 GENDER FACULTY / YEAR OF STUDY TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE CIVIL ENGINEERING TOTAL 2 2 MALE 1 2 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 2 0 33 2 1 1 3 4 FEMALE 1 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80 TOTAL
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Breakdown of participants according to gender, faculty and year of study
From the table 4.1, it indicates that 10 students (5 male and 5 female) of each faculty participated in this study. According to the year of study, most of the participants were a second year students.
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4.2 INVESTIGATE THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS PANDEMIC INFLUENZA Figure 4.2
6, 8% 21, 26% Being around public places 25, 31% Visiting foreign countries Being in direct contact with the body liquid of a H1N1 patient Involvement in outdoor activity
28, 35%
Sources of being infected by pandemic influenza
The pie chart above shows the sources of being infected by pandemic influenza chosen by UMP students. According to the chart, we can conclude that majority of UMP students, 28 (35%), believe that the source of being infected by pandemic influenza is by visiting foreign countries followed by being in direct contact with the body liquid of a H1N1 patient, 25 (31%), being around public places, 21 (26%), and involvement in outdoor activities, 6 (8%). From the results, it can be conclude that probably the virus of pandemic influenza is more spread in the foreign country, so for those who visiting the foreign country which is already be overcome by the virus can easily got the disease from there. Perhaps the students are not aware and did not care about how pandemic influenza spread and where the virus come from because the accurate source actually is being in direct contact with the body fluid of a H1N1 patients.
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Figure 4.3
1, 1% 16, 20%
2, 3%
Coma Fatal Semi-concious Stroke
61, 76%
The effects of infected by pandemic influenza
The results shows the majority, 61 (76%), says that the effect is the victim face to the death or fatal. 16 (20%) of UMP students said that the effect of the disease is semi-conscious. Least number of students thought that the effect of the pandemic influenza can cause stroke and coma. Only a few of the students does not really aware of the effect of pandemic influenza. Consequently besides the control measures taken, the goals to minimize the impact of pandemic influenza are identifying pandemic influenza and monitoring its spread and impact, containing the spread of infection to the extent that this is possible, reducing illness and saving lives, ensuring the continuation of essential services, thereby minimizing social and economic disruption, and ensuring that the public, health professionals and media have up-to-date, comprehensive information at all stages. As for that, it can be summarized that the virus of pandemic influenza can cause fatal if there are no prevention or control measures taken with the goals to minimize the impact and the students should aware on the effect related to the disease. From the survey also, we are able to identify weather they aware on type of viruses that can be classified under pandemic influenza. Almost all students agree that swine flu (66, 83%) and bird flu (66, 83%) are both under the pandemic influenza family. We can see that the student knows how to classify the viruses, and aware about the types of pandemic influenza. Only some of -PAGE 12-
them are not really knows about the types of pandemic influenza because they also classified SARS (50, 63%), JE virus (28, 35%) and even AIDS (10, 13%) with the pandemic influenza group. When talking about the sources of information of pandemic influenza, almost all UMPs student agree that they get the information from the news (77, 96%). News can be in several type of mass media includes from news paper, radio and television. Almost half of them are also gain the information from the advertisement (39, 49%) and the internet (52, 65%). The least number of students got the information about the pandemic influenza through magazines (15, 19%). From this data, we can conclude that student rely on the news to get the real facts or information about the current issues. Figure 4.4
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cough Flu Runny nose Difficulty in breathing Eye-swelling Rashes 8,10% 6,8% 41,51% YES NO
71,89%
67,84%
65,81%
Symptoms of pandemic influenza
From the diagram above, it is stated that almost 90% of UMPs student know about the fact about the symptoms of pandemic influenza which is cough (71, 89%), flu (67, 84%), runny nose (41, 51%) and difficulty in breathing (65, 81%). It is prove that the information that they get from new, advertisement, internet and etc, contains the true information or the fact of pandemic influenza. Only minor of them have a little bit confusing fact about the symptoms of pandemic influenza because they also certified that eye-swelling (8, 10%) and rashes (6, 8%) as the symptoms of the virus.
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4.3 IDENTIFY STUDENTS AWARENESS TOWARDS SELF-PREVENTION FROM THE SPREAD OF PANDEMIC INFLUENZA Figure 4.5
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Quarantine Government measures Wear mask Hygienic practice Stay indoor 17,21% 27,34% AGREE DISAGREE 79,99% 70,88% 76,95%
Level of awareness towards preventive measures
The column graph above shows the level of awareness among UMP students towards selfprevention from the spread of pandemic influenza. From this, the highest number of student shows that they agree to the fact that quarantine is the most effective way to prevent the widespread of pandemic influenza (79, 99%). Apart from that, other measures include good hygienic practice (75, 94%), serious measure need to be taken by government (70, 88%) and the lowest is wearing mask (27, 34%).
It can be concluded that quarantine is the most effective way towards self-prevention from the spread of pandemic influenza, and this is due to the reason that pandemic influenza is an airborne disease and is certain to spread in air. Therefore quarantine is a wise measure to take.
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Based on the overall findings, we can conclude that majority of the UMP students believe that human are easily infected by pandemic influenza if they visiting any foreign country or have the direct contact with body liquid of H1N1 patients. They knew that self protection techniques such as quarantine from the crowded areas may prevent themselves to be exposed to H1N1 virus infection.
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CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In this chapter, we will conclude all the findings that we have found in this research. All findings are based on our two research questions and the conclusion will shows whether achieve our objectives or not.
5.1 CONCLUSION As we all aware, pandemic influenza is actually a global disease outbreak which spread by the airborne. Due to the survey, the results shows that majority students believe that the source of being infected by pandemic influenza are visiting foreign countries and being direct contact with the body liquid of H1N1 patients. The UMP students realize that this disease can bring to fatal cases if there are no precautions measures are taken to avoid from getting the virus. Consequently besides the control measures taken, the goals to minimize the impact of pandemic influenza are identifying pandemic influenza and monitoring its spread and impact, containing the spread of infection to the extent that this is possible, reducing illness and saving lives, ensuring the continuation of essential services, thereby minimizing social and economic disruption, and ensuring that the public, health professionals and media have up-to-date, comprehensive information at all stages. As for that, it can be thought that the virus of pandemic influenza can cause fatal if there are no prevention or control measures taken with the goals to minimize the impact and the students should aware on the effect related to the disease. Besides, they are agreed that swine flu and bird flu can be classified under pandemic influenza group. This shows that they are aware about the characteristic of viruses that had been attacked human and they can classified the viruses according to its type. Majority of them get all this information from the news which provides the true facts about the current virus issues. We can see that the students know about the source of information that can provide them valuable information so that they can take any possible precaution measures to protect themselves. Some of the valuable information that they get are the symptoms of the virus which is cough, flu, runny nose and difficulty in breathing. As for that, we can say that news from mass media such as newspaper, television and radio provides facts which can contribute to the safety of the community.
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After conducting this survey, it is found that students in UMP have the general idea on how to keep themselves protected from the spread of pandemic influenza. From this it can be said that they realize the only obvious effective way to protect them from the spread of pandemic influenza such as H1N1 is though quarantine. Therefore, it is safe to say that UMP students are aware on how to keep them protected. As for the overall conclusions, we have found that UMP students are aware on pandemic influenza in term of sources of infection, types of pandemic influenza, symptoms and effects of the pandemic influenza itself. They are also well aware that quarantine is the most effective way to self-prevention at the moment.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS We recommend that university should organize some campaign to increase the level of awareness among UMP students. The campaign such as seminar, talks or weekly awareness road show can communicate effectively to all level of universitys members which may include staffs and students as well. Students who know the basis knowledge about pandemic influenza can gain more information about the preventive and reactive measures during the road show. University must take initiative to advertise these issues to all level of university through internal media such as UMP radio, announcement in university web portal or flyer etc. Sometime, student may just ignore the impact of pandemic influenza due to human physical weakness. Human always create errors, for example, easily forget if there is no remind. A simple daily announcement in student portal may give awareness to every student about the pandemic influenza. Student clinic and affairs department shall provide Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to students for free. Those PPE equipments are masks and hand gloves. PPE is very important to eliminate the possible chances of getting infected by pandemic influenza. This will give the signal to all students so that everyone will know about the pandemic influenza either direct or indirectly. Sanitizer such as hand washer shall provide in public places such as washroom or toilet and cafe. Virus can live on hard surfaces for up to two days, and on hands for up to five minutes, so washing hand often with suitable sanitizer can keep ourselves and others healthy at most of the times. This can help increase the hygiene practices among university students. -PAGE 17-
In addition, every lecturer can plays the vital role in helping to create the healthy scenarios in every lecture room before start teaching on the days. For instance, lecturer should start the class by communicate to make sure the students health. Lecturer should immediately give excuses for quarantine for those who felt uncomfortable in class or having any health problem. They should immediately send for medical body check up and being quarantine if necessary. Another preventive measure is a personal stress management system. Stress suppresses the immune system and makes one vulnerable to infections. A stress management system is beyond the scope of this page but is vitally important to maintaining good health and avoiding the bugs. University should develop a counseling team to give advice to students who need help in stress management especially during the exam weeks. Students Clinic should provide nutritional supplements to students who needed it by selling it at reasonable price or giving it for free. The use of nutritional supplements to support immune function may reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of infections in general. Having the immune system working at peak efficiency before getting sick is far more effective than waiting until getting sick. Basic immune system function can be boosted dramatically by supplementing Vitamins A, C, and Zinc. This combination is particularly beneficial in supporting immune function, is relatively inexpensive, and works better than many herbs and other products. There are also some recommendations or preventive measures for every individual: 1. Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from getting sick too. 2. Stay home when you are sick. If possible, stay at home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your illness. 3. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. 4. Washing your hands often with suitable sanitizer will help protect you from germs. 5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth with hands. Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. 6. Practice other good health habits. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
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REFERENCES
Andrew, W. P., Kathryn G. (2007) Dynamic patterns of avian and human influenza in east and southeast Asia. Retrieved on 28 JULY 2009 from http://infection.thelancet.com
Calgary Health Region, (December, 2005), Explaining Pandemic Influenza: A Guide from the Medical Officer of Health provides health professionals and members of the public with a better understanding of pandemic influenza, its likely impact on Canada and the Calgary Health Regions plan to respond, Retrieved on July 15, 2009 from http://www.calgaryhealthregion.ca Cinti.S.,MD(2005).Pandemic influenza:Are We ready?.Retrieved on 15 JULY 2009 from http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/H1N1flu/preparedness/preparedness-7.pdf Hagenaars T.J, Wallinga J, & Genugten M.L.L (2004, June 30). Pandemic influenza and health care demand: dynamic modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands, Retrieved on July 20, 2009, journal from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science Kitler.M.E.,Gavinio.P.,Lavanchy.D. (2002).Influenza and the work of the World health Organization.CH1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Retrieved on 14 JULY 2009 from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.ump.edu.my/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6 TD4-45BHFJK-61&_cdi=5188&_user=4406426&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F15%2F2002&_sk=99 9799999.8997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzzzSkzV&md5=029e783932d782333fc30a86e40646b2&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
Ministry of Health Malaysia (May, 2009) National Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan (NIPPP), Retrieved on August 3, 2009) from http://h1n1.moh.gov.my/NIPPP/NIPPP%20STRATEGIES.pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia (May 13, 2009), Preventive and Control Actions - Flu A H1N1, Retrieved on August 1, 2009) from http://h1n1.moh.gov.my/TechnicalPresentation/Flu%20A%20H1N1%20%20Preventive%20&%20Control%20Actions%20(13Mei09).pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia; The Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (SOEM) of the Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) (March, 2006), Recommendations On Influenza Pandemic Preparedness For Industry In Malaysia, Retrieved on July 21, 2009 from http://h1n1.moh.gov.my/industri/Preparedness_for_Pandemic_Flu_in_Industry.pdf
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Nancy J. C., Susan E. T., Theresa T., (2003).Influenza pandemic planning.Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Division of Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Perth District Health Unit, Ottawa, Ont., Canada Health Canada, Stratford, Ont., Canada. Retrieved on 15 JULY 2009 from http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/pdf/guide.pdf Robin B. M. (2007) Avian Influenza: The Next Pandemic? Retrieved on 28 JULY 2009 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B75BF-4PC77R8-7T&_cdi=12981&_user=4406426&_orig=search&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2007&_sk=9 99469992&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzWzSkWA&md5=bd1394f9a69171a9034dce187011c5ab&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
South Australia Government,(September, 2005) Department of trade economy development, Source by Queensland Government Action Plan for Pandemic Influenza, Pandemic Influenza factsheet, Retrieved on July 27, 2009 from http://www.southaustralia.biz Yu C. H., Tsung Z. W., Ding P. L., Pei L. S., Luan Y. C., Chun Y. L., Chin Y. L., Fu Y. H., Li M. H. (2006) Influenza Pandemics: Past, Present and Future. Retrieved on 19 JULY 2009 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B83W84WRDYFN-11&_cdi=33780&_user=4406426&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&_sk=9 98949998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVtzzSkWz&md5=e0a8c58191514fd75980fea1bf4b009f&ie=/sdarticle.pdf
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APPENDICES i. SAMPLE OF SURVEY QUESTIONAIRES
Dear respondents This survey is to study on the awareness of pandemic influenza among UMP students. We hope that you will answer the questions truthfully. Thank you. Instructions Section A 1. Gender 2. Age : Please answer all the questions below. : : : 1 2 3 4 Male Female
3. Year of studies: 4. Faculty :
Section B This section is to investigate the level of awareness towards pandemic influenza. Please put a tick on ONLY one answer.
5. Pandemic influenza is, A. B. A pandemic influenza is a global disease outbreak C. D. 6. From several cases of pandemic influenza that occurred in Malaysia, what are the sources of being infected by this influenza? A. Being around public places B.Visiting foreign countries C. Being in direct contact with the body liquid of a H1N1 patient D.Involvement in outdoor activity
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7. Is this disease fatal? Yes No
Please put a tick on
MORE than one answer.
8. In your opinion, what are the types of influenza stated below that can be classified as pandemic influenza? Swine flu Bird flu SARS J.E. virus AIDS 9. From what sources, do you receive latest information on a pandemic influenza such as H1N1? News Advertisement Internet Magazines Others, please specify 10. From what you have heard, what are the symptoms of the pandemic influenza? Cough flu muscle pain difficulty in breathing diarrhea rashes
11. What are the effects of being infected by pandemic influenza? A. B. C. D.
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Section C This section is to identify students awareness towards self-prevention from the spread of pandemic influenza. Please put a tick on ONLY one answer.
12. Have you been in direct contact with a person that have pandemic influenza/ Yes No
13. Do you think it is important to take measures to control the spread of pandemic influenza seriously? Yes No according to preferences. Questions Quarantine is the most effective way to prevent the widespread of pandemic influenza. Serious measure need to be taken by the government in order to prevent the spread of pandemic influenza. Only H1N1influenza requires patients to must wear mask. The hygienic practice must be implemented by all of the UMP students to make sure that they are not infected by the pandemic influenza. If you are a H1N1 patient, it is not necessary to stay indoors/ at home all the time. Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
Please put a tick No. 14 15
16 17
18
19. The university has declared a state of emergency to all students due to the increase spread of confirm H1N1 influenza cases, you are trying to avoid from getting the flu. What will you do?
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ii.
VARIABLE TABLE
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iii.
DATA ANALYSIS
SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION GENDER FACULTY / YEAR OF STUDY TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE CIVIL ENGINEERING TOTAL 2 2 MALE 1 2 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 2 0 33 2 1 1 3 4 FEMALE 1 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80 TOTAL
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SECTION B: IDENTIFICATION ON THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS PANDEMIC INFLUENZA
Figure 5.1
3, 4% 13, 16% 41, 51% Influenza A A global disease outbreak Viral influenza 23, 29% Chronic influenza
Definition of Pandemic Influenza From the figure 4.1 above, we can see that the most of the UMPs students (41, 51%) think that the pandemic influenza is Influenza A, whereas the pandemic influenza is actually a global disease outbreak (23, 29%). Others said that pandemic influenza is a viral influenza (13, 16%) -PAGE 25-
and a chronic influenza (3, 4%). From the percentage above, it is clearly stated that majority of the student are not aware about the meaning of pandemic influenza and dont have the sense of curiosity to find out about it.
FIGURE 5.2
6, 8%
Being around public places 21, 26% Visiting foreign countries Being in direct contact with the body liquid of a H1N1 patient
25, 31%
28, 35%
Sources of being infected by pandemic influenza The pie chart above shows the sources of being infected by pandemic influenza chosen by UMP students. According to the chart, we can conclude that majority of UMP students, 28 (35%), believe that the source of being infected by pandemic influenza is by visiting foreign countries followed by being in direct contact with the body liquid of a H1N1 patient, 25 (31%), being around public places, 21 (26%), and involvement in outdoor activities, 6 (8%). From the results, it can be conclude that probably the virus of pandemic influenza is more spread in the foreign country, so for those who visiting the foreign country which is already be overcome by the virus can easily got the disease from there. Perhaps the students are not aware and did not care about how pandemic influenza spread and where the virus come from because the accurate source actually is being in direct contact with the body fluid of a H1N1 patients.
-PAGE 26-
FIGURE 5.3
1, 1% 16, 20%
2, 3% Coma Fatal Semi-concious Stroke
61, 76%
The effects of infected by pandemic influenza The results shows the majority, 61 (76%), says that the effect is the victim face to the death or fatal. 16 (20%) of UMP students said that the effect of the disease is semi-conscious. Least number of students thought that the effect of the pandemic influenza can cause stroke and coma. Only a few of the students does not really aware of the effect of pandemic influenza. Consequently besides the control measures taken, the goals to minimize the impact of pandemic influenza are identifying pandemic influenza and monitoring its spread and impact, containing the spread of infection to the extent that this is possible, reducing illness and saving lives, ensuring the continuation of essential services, thereby minimizing social and economic disruption, and ensuring that the public, health professionals and media have up-to-date, comprehensive information at all stages. As for that, it can be summarized that the virus of pandemic influenza can cause fatal if there are no prevention or control measures taken with the goals to minimize the impact and the students should aware on the effect related to the disease.
-PAGE 27-
FIGURE 5.4
13, 16%
YES NO
67, 84%
The fatalities due to pandemic influenza The figure prove that large number of UMP students aware that pandemic influenza can cause fatal if there are no prevention or control measures taken because the virus can spread quickly, affects the health and give big impact to the surrounding people and also almost around the world. There is only 13 (16%) of the students think that the virus did not cause fatal cases. Majority 67 (84%), think that pandemic influenza can cause fatal because they frequently expose to the news and advertisement about this disease. This serious pandemic is also likely to cause many deaths, disrupt the daily life of many people and cause intense pressure on healthcare and other services. It is clear that pandemic influenza is dangerous. Furthermore, the symptoms may be more severe because nobody will have any immunity or protection against that particular virus.
-PAGE 28-
FIGURE 5.5
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Swine flu Bird flu SARS J.E. virus AIDS 28,35% 10,13% YES NO 66,83% 66,83% 50,63%
Types of virus that can be classified as pandemic influenza From the above graph, we are able to identify weather they aware on type of viruses that can be classified under pandemic influenza. Almost all students agree that swine flu (66, 83%) and bird flu (66, 83%) are both under the pandemic influenza family. We can see that the student knows how to classify the viruses, and aware about the types of pandemic influenza. Just some of them are not really knows about the types of pandemic influenza because they also classified SARS (50, 63%), JE virus (28, 35%) and even AIDS (10, 13%) with the pandemic influenza group.
FIGURE 5.6
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 77,96%
52,65% 39,49% 15,19% 2,3% News Advertisement Internet Magazines Others YES NO
Sources of information about the pandemic influenza
-PAGE 29-
When talking about the sources of information of pandemic influenza, almost all UMPs student agree that they get the information from the news (77, 96%). News can be in several type of mass media includes from news paper, radio and television. Almost half of them are also gain the information from the advertisement (39, 49%) and the internet (52, 65%). The least number of students got the information about the pandemic influenza through magazines (15, 19%). From this data, we can conclude that student rely on the news to get the real facts or information about the current issues.
FIGURE 5.7
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 71,89% 67,84% 65,81% 41,51% YES 8,10% NO 6,8% Rashes
Cough
Flu
Runny nose
Difficulty in breathing
Eye-swelling
Symptoms of pandemic influenza From the diagram above, it is stated that almost 90% of UMPs student know about the fact about the symptoms of pandemic influenza which is cough (71, 89%), flu (67, 84%), runny nose (41, 51%) and difficulty in breathing (65, 81%). It is prove that the information that they get from new, advertisement, internet and etc, contains the true information or the fact of pandemic influenza. Only minor of them have a little bit confusing fact about the symptoms of pandemic influenza because they also certified that eye-swelling (8, 10%) and rashes (6, 8%) as the symptoms of the virus.
-PAGE 30-
FIGURE 5.8
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Quarantine Government measures Wear mask Hygienic practice Stay indoor 17,21% 27,34% AGREE DISAGREE 79,99% 70,88% 76,95%
Level of awareness towards preventive measures The column bar graph above shows the level of awareness among UMP students towards selfprevention from the spread of pandemic influenza. From this, highest numbers of students show that they strongly agree on the fact that quarantine is the most effective way to prevent the widespread of pandemic influenza and none disagrees to the fact stated earlier. This is due to the reason that pandemic influenza is an airborne disease and is certain to spread in air therefore it is clear that the best way students can think of and agree with is quarantine. Next students the highest number shows that students agree that serious measures need to be taken by the government in order to prevent the spread of pandemic influenza and less than 10 students disagree to the statement mentioned. This may be because, government not only plays a role in preventing such a spread of influenza, and instead its a nations role to play as well. Therefore the self-prevention awareness is clear. As for the statement that only H1N1 patients are required to wear mask, most students disagree to the statement. This is due to the reason that pandemic influenza is airborne, a non H1N1 patient in the midst of an H1N1 zone are highly likely to be diagnosed with such an influenza and awareness are seen among students because the university is distributing mask for every individual to wear.
-PAGE 31-
It is clear that majority strongly agrees that hygienic practice must be implemented by all of the UMP students to make sure that they are not infected by the pandemic influenza. It is a known fact that to stay clean always keeps every individual one step away from diseases. Lastly, it seems that students on the whole, strongly disagrees that H1N1 patients is not required to stay indoors all the time. From this, their level of understanding that quarantine is the meaning of the sentence makes it clear that UMP students are well aware.
FIGURE 5.9
Figure 4.9 1; 1% 1; 1% 10; 13% 1; 1% 2; 3% 4; 5% 27; 33% 23; 29% Hygiene practice Avoid visiting foreign country Taking vaccine 11; 14% Medical diagnosis Sleeping Wearing mask Taking supplement No comment Quarantine
Student actions towards pandemic influenza The pie chart above shows the different types of preventive actions taken by students during the outbreak of pandemic influenza. Clearly, quarantine has the highest percentage of actions being taken while taking vaccine and sleeping are the lowest. According to the chart, quarantine make up a major portion of the actions being taken which is 27 (33%), and this is followed by wearing masks which is 23 (29%). The remaining of actions are no comments, hygiene practice, taking supplement, medical diagnosis, sleeping, taking vaccine and avoid visiting foreign country which make up 11 (14%), 10 (13%), 4 (5%), 2 (3%), 1 (1%), 1 (1%) and 1 (1%) respectively. It can be concluded that probably quarantine is the most basis knowledge that students know through the advertisement and annoucement in media when there is a outbreak of pandemic influenza. -PAGE 32-

Report On Pandemic Influenza

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Report On Pandemic Influenza

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This report is only allowed for reviewing or references purpose. All rights reserved 2009.

CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Pattern of pandemic influenza

2.2 Symptoms and effect of pandemic influenza

2.3 Prevention and control measures

2.4 Malaysian government policy and reactions towards influenza

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

3.2 Data collection instruments

Step 4 Tabulate the information :

Breakdown of participants according to gender, faculty and year of study

Sources of being infected by pandemic influenza

Coma Fatal Semi-concious Stroke

The effects of infected by pandemic influenza

Symptoms of pandemic influenza

Level of awareness towards preventive measures

APPENDICES i. SAMPLE OF SURVEY QUESTIONAIRES

3. Year of studies: 4. Faculty :

7. Is this disease fatal? Yes No

Please put a tick on

MORE than one answer.

11. What are the effects of being infected by pandemic influenza? A. B. C. D.

Please put a tick No. 14 15

SECTION B: IDENTIFICATION ON THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS PANDEMIC INFLUENZA

2, 3% Coma Fatal Semi-concious Stroke

Sources of information about the pandemic influenza

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