Important Concepts and Definitions: 1) Lens: A lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by two curved surfaces which are

generally spherical. 2) Convex Lens: a. Thicker in the middle b. Thinner at the periphery c. Light beam converges on passing through it 3) Concave Lens: a. Thicker at the periphery b. Thinner at the middle c. Light beam diverges on passing through it 4) Centre of curvature: The centre of the sphere, whose part is the lens surface, is called the centre of curvature of that surface of the lens. C1 and C2 are the centres of curvature 5) Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere of which the part is the lens surface, is called the radius of curvature of that surface of lens. PC1 and PC2 are the two radii of curvature. If the lens is thin, then PC1 = OC1 and PC2 =OC2 (similarly for concave lens) 6) Principal axis: It is the line joining the centre of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens. C1C2 is the principal axis 7) Optical centre: It is a point on the principal axis of the lens such that a ray of light passing through this point emerges parallel to its direction of incidence. O is the optical centre 8) Optical centre of a thin lens: It is the point on the principal axis of the lens through which a ray of light passes undeviated. 9) First focal point: For a convex lens, the first focal point is a point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such that the rays of light starting from it or passing through it, after refraction through the lens, become parallel to the principal axis of the lens. For a concave lens, first focal point is a point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such that the incident rays of light appearing to meet at it, after refraction through the lens, become parallel to the principal axis of the lens.

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First focal length: The distance from the optical centre O of the lens to its first focal point F1 is called the first focal length of the lens. It is denoted as F1 First focal plane: A plane passing through the first focal point and normal to the principal axis of the lens is called the first focal plane. Second focal point: For a convex lens, the second focal point is a point F2 on the principal axis of the lens such that the rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from the lens, pass through it. In a convex lens the refracted rays converge and they do actually meet therefore, it is also called as converging lens. For a concave lens, second focal point is a point F2 on the principal axis of the lens such that the rays of light incident parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from the lens, appear to be diverging from this point. In concave lens, refracted rays diverge and do not actually meet. On producing the rays backward they appear to meet, therefore, concave lens is also called a diverging lens.

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Second focal length: The distance from the optical centre O of the lens to the second focal point F2 is called the second focal length f2 of the lens. Second focal plane: A plane passing through the second focal point and normal to the principal axis of the lens is called the second focal plane. Power of a lens: The power of a lens is a measure of deviation produced by it in the path of rays refracted through it.

16) Image formation using convex lens: No. Position of object Characteristics of image Nature of image Position of image Real/ Erect/ Diminished virtual Inverted / Enlarged 1 At infinity Real Inverted Highly At the principal focus (f2) on Diminished the other side of the lens. 2 Beyond 2F1 Real Inverted Diminished Between F2 and 2F2 on the other side of the lens 3 At 2F1 Real Inverted Same size At 2F2 on the other side of the lens 4 Between F1 and 2F1 Real Inverted Magnified Beyond 2F2 on the other side of the lens 5 At principal focus (F1) Real Inverted Highly At infinity on the other side. magnified 6 Between principal Virtual Erect Magnified On the same side, behind the focus (F1) and optical object. centre 17) Image formation using concave lens: No. Position of object Characteristics of image formation Nature of image Position of image Real/ Erect/ Diminished virtual Inverted / Enlarged 1 At infinity Virtual Erect Highly At the focus, on the same side Diminished of the lens as the object 2 At any position Virtual Erect Diminished Between the focus and optical between infinity and centre, on the same side of optical centre the lens as the object. 18) 19) A concave lens always produces a virtual, erect and diminished image of the real object. Difference between real image and virtual image Real image Virtual image A real image is formed due to actual A virtual image is formed when the refracted intersection of refracted (or reflected) rays. (or reflected) rays meet only if they are

produced backwards. A real image can be obtained on a screen. A virtual image cannot be obtained on a screen. A real image is inverted with respect to the A virtual image is erect with respect to the object. object. Examples: the image of a distinct object Examples: The image of an object formed by a formed by a convex lens. concave lens. 20) Difference between convex lens and concave lens Convex lens

Concave lens

It is thick in the middle and thin at its periphery. It converges the incident rays towards the principal axis. It has a real focus. 21)

It is thin in the middle and thick at its periphery. It diverges the incident rays away from the principal axis. It has a virtual focus.

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Basics for constructing ray diagrams for lenses (convex and concave): a. From each point of an object, there can be several rays in all direction b. A ray of light from the object, incident on the lens gets refracted obeying laws of refraction c. At least two rays from the same point on the object need to be constructed to form the image d. The nature of the path of these two rays after refraction need to be known to us e. The point where these two rays meet or appear to meet is the image of the object f. Images can be obtained of many such points on the object g. These images together will form the full image of the object h. For any object for which ray diagram has to be drawn i. Two rays need to be chosen from the same point on the object j. The rays to be chosen should be: k. Passing though the optical centre or l. Passing through the focus and incident on the lens or m. Parallel to the principal axis and incident on the lens n. If one of the possible rays mentioned above cannot be chosen practically the other two rays can be chosen Rules for constructing ray diagrams for lenses (convex and concave): (i) A ray of light incident at the optical centre of the lens passes undeviated through the lens.

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(iii)

A ray of light incident parallel to the principal axis of the lens, after refraction from the lens passes through the second focus F2 (in a convex lens) or appears to come from the second focus F2 (in a concave lens) A ray of light passing through the first focus F1 (in a convex lens) or directed towards the first focus F1 (in a concave lens), emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.