Analytical

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

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Analytical

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity

indicative of the margin of error in a measurement reflects the accuracy and precision of given equipment or instrument last digit is always an uncertain number

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Analytical

Guidelines for Significant figures

Any nonzero digit is significant
Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant Zeroes to left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. Numbers that do not contain decimal point, the trailing zeroes may or may not be significant. Use scientific notation to indicate number of significant figures. If a number is >1, then all zeroes written to the right of the decimal point are significant

1.00 g = 1 sf ,

2.0 mL= 2 sf,

0.090 = 2 sf

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Analytical

Rounding of numbers
number of digits to be retained must be done only on final answer add 1 if number to be dropped is = or > 5
Addition and subtraction:
Answer follows least number of digits to right of decimal point of original numbers

Multiplication and Division

Answer follows the number of digits of the original number with least number of significant figures

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Analytical

Exercise

1. Write each answer with the correct number of digits.

a) 12.3 1.63 = ? b) 4.34 x 9.2 = ? c) (26.14/3.38) + 4.2 = ? d) log (3.98 x 104 = ?

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Analytical

Solution
1. Write each answer with the correct number of digits. a) 12.3 1.63 = 10.7 b) 4.34 x 9.2 = 40 or 4.0 x 101

c) (26.14/3.38) + 4.2 = 11.9 d) log (3.98 x 104 ) = 4.60

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Analytical

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution

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Analytical

SOLUTION
Solute solid
liquid gas

Solvent solid
liquid gas

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Analytical

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
expressed in terms of :

percent (%) parts per million (ppm) molarity normality

molality density and specific gravity

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Analytical

PERCENT (%)
amount of solute in solution (solvent + solute)

weight percent volume percent weight/volume percent mole percent

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Analytical

PERCENT (%)
weight of solute % weight x 100 weight of solution
% volume volume of solute x 100 volume of solution

weight weight of solute x 100 volume volume of solution

# mole of solute % mole x 100 # mole solute solvent

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Analytical

PARTS PER MILLION

mass of substance ppm x 10 6 mass of sample

Units: g/mL, mg/L

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Analytical

MOLARITY (M)
moles of solute millimolesof solute M litersof solution mL of solution

weight of solute moles molar mass

Be consistent with units used: grams, moles, liter or mg, mmole, mL

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Analytical

NORMALITY (N)

refers to the number of equivalents of solute in liter solution use for reduction-oxidation processes

N = nM, n = number of electrons loss or gain

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Analytical

MOLALITY (m)
number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg (1000 g) of solvent

moles of solute m kg of solvent

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Analytical

DENSITY (d)
mass of object divided by its volume

m d V
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Unit: g/mL

density substance specific gravity density water at 4o C

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Analytical

Exercise

Find the concentration of a 37.0 wt% HCl with a specific gravity of 1.19. Express concentration in a) molarity b) molality c) normality and d) ppm

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Analytical

Solution
Density = 1.19g/mL % wt = 37.0 % HCl
a) M = moles/L = 4.40 x 102 g HCl/L / 36.46 g/mol = 12.1 M

mass of HCl/L = (1.19 x 103 g soln/L soln) (37g HCl/100g soln)

= 4.40 x 102 g HCl/L b) N = nM = 1 x 12.1 M = 12.1 N

c) m = 1.015 / (100 37) x 1 kg/1000 g = 16.1 m

mass HCl = 37.0 g / 36.46 g/mol = 1.015 d) ppm = 4.40 x 102 g HCl/L x 1000 mg/g = 4.40 x 105 ppm

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Analytical

Preparation of Solution

Cconc x Vconc = Cdil x Vdil

where

C = concentration

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Analytical

Stoichiometry
quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction

calculation involving balanced chemical reaction

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Analytical

Exercise

Determine the stoichiometric realtionship in the given equation

C6H12O6 + 02

CO2 + H2O

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Analytical

Solution

C6H12O6 + 602
1 mole
1 equivalents

6CO2 + 6H2O
6 moles
6 equivalents

6 moles
6 equivalents

6 moles
6 equivalents

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Analytical

Exercise
Given the chemical reaction:

C6H12O6 + 602

6CO2 + 6H2O

a) What weight of C6H12O6 in g is needed to produce 20.5 mg of CO2.

b) How much of CO2 in g is produced from 80.2 g of O2.

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