Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Structure of atoms

6.1 The wave nature of light

Electromagnetic Radiation (E.R) = Radiant Energy Spectrum of E.R. Includes visible light.

ROYGB V (40-75) or 4 quarters - 3 quarters

Electromagnetic radiation moves in periodic (repetitive) waves. - C = Speed of Light (S.O.L) = 3.00 x 108 m/s for ALL electromagnetic radiations. = meters (m) = Hz = S or /s Cycles of 1 full passing a given point. o C = , the inverse relationship btwn: on the E.R. The higher is, shorter is (x-ray) The lower is, longer is (radio)

6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons

Quantum: Fixed amount & smallest quantity of energy (E.) that can be emitted/absorbed as E.R. E. of a single quantum:
Give it some thought: The temperature of stars is gauged by their colors. Red stars have lower temperature than blue-white stars. Hows this temperature scale consistent with Planks assumption? (Answer on next page!)

Plancks constant:

J-s

Answer: As temp. increases, average energy of emitted radiation increases. Bluewhites s are shorter than reds, so it has a higher frequency, is more energetic, and is consistent with high temperatures.

Radiant E. acts like a stream of energy packets called photons*. Photoelectric effect: When photons of high enough energy strike a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal. Radiant E. itself is quantized Energy of a photon: - E. can only emit/ absorb in chunks of , , .

* To better understand photons, check out pg. 217.

6.3 Quantized Energy and Photons

- Single wavelength = monochromatic (lasers) Its more common to see many different wavelengths coming from a radiant source (R S ) than monochromatically. 2 Types of spectrums Continuous Spectrums: Are many different wavelengths (think back to the E.R.s visible light), just separating the radiation from those R.S.s into their separate categories. Line Spectrums: Contain radiation of only one specific wavelength. Rydberg equation finds the wavelengths of all the spectral lines of hydrogen: ( )( )

Breakdown: spectral lines wavelength m-1 n1 < n2 Bohrs postulates* for his model: 1) Only orbits of certain radii, matching to certain definite energies, are permitted for the electron in a hydrogen atom. 2) An electron (e-) in a permitted orbit has a specific E and is in an allowed energy state An electron in an allowed energy state will not radiate energy and therefore will not spiral into the nucleus.

3) Energy is emitted/absorbed by the e- only as the e- changes from one allowed E. state to another. This is E. emitted or absorbed as a photon, . The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom Bohrs formula for the Energy States of hydrogen: ( )( ) ( )( )

Integer n is called the principle quantum number. - Each orbit corresponds to a different value of n. - Radius gets large as n. - The e- in hydrogen can be in any allowed orbit. - Bohrs formula tells us is the energy that the electron will have based on which orbital it is in. n = 1 is also known as the ground state. What if n n = 2 or more is called an excited state.

? Bohrs formula would ultimately become , since its getting infinitely smaller

Called the zero-energy state and its higher than the states with negative energies

For e- to jump to a higher E. state, the energy must be absorbed. (Higher n value) For e- to jump to a lower E. state, the energy must be emitted. (Lower n value)

, Change is
E

This is applied to the following to find the change ( ) in E: E h ( )( )

*Definition of a Postulate: to assume or suggest that something is true or exists, especially as the basis of an argument or theory.