Nano-photonics Course material

Reference: 1. Nanophotonic by Paras N. Prasad, Wiley Interscience, 2004, USA 2. Photonic Crystals: Molding the flow of Light by John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N.Winn, Robert D. Meade April 17, 2007 3. Nanooptics By Sotoshi Kawata, Motichi Ohtsu, Masahiro Irie, Springer Verlag 2002 4. Optical Nanotechnology by J. Tominga and DP Tsai, Springer 2003 5. Principles of Nano-Optics by Lukas Novotny, BertHecht, Cambridge University Press 2006. 6. Electromagnetic Metametrials: Transmission Line Theory by Christoophe Caloz, Tatsuo Itoh, Wiley IEEE Press 2005

WHAT DIFFERENTIATES

ELECTRON from PHOTON

1. Electron is a Charged particle 2. Photon is a Non-charged particle 3. Electron has mass associated with it. 4. Photon is a mass-less particle 5. Both behave as a Particle and as Wave. 6. Both are governed by EM theory but their behaviors are different 7. Electron Wave is a Vector propagation under field and therefore has vector field while Photon is a Scalar Propagation therefore has Vector field associated with it and both move in 3-D. 8. Electron is defined by 3 components viz. frequency or wavelength, amplitude (as voltage or current) and phase. 9. Photon has 4 components viz. frequency or wavelength, amplitude (as power), phase and polarization. 10.Electron wave up to 300GHZ is bipolar and after that it becomes unipolar. When it becomes unipolar it is called Electronic Photon. 11.Photon is always Unipolar. 12.Electrons posses SPIN, and their distributions are defined by FERMI-DIRAC Statistics and therefore are called FERMIONS 13.Photons do not have SPIN therefore their distribution is governed by Bose Einstein statistics and are therefore called BOSONS. 14.Electrons being charged particles get guided within vacuum or any media only under electric field, while photons being non-charged particle, need a dielectric medium for guidance. 15. Electron has smaller De-Broglie wave-length and Photon has a longer De-Broglie wave-length.

5B

1 fffffffffff ` a5

` a fffff B B r = B r for optical wave c ` a

e2

O F = C F where C is an eigen value and is given by

and O is the Eigen function

fffff c

e2

THE DENSITY OF STORAGE ACHIEVABLE WITH Nanophotonics devices

NANOPHOTONICS works BEYOND the DIFFRACTION LIMIT or is DIFFRACTION FREE, where the x < and k x 1 and k is the UNCERTAINITY in the wave number k . It is this characteristics that enable HIGH RESOLUTION and HIGH FREQUENCY OPERATIONS.

When the incident light radiation WAVELENGTH is greater than the PARTICLE SIZE Electric Dipoles are formed at every diffraction point which explains the DIFFRACTION FREE transmission as OPTICAL NEAR FIELD Radiation. 1. The radiated NEAR FIELD is independent of the phase of the incoming incident light. 2. Therefore the SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION and DECAY LENGTH of the Optical Near Field Energy does not depend on the WAVELENGTH of the incident light but on the size, conformation and the structure of the particle.

REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETICS and MAXWELLs EQUATIONS

The basic set of FOUR Maxwells equations for Propagation through Dielectric Medium when written in the CGS units are as follows:
5 A =0 B 5 A = 4 D 1 D ffff ffffffffff 5 x E +j k =0 c t
i 1k D j ffff ffffffffff= 0 5 xH@ h h i

..(1)

E and H are the Electric and Magnetic Field Vectors, D and B are the Electric and Magnetic Flux Density Vectors and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. is the charge density. Assuming that the Electromagnetic Energy is propagating in the medium with fluctuating dielectric constant and there are no sources of light within the Dielectric Medium then =0 .

The medium is linear for small field strengths and dielectric constant also remains same. Further assuming a loss in isotropic medium, is considered real and a scalar quantity. It is independent of the operating frequency. With these assumptions, the Electric Field E and Electric Flux Density D are related as
D r = r E r
` a ` a ` a

..(2)

Thus is a function of space within the Micro-structured systems. For most of the dielectrics the magnetic permeability is very close to unity and hence
B =H

..(3)

The 1st Equation above can be written as

5 A r,t = 0 H
` a b

5 A r E r,t = 0
b c h

b c i H r,t 1 ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff ffff 5 xE r,t +j k =0 ` a ffffffffffffff l E r,t m r k ffffffffffffffffffffffffff j j k =0 5 xH r,t @ c t b c h

ih

..(4)

ci

In this, the field vectors E and H are assumed to be the functions of time and space, i.e. t and r. Let the time dependency be denoted by an exponential function such as
H r,t = H r e j w t
b c ` a

.(5) Substituting the above in the previous equation we have

5A r =0 H ` a ` a 5 A r E r =0 j k ` a ffffffff 5 x E r +j H r =0 c
` a h i
` a

E r,t = E r,t e j w t

.(6)

j k ` a j ffffffff E r = 0 5 xH r @ c
` a

The last TWO equations of (6) in the above set of four equations can be manipulated to decouple each other to get equations entirely in H(r) or E(r) as follows
f g2 1 ` a ` a J ffffffffffffff5 xH r K = L ffff M J KH r 5 x ` a r c I @jc K ` a ffffffffffffffffffff E r =J ` a 5 xH r ` a H H I H I

(7)

.(8)

Equation (7) above is a complex differential equation which gives the harmonic mode in a mixed dielectric medium. If the operation of taking ` a the Curl, dividing by r and again taking the Curl is attributed to a complex operation defined as operator ,then
H r =
` a
2 V W ffff

H r

` a

..(9)
2 V W ffff

Thus the result of operator H(r) with multiplying it by a constant IN DIELECTRIC MEDIA
c

is leaving it as it is and

as it Eigen Vector.