ReportWorkshop5 Lets/LEDsgoforquality

DuringtheCIEconference,anumberofpresentationsshowedresultsofperformancetestsonLEDluminaires. Theyindicate,asstatedbyHowardWolfman:thatalthoughmanySSLproductsdoperformwell,asignificant portionofSSLproductsofferedinthemarketplaceneithermeettheirmanufacturersperformanceclaimsnor complywithSSLstandards(OP01inconferenceproceedings). AsindicatedbyDr.PaoloBertoldiandDr.AndreasWenteintheirkeynotespeeches,itisimportanttoensure LEDproductsquality,tosecureadaptionofthetechnology.Weneedtopreventthattheimageofthe technologyisruinedintheintroductionphase.ThissomewhathappenedincaseoftheCFLi,whereinitial problemsresultedinlowuseracceptanceandlowmarketadoption.Eventhoughproductqualityhasincreased, skepticismamongstthepublicwithrespecttotheCFLiisstillavailable.Asconfirmedintheforexampleinthe presentationsofDr.MichaelHamm(keynotespeech,availableintheconferencepapers)andMiaPaget (summarybelow),newtechnologiescanonlybeintroducediftheyfindsufficientmarketacceptanceandforthis poorqualityneedstobeavoided. Onanapplicationlevelitseemstobeimportanttoensurequalityaswell.Duetotheincreasedluminousflux andefficacyLEDsnowstarttocompetewithcurrentlightsourcessuchaslinearandcompactfluorescentlamps andcompacthighintensitydischargelampsinluminairesforgenerallightingandforaccentlighting.TypicalLED characteristics,suchassmallsized,narrowbeamandhighbrightnessaswellasthecurrentspreadovertheLEDs inluminousflux,lightcolorandluminousintensitydistributioncanhaveanimpactonthe(perceived)qualityof productsandlightingsolutions.MartineKnoopwithouthavingtheintentionofgivingacompleteoverview showedtypicalapplicationtopicslinkedtospecificLEDcharacteristics. Whilebeingawarethatsomeofthesecharacteristicsarefoundinotherlightsourcesaswell,thecombinationof theLEDcharacteristicandtheapplicationareamightbringupnewissues.Justasanexample:aLEDhasahigh brightnesswhichmightbecomparabletothebrightnessofanumberofhighintensitydischargelamps.Assuch, thebrightnessmightnotbeaproblem,butinafunctionalindoorlightingapplicationsuchasofficeworkplaces, lightsourceswiththishighbrightnessareuptillnowtypicallynotapplied,whereastheLEDsareorwillbe usedintheseapplications. Thisindicatesthataqualityassessmentonsourceaswellasapplicationlevelneedstobemade.

Aimoftheworkshop
TheaimoftheworkshopwastolisttypicalqualityissuesinLEDsolutions,anddrawuparoadmapofrequired activitiestoaddresstheseissuesforLEDproductsandLEDlighting,toensurelightingqualityinworking environments.TheworkshopfocusedonfunctionallightingandonLEDspecifictopicsonly. Thereforetheworkshopconsistedoftwoparts.

Part1Identificationoftheissues
ThreeshortpresentationsonalreadyidentifiedqualitytopicsofLEDsolutionsweregiventointroducethe subject.Theparticipantsintheaudiencewereaskedtoputforwardtheirownideasonimportantissuesinthe discussionorthroughpreparedresponsecards(seeAppendixA).

VisualcolormatchingofLEDandtungstenhalogenlightsources
GerardHarbers,KellyMcGroddy,RaghuramPetluri,PeterK.TsengandJohnYriberri XicatoInc,SanJose,USA Speaker:GerardHarbers,Xicato ColorqualitycanbeanissuewithLEDs.ColordifferencesbothbetweendifferentLightEmittingDiode(LED)and halogensourceshavefrequentlybeennoticedinlightinginstallations.Thesecolordifferencescanbeseenatthe onsetofinstallations,ortheycanemergeovertimeduetotemperaturevariationsandlifetimedegradation .Thisisespeciallycriticalforcloseoffsetlighting,suchaswallwashing. Contributingfactorstocolorvariationsare: Material(s)usedinopticswhichmayexhibitcolorshiftovertime. Electronics.Theabilitytoaccuratelymaintainthedrivecurrent,andtheaccuracyofanyonboardcolor temperaturesensorcanaffectcolorquality. TheconstitutionoftheLEDarray.LEDarraysarenotmadeofproductfromonebin,butasamplefroma selectionofbinsstatisticallychosentogivethedesiredliteffect.ThereforeplacementoftheLEDson theboardisimportant,bothinuniformityandcolortemperatureeffects. TheLEDcanexhibitvariationduetovariationinphosphordeposition,variationinphosphorconversion efficiency,wavelengthshift,binningaccuracyandashiftinoperatingparametersbetweencold conditions(usedforbinning)andhotconditionstypicalinservice.

IntheresearchpresentedbyGerardHarbersthepracticalallowablecolordifferencesforarchitectural applicationshavebeenquantifiedbytestinglightingspecifiers'visualcolorsensitivitytotestsourceswith specifiedcontrolledcolordifferences.Itshowsthatweareverysensitivetocolorshift.Accuracytowithintwo MacAdamellipsesisrequiredforwhitescenesandarchitecturallighting.AccuracytowithinfourMacAdam ellipsesisrequiredforgenerallighting.Theseareoverlife,includingcolorshiftexhibitedthroughlife. Nothavingthetimetopresentthiswithintheshortpresentationtimeofthisworkshop,GerardHarberswould liketopointoutthattheresearchindicatesthatcolordifferencesareobservedbetweenLEDsourceswith differentcolorrenderingpropertiesandbetweenhalogenandLEDsources,evenwhentheyarematchedtothe same(CIE1931)colorpoint.Ortheotherwayaround,anLEDandtungstenhalogensourcethatappearvisually matchedwillhavedifferentx,ycolorcoordinates.Thisisbelievedtoberelatedtocolormatchingfunction failures,whichhasasignificanteffectontheperceptionofvisualcolordifferences.Moreinformationonthis topiccanbefoundinpaperWS07oftheconferenceproceedings. GerardHarberscompletedhispresentationwiththefollowingconclusionswithrespecttotherequirednext stepstogettoanindustrywidecolorqualityimprovement:

ColorqualityneedstobemanagedonsystemlevelcannotrelyonLEDperformanceoncomponent level Colorconsistencytargetshavetobeaccurateandtightitisrequiredtoincludemarginsforcolorshift overtimeandtemperature Agreeoncolorconsistencytargets Binningatoperatingtemperature(hotbinning)shouldbeconsidered,orLEDlampswithsmallcolorshift overtemperatureneedtobeused Newcolormatchingfunctionsarerequired,togetconsistencybetweenHalogenandLEDsources,andin betweenLEDsources

Questions&answers: Dr.JnosSchandastatedthatitisknowthattheMacAdamellipsesarenotoptimalforLED,andreferstothe workofprofessorRonnierLuo,CIEDivision1.Besidesthis,hebroughtforwardthatweneedtospeakina commonterminologybetweendivisions.Forexamplecolorconsistencyisameasureofmetamericdifference. Besidesthis,GerardHarberswasaskedifhehasanyexperienceofthebenefitshotbinningmightbring.Gerard Harbersindicatedthathehasnotpracticalexperience,butitisveryhardtogethighaccuracyotherwise.

EvaluationofdiscomfortglarecausedbydifferentlightdistributionofLEDs
TomonoriTashiro1,TakakoKimuraMinoda1,2,ShunsukeKohko3,TomoharuIshikawa1andMiyoshiAyama1 1)GraduateSchoolofEngineering,UtsunomiyaUniversity,Japan,2)StanleyElectricCo.,Ltd,Japan,3)Iwasaki ElectricCo.,Ltd,Japan Speakers:TomonoriTashiro,MiyoshiAyama TomonoriTashirogaveashortintroductiononexistingmethodstoevaluateglare,suchasUGRforindoor applications,GRforoutdoorapplicationsandTIforroadlighting.Itisquestionedwhethertheseglareevaluation methodsareapplicabletoLEDs.Astudywasconductedtoexaminewhethercurrentglaresystemsmaybe appliedtoLEDs.DiscomfortglareofthreetypesofLEDsourceswithdifferentspatialarrangementwas subjectivelyevaluatedatsevenintensitylevels.Firstone(Type|)wascomposedoftheLEDelementswithno lens,thesecondone(Type||)wascomposedoftheLEDelementswithlenscap,andthethirdone(Type|||) wastheLEDscoveredbyacloudyglassdiffuser.Naturaldensityfilterswereusedtoadjusttheintensityofthe teststimuliandfourbackgroundlevelswereused:dark,0.1,1.0and10cd/m2.Theglaresourcewaspositioned 3mformtheobserverseye,and8.5oabovetheobserverslineofsight(assumedtoberepresentativefor outdoorsituations).Theamountofglarewasevaluatedonasubjectivescale(Matsuda),andilluminationatthe observerseyeposition,equivalentluminanceoftheteststimulus,andluminancedistributionweremeasured. ProfessorMiyoshiAyamapresentedtheresultsoftheexperiment.Type|andType||gaveapproximately comparableresultsofglareandweremoreglaringthanLEDswiththediffuser(Type|||).Whenthescaling resultsofdiscomfortglareareplottedagainsteitherilluminanceattheobserverseyeorequivalentveiling luminance,graphsofType|andType||overlapwellwitheachother,whilethatofType|||shiftstowarda largervalue.Ontheotherhand,whenthescalingresultsareplottedagainstthespatialsummationofluminance largerthen100cd/m2(totalluminance),allthreecurvesexcellentlyagreewitheachother.Itisthussuggested

thattotalluminanceisastrongcandidateforanappropriateindexofdiscomfortglareforlightsourceshaving differentspatialluminancedistribution. Theauthorsconcludethatilluminanceattheeyeandveilingluminancedonotaccuratelydescribethesensation ofdiscomfortglare.Totalluminanceofthestimulusdoesgivegoodcorrelationtotheperceivedglare.Further researchisrequired. MoreinformationonthistopiccanbefoundinpaperWS08oftheconferenceproceedings. Questions&answers: Itisunclearwhatthetotalluminanceis.ProfessorMiyoshiAyamaindicatesthattheluminanceofthesourceis measuredusingadigitalcamera. Besidesthis,itispointedoutthattheworkhasonlybeenperformedatonedistancetothesource.Thequestion iswhathappensifthesourcedistancevaried.ProfessorMiyoshiAyamarespondedthattheluminanceshouldbe distanceindependent,althoughtheremaybeupperandlowerboundaryconditions. Dr.DavidSlineyindicatesthatdiscomfortglareanddisabilityglarearedifferentandshouldnotbeconfused. Veilingluminanceisrelatedtodisabilityglare.ProfessorMiyoshiAyamaindicatesthatthestudywasconsidering discomfortglareonly. Througharesponsecard,Dr.DavidSlineyaddedthefollowingtothetopicDiscomfortglareisrelatedtopoint brilliance,notveilingluminance,theratioofsourcetobackgroundluminance,andspectralcharacteristics,but theLEDindustryseemstobeignoringthesepublishedcriteria.

FactorsaffectingLEDlifetimeinluminaires
RalphTuttle,CreeInc. ImprovementsinLEDmanufacturingtechnologyhaveresultedincomponentswithlonglumenmaintenanceand excellentcolorcontrol.ButevenwhenusingthehighestqualityLEDcomponentsavailabletoday,itiscriticalto selectthecorrectmaterialsintheconstructionofluminairestoinsureoptimumproductperformance.Improper materialchoicescanleadtodamagetotheLEDsresultinginunacceptableperformance. ThemostcommonissuesaffectingqualityinLEDluminairesare: 1. ChemicalIncompatibility(materialsusedinluminaireconstruction). 2. ElectricalOverstress(poordriverdesignortestingpractices). 3. ThermalIssues(poorheatsinkdesign). Consideringissueone,chemicalincompatibility,thisisduetosiliconebasedencapsulants(thesiliconelens) reactingwithvolatilehydrocarbons.Thesiliconeencapsulanthasnocrystallinestructureandisverygas permeable.Materialsusedinluminaireconstruction(suchasconformalcoatings,adhesives,gaskets/Orings, solderflux,etc)canemitvolatilehydrocarbonsthataretrappedwithintheluminaireconstruction(suchasthe secondarylens).ThesethendiffusethroughthesiliconelensandreactwiththeLEDchip.Thiscauses discoloration,whichresultsinalossinlightoutput.

Thespeedandintensityofthiseffectismainlydependentuponheat,photonicenergy(brightness)and wavelengthoflight.Theeffectoccursevenwhennophosphorispresent,andoccursforblueandwhiteLEDs.It doesnotoccurforredorgreenLEDs.IfthesiliconelensisremovedandtheLEDisactivatedtheeffectis reversedthroughoutdiffusionandthediscolorationdisappears. RalphTuttleconcludedhispresentationwiththestatementthatitisveryimportanttoselectsuitablematerials duringluminaireconstruction. Questions&answers: Noquestionswereasked

Intermezzo
WithrespecttoLEDqualityissues,anumberofaspectswerelistedontheresponsecardshandedinbythe participants.Asummaryisgivenbelow,theoriginalremarkscanbefoundinAppendixA. Lifetime: 1. WhattodoatL70,whereLEDsreachendoflife,butwillstillfunction(HowardWolfman,JohnSelander) 2. Productandtechnologychangeissofastthatbythetimegoodlifetimedataisavailable,theproductis possiblynotlongeronthemarket(PaulHartmann) Application/perceptiontopics(additionally)toconsider 1. Maintenance:howtodealwiththeLMF/LLMFwithalifetimeofupto50000handalumen depreciationof0.70?(PeterDehoff) 2. Flicker(DavidSliney,PeterDehoff,KarinBieske) 3. (advantagesof)SpectraldistributionofLEDs(AllanHorn,ElenaPedrotti) 4. Binning(e.g.thresholdsandtolerances)(KarinBieske) Dr.WernerJordanstatesonhisresponsecardthataLEDisonlyasmallsourceifonelooksonthechiponly. HighbrightnessLEDsneedcoolingdevices,whichmakesthesystemnotsmallerthanclassicslampsystems. Thereforehequestionswhywedonotuselamp/luminairesstandardsforgenerallightingtoassessqualityof LEDsolutions.Ontheotherhand,Dr.JnosSchandabringsupthatglareissomethingwewillhavetorevisit, whichisinlinewiththestatementofprofessorWoutvanBommelinhisclosingpaper(seeCIEconference proceedings)thatatotallynewglareevaluationsystemisneededasthepresentsystemshavebeen developedforcircumstancestotallydifferentfromsolidstatelighting.. Factisthatcurrentlyanumberoftechnicalreportsindicatethatcurrentlyappliedevaluationmethodsmightnot beapplicableforallLEDsolutions.theUGRsystemshouldnotbeusedforsourcessmallerthan0.0003 steradian(CIE117:1995),orlargearraysofLEDs,especiallyLEDswithhighchromaticityvalues(5000K andabove)appeartobemoreglaringinsomearrangementsandluminairesthaninothers(R324CIE Division3).OneneedstoconsiderthattheseremarksaremostlyrelatedtoqualitiesofasingleLED,notper definitiontoLEDsolutions.Aswithotherlightsources,LEDspecificqualitiescanappearinaLEDsolution,the luminaireortheapplicationmightalterthesecharacteristicsaswell(e.g.frompointlightsourcetodiffuselight

emittingluminaire),inwhichcasetheexistingrequirementsandqualitymeasuresmightbeperfectly appropriate. TheremarkofDr.WernerJordanislegitimate,anditneedstobeevaluateinwhatwayLEDsaredifferentfrom existinglightsources,andiftheexistinglightingqualitycriteriaaresuitabletoevaluateLEDsolutions.Atthe sametime,existingmeasuresmightnotcoverallaspectsthatneedtobetakenintoconsiderationtorealiseand evaluatequalitylightingdesigns.WithinCIEDivision3atechnicalcommitteeisstarteduptoexactlyaddressthis topic:toreviewrelevantCIEpublicationsandstandardstoevaluatethesuitabilityofexistinglightingquality measures.Besidesthis,itwilllookintoidentifyingthegapsandweaknessesinexistingqualitymeasures, exhibitedinoneoftwoways:eitherthecriterionisvalid,buttheevaluationmethodisnotoranewcriterion needstobetakenintoconsideration.

Part2Tacklingtheproblem
Asmallnumberofresponsecardsconfirmsthatthereareremainingquestionsanddoubtsaboutthereliability andperformanceofproducts,aswellastheperformedorrequiredtestmethods,asalreadyindicatedina numberofpresentationsduringtheconference,e.g.: Isacceleratedlifetestreliable?(YFKwok) HowcanIguaranteethatLEDproductspurchasedaresatisfactoryinperformance?(YFKwok) WhichisthebestsetupformeasuringCRIandcolortemperatureofLEDsarrays?(GiuseppeMigale)

Qualitylabels,standardizationactivities,industryinitiativesaswellasresearchcanbeusedtosupportquality solutions.Nexttomorefundamentalresearch,anumberofinitiatives(CELMA,CIE,DOE)arealreadyrunning toensurequalityofLEDproductsandqualityinLEDsolutions,ofwhichtwowerepresentedinthisworkshop.To indicatethatthistopicispickedupworldwidebutonalocallevelashortsummaryoftheactivitiesofthe IlluminatingEngineeringInstituteofJapanwasgivenbyMartineKnoop,basedonmaterialprovidedbyDr. EtsukoMochizukiandDr.NaoyaHara.TheIEIJhasthreemaintopics: adaptthemeasuringguidelinesasproposedbytheCIE conductresearchintheframeworkoftheIEIJtogetmoreinsightintothetechnology,visualresponse onspychologicalandbiologicaleffectsofLEDsources organizeseminarstocollectanddeploytheinformation

Asummaryofthepresentationswithinpart2oftheworkshopisgivenbelow.

CALiPERmeasuredLEDperformanceissuesin2010
MiaPaget,PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory MiaPagetpresentedtheUSDepartmentofEnergyCALiPERtestingprogram.Thisprogramhasmeasuredand reportedonhundredsofmarketavailableSSLluminairesandreplacementlampssincelate2006.Performance andqualityhaveimprovedtremendouslyinfouryears,alongwithourunderstandingofhowtotestandhowto compareSSLproducts.FromthemostrecentCALiPERtesting,thepresentationgaveanoverviewofcurrent

performanceresultsforSSLproductsandnuancedqualityissuesthatCALiPERwasobservingthusfarin2010for avarietyoflightingapplications. TestingisconductedaccordingtoIESNALM79(absolutephotometry)andevaluateslongtermoperation characteristics(suchasdimming,thermalissues,flicker,electricalcharacteristics,).Thetestsaretodetermine: ifluminaires/lampsaremeetingphotometricexpectationsasclaimedwithrespecttofundamental performanceexpectations(e.g.lightoutputanddistribution,poweruse,colorcharacteristics,light distribution) howproductscomparetomoreestablishedtechnologies,asabenchmark;

Nexttothefundamentalperformanceexpectations,functionalexpectationsareevaluated,suchasdimmability, flicker,powercharacteristics,replacement/interchangeability.Besidesthis,itisevaluatediftheproduct survivesshippingandhandling. Whenitcomestoreliability,theLEDsexpectationsandclaimsarehigh,andMiaPagetpointedoutinherslides thatlongtermreliabilityisimpactedby LEDdeviceperformanceovertime(current,voltage,temperature,materialsincompatibility) Driverlife(temperature,vibration,inrush,design) Optics,lenslife,dirtaccumulation(environment,materials,design) Materialsdegradation(systemimpacts,interfaces)

MiaPagetconcludesthatLEDsarestartingtoachievegoodefficacies,butimprovedqualityisneeded.ForLED technologytomakeadifference,highmarketadoptionisnecessaryandforthispoorqualityneedstobe avoided,andsuitablestandardsneedtobeproduced.AdditionalinformationontheCALiPERprogramand reportscanbefoundontheCALiPERwebsite(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper.html) Questions&answers: Regardingdimmabilityandretrofitlamps,onlysomelampsdimwithcommerciallyavailabledimmerssuitable forGLSlamps(thesameproblemasforCFL).ThequestionwasraisedifCIEshouldpromotesolutionsforthis? MiaPagetrespondedthatclosecooperationbetweenlighting,dimmeranddrivermanufacturersisrequired. Througharesponsecard,PaulHartmannproposesajointeffortofthedimmingindustryandLEDbulbindustry todevelopnewstandards.

EffortsoftheEuropeanlightingindustrytodeliverhighqualityenergyefficientLED lightingsolutions
AllanHorn,PhilipsLumileds,representingCELMA AllanHornstartedhispresentationwithashortintroductionofELC(representingtheEuropeanlamp communityandhasamembershipofsevencompanies)andCELMA(representingtheEuropeanluminaireand ballastindustryandhasamembershipof>1000companies). ManyeffectiveLEDapplicationsarenowpossible;someapplicationsarestillnotpossiblebutwillbecome possibleinthenearfuture.IndustryanduserawarenessoftherealisticapplicationofLEDsisvital.ELCand

CELMAwanttoencourageandaccelerateadoption,whilstmaintainingrealisticexpectations.Thereforethereis ajointELC/CELMAworkinggroupwiththeaimtoachievequickermarketpenetrationofLEDproductsby: Managingexpectations Speakingwithonevoice DrivingLEDlightingstandards SafeguardingminimumqualitylevelsforLEDproducts OptimizingthebenefitsofLEDlightingproducts

Atthemoment,thereis aCELMA/ELCguideonthestatusofstandardsrelevantforLEDproducts aCELMAguidetoLEDsforOEMS anELCpaperconcerningLEDdirectionalretrofitlightsources

Thesedocumentsareavailablewww.celma.organdwww.elcfed.org.AgeneralFAQdocumentwillalsobe availableinthenextfewdays. Inviewofthetime,itwasnotpossibletopresentthesummary&lateststatusofEUEcoDesignRegulationson LEDlightsources,LEDmodulesandLEDluminaires.Theslidesareincludedtheslidepackofthisworkshop. AllanHornconcludedhispresentationwithpointingoutthattheEUlightingindustry,throughELC/CELMA,is activeinhelpingdraftEUregulationsforLEDlighting,andcallingforamarketsurveillanceprogram(similarto CALiPER). Questions&answers: Itisaskedifthereisaworkinggrouponflicker?AllanHornindicatesthatwithinCELMAthereisnosuchworking group.ThetopicFlickerwasbroughtuponresponsecardsbyKarinBieske,PeterDehoffandDr.DavidSlineyas well,andneedstobetakenintoconsideration.

Requiredactivities
ThisworkshopgavesomeindicationofnextstepsCIEshouldtaketobringforwardlightingqualityLEDsolutions. Topicsthatlinktoindustrystandardsarenotincludedinthisevaluation. Fromthepresentations,thediscussionandquestionsafterthepresentations,aswellastheresponsecards followinginputonrequiredactivitiescanbeobtained: 1. Terminology Thereisaneedforclearandcommonterminology,onaninternationallevel(MiaPaget,Dr.Jnos Schanda) ForgeneraltermsonecanrefertotheInternationalLightingVocabulary ForLEDrelated:workisongoinginDivision2,TC266TerminologyofLEDsandLEDassemblies, chairedbyDr.JnosSchanda.ThetermsofreferencesofthisTechnicalCommittee:ToReviewLED andLEDassembliesrelatedtermsanddefinitionsinotherinternationalandregionalorganizations andpreparearecommendationforCIE.

 2. Requiredresearch AjointresearchprogramonacceleratedtestingmethodsforLEDsshouldbelaunchedwiththegoal toestablishaviabletestsetupandmodelforacceleratedlifetimetesting(MiaPaget,RosaWang). CIEcanplayacoordinatingroleinthis,andisalreadydoingso,asforexamplereflectedinthework doneinDivision2,e.g.TC264:HighSpeedTestingMethodsforLEDs,chairedbyGntherHeidel Fieldstudies(SerminOnaygil) ProfessorJanEhjedpointsoutonareferencecard,thatthereisafieldstudyonLEDlightingin publicspacesoutdoor:evaluationofLEDinstallationsinandenduserperspective.ItisaEU financedproject,SouthBalticRegion,over3yearsstartedSeptember2009 3. Globalcoordination/standardizationoftestingmethodologiesandsurveillancemethods. Specifiers/performancecriteria/regulationsinallcountriesneedtorequireresultsfrom standardizedtesting(MiaPaget) CIE/IECneedtorecommenduseofstandardizedtestingmethodologies(e.g.LM79forintegral lamps+luminaires)(MiaPaget) Dr.PaoloBertoldiindicatedduringtheworkshopthatheisinvolvedinactivitiestoorganizea EuropeanLEDQualityCharter ProfessorMarcFontoynontindicatesthattheIEA4ESSLAnnexwilladdresstheorganizationof worldtraceabilityofperformancesofSSL.ThisAnnexfocusesonprovidinggovernmentswiththe toolstoassesstheperformanceofSSLsourcesandappropriatestandardsofperformancethatcan beusedbygovernmentsasthebasisforpolicymeasurestoensurethequalityofSSL. TheIEASSLwillgatherexpertsfrom15countries,fromtestinglaboratoriesandlightingindustryto: 1) establishbestpossibletestingmethodologiesworldwide,throughclosecollaborationof laboratoriesinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia. 2) organizetraceabilityofSSLperformance 3) proposeprocedureforaccreditationoflabs 4) proposesuiteofperformancevaluestobeadoptedbygovernmentswithinpolicymeasures (fromproposalMarcFontoynont,march2010). 4. Productissuesareaddressedonagloballevel,butatthemomentapplicationandperceptionissuesas presentedandbroughtforwardbytheparticipants(flicker,maintenance,spectraldistribution,glare,) seemtobedealtwithonalocallevel. CIEcanplayacoordinatingroleinthis.ThiscouldbetakenintoconsiderationintheworkofDivision 3andDivision4(e.g.TC350andpossiblyTC447).

5. IndustryanduserawarenessoftherealisticapplicationofLEDsisvital.Remainingquestionsanddoubts amongstthepublicneedtobeaddressed AjointresponsibilityofCIE,industry,DOE,CELMAandotherorganizations

Conclusion
TherearenumberofactivitiesstartedwithinCIE,whichplayaroletobringtheLEDqualitytopicfurther. LookingatthefastdevelopmentofLEDtechnology,thereisanurgentneedforspeedinallactivitiesandexperts /volunteersforsuchactivities.

BackgroundinformationabouttheWorkshop
ThisworkshoptookplaceonWednesdayMarch17,2010,from15:00to16:30h,withintheframeworkofCIE ConferenceonLightingQuality&EnergyEfficiencyinVienna,Austria. Inputfromtheparticipantswasobtainedinthediscussion,aswellasbymeansofresponsecardssee AppendixA.ThemajorityoftheresponsesisincludedintothisreportoftheWorkshop.Veryspecificquestions orquestionsoutsidethescopeofthisworkshopwereansweredwitharesponsesmailtotheparticipant directly. Minutetaker:PeterThorns Sessionchairandfinalreport:Dr.MartineKnoop

Appendix1:ResponseoftheaudiencethroughResponsecards

Issuerelatedto: lifetime/energyefficiency/directedlight/smallsource/brightness/spectrum other:

Issue: Activityrelatedto: lifetime/energyefficiency/directedlight/smallsource/brightness/spectrum other:

Activityrequired/activityrunning:

IDENTIFICATIONOFTHEISSUES

Name: Email:
TACKLINGTHEPROBLEM

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Generaltopics 1. Weneedextensive+cleardefinitionsofterms,onaninternationallevel Lifetimeissues: 2. AtL70weneedtoreplaceboard+LEDdriver.Willyouhaveawarningsign:flashonceperweek,red LEDintheboard,illuminatedbyseparatecircuit,etc?(Dontrecommendthatweextinguishthe luminaireatL70!) 3. LEDsatL70havereachedendoflife;however,anLEDdoesnotdieatL70,butcontinuestodegrade. WhatwilltheuserdointermsofreplacementsincetheLEDsystemwillcontinuetooperate?Tolerance oflumensand/orCCTeitherbinningoflumenorCCT,tolerancewithinbinningsample 4. MaintenanceofLEDorLEDluminaire.Withalifetimeofupto50000hrsandalumenoutputlossofup to70%anddirtintheluminairewhatshouldtheLMF(LLMF)be? 5. Lifetimeteststandardsandpracticalpossibilitiesaremainlylimitedtonominal/ambientconditionsand for6000h.LEDsarebecomingbetterandmorestable notmuchchangesovermeasurementtimecan beobserved.Productandtechnologychangeissofastthatallthetimewhengoodlifetimedatais available,theproductispossiblynotlongeronthemarket. Application/perceptionissues 6. Flickerwhendimming:byPWMtheremightbeperceptibleflickereffects? 7. FlickerfromLEDsappearstobesignificantissue;whywasthisnotdiscussed?

8. Discomfortglareisrelatedtopointbrilliance,notveilingluminance,theratioofsourcetobackground luminance,andspectralcharacteristics,buttheLEDindustryseemstobeignoringthesepublished criteria. 9. DoesthediscolorationofchipscompromisetheTcandtheenergyefficiencyoftheLEDs? 10. Forexampleglareandglarerestriction(discomfortglare).Whynotuselamp/luminairesstandardsfor generallighting? pickedupinTC350 11. TheLEDonlyisasmallsourceifonelooksonthechiponly.HighbrightnessLEDsneedcoolingdevices, whichmakesthesystemnotsmallerthanclassicslampsystems!Whataboutefficiency?! 12. Brightnessluminanceratiodiscomfortglare Brightness/luminanceisanoldquestionthatgotnewdimensionwiththeintroductionof"whitelight" lightsources.DiscomfortglarejustaspointedoutbyWoutvanBommelinhisclosingpaper(Herea totallynewglareevaluationsystemisneededasthepresentsystemshavebeendevelopedfor circumstancestotallydifferentfromsolidstatelighting.)issomethingwewillhavetorevisit. 13. IaminterestingespeciallyaboutapplicationswithusingLEDluminaires/LightingQualityParameter/ lightdistributiondiagrams 14. IsthespectraldistributionofLEDsvs.continuousspectrumanissueoranadvantageforLEDs?Isit understoodandwhataretheimpactsonCRIand/ortheperceptionofqualityoflight 15. Thresholdsandtolerancelimitsofinuniformitywithinluminairesandbetweenthem binning 16. Basicsofdynamic 17. Basicsofflicker 18. PresentdimmersdonotworkwellwithLEDs 19. IpRGC qualityoflight LEDProductquality 20. Isacceleratedlifetestreliable? 21. DontknowhowtoguaranteeLEDproductspurchasedaresatisfactoryinperformance,i.e.specification issue 22. InamatrixofLEDs,necessarytoobtainhighluminousflux,havebeenaminimaldistanceestablishto fixedtheLEDsinordertotheydontinterferenceeachother?Orisitnotimportantifthechipsarevery near?DoesthelifetimeoftheLEDchipsdependonthedistancewhichtheyareinstalled? 23. IsitpossibletojoinawhiteLEDwithamonochromaticLEDthatemitsabout480500nminorderto completetheemittedspectrumbythewhiteLED?Doanystudiesexistaboutthistopic? Measurement 24. LEDlifetimeaccelerationtestmethod 25. CRI/CCT:whichisthebestsetupformeasuringCRIandcolortemperatureofLEDsarrays Activityrequired: 26. Realfieldmeasuring.Studiesforcomparisonofdifferentlightinginstallations(aboutglare,costanalysis) 27. CIE/IECneedtorecommenduseofstandardizedtestingmethodologies(e.g.LM79forintegrallamps+ luminaires) 28. Specifiers/performancecriteria/regulationsinallcountriesneedtorequireresultsfromstandardized testing

29. JointeffortsofdimmingindustryandLEDbulbindustrytodevelopnewstandards 30. AjointresearchprogramonacceleratedtestingmethodsforLEDsshouldbelaunchedwiththegoalto establishaviabletestsetupandmodelforacceleratedlifetimetesting. Runningactivities 31. LEDlightinginpublicspacesoutdoor:evaluationofLEDinstallationsinandenduserperspective.EU financedproject,SouthBalticRegion,over3yearsstartedSeptember2009