PROJECT REPORT MULTI-MODAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - AS GREEN INITIATIVES

ABSTRACTEstablishment of quality focused multi modal public transport system in urban areas is the requirement of time. Multiple agencies, multiple jurisdiction and multiple disciplines are responsible for planning, design and operation of transport as they are independent but are highly interdependent. Hence, a well designed and coordinated multi modal public transport is required in urban areas to provide efficient mobility. Multi modal public transport is an integrated system of road, rail, air, water based transport and other new transit systems. Roads and railways are two major modes of transport in the country. Water based transport facilities are limited due to location of particular area and are particularly famous for pleasure trips. In addition, the transport sector account for a large and growing proportion of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.It is important to reduce the use of automobiles. One of the steps could be to increase the use of public transport and reduce the need for private vehicles. This report includes the various roles of MMPTS as Green Initiative, its various projects, various MMPTS services in INDIA and government initiatives to promote their uses.

CONTENTS
1.) 2.) INTRODUCTION MODES OF TRANSPORT a) MULTI MODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM (MMPTS) b) ROLE OF MMPTS

c) d) e) f)

URBAN TRANSPORTATION DEMAND COMPONENT OF INTRACITY TRANSPORT LINKAGES ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION : ROLE OF TRANSPORT

3.) DESIGN APPROACH 4.) USE OF MMPTS IN INDIA 5.) CONSTITUENTS OF MMPTS, DELHI & THEIR ROLE AS GREEN INITIATOR a) METRO SERVICES b) BUS SERVICES c) OTHER MODES 6.) PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES 7.) GREEN URBAN TRANSPORT : GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES a) GREEN FUEL b) PERSONAL RAPID TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (Pod) 8.) CONCLUSION 9.) REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION OF MMPTS
Transport has brought a major change in the life of people making the distances barriers free for movement of goods and people. Transport sector has greatly influenced the economy of society and catalyzed the urban growth. But it is also acting as a degrading element for the environment. Environmentalists are now concerned about the growth of the vehicular population and pollution they are going to

add with every mile driven. It is time for planners to think about how balance could be maintained between degradation of environment and urban growth. Single occupant driven private vehicles are maximum in number; they occupy a lot of space on the roads and parking lots and with lesser efficiency in number of passengers commuted. Many people in metropolitan areas have to use different modes of transportation systems in daily intra-city journey. Because of complicated, compacted and dynamic networks of public transportation in metropolitan areas, common mass have to face many problems to find the best routes based on cost, time, and mode of transportation. Over the past decade the world has witnessed strategic considerable developments. The movement toward globalization and trade liberalization paralleled by the revolution in information and communications technologies is materializing and driving more countries toward global economic integration. National borders are increasingly disappearing and trade barriers are dismantled. Progressively, these developments required changes in the type and quality of transport and logistics services and infrastructure. Therefore, new patterns of provision and management of transport have emerged. (2)

2. MODE OF TRANSPORT
A range of modes are available to commute on, above and below the ground to reach any destination. The mode chosen by a person depends on a range of parameters as shown below. Multi Modal Public Transport (MMPT) relates to single trip consisting of combination of modes i.e. vehicle modes (bus, metro, car, etc.) or service modes (private/public) between which the commuter has to make a transfer .In fact, it provides multiple choices to enable a trip to be performed in the most convenient manner but the critical requirement of the whole system is integration of modes at various level. The various characteristics of MMTS are as follows: Trips involve more than one mode. Use of different modes of transport at different opportunities. Policy principle not to stick to one single mode.

 Development of seamless web of integrated transport chains, linking road, rail and water ways. Competition between transporters instead of between transport modes. Seamless travel an important characteristic of the system. The Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India ( 2006) formulated National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 with the broad objective to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for the growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within cities. One of the methods to achieve such objectives is to enabling the establishment of quality focused MULTI MODAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS that are well integrated, providing seamless travel across modes (1)

Furthermore, multi modal oriented design concept considers the following elements: Mixed land use characteristics Building design and orientation. Pedestrian movement. Vehicle parking. Mobility friendly environment Interchange and seamless travel.

2.1 Multi-modal transport system (1)

Combination of modes to link any origin or destination is defined as multi-modal transport system. Thus components of MMPTS are The components of multi modal transport system comprises of the following: Rail facilities Bus facilities Water facilities Air facilities Passenger waiting area

 Commercial facilities Ticketing offices Parking facilities Vertical and horizontal passenger link. It integrates different geographical scales from the global to the local. With the development of new modal and intermodal infrastructure, urban regions have a growing accessibility to the international market. Inter-modal Passenger Transport involves more than one mode of transport for passengers. Some modes of transportation have always depended on other modes; they are to be connected with local streets. Urban bus systems generally serve train and subway stations and often extends to local airports. A major goal of modern inter-modal passenger transport in developed countries is to reduce dependence on the automobile as a major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. In the developing countries a variety of modes of transport are used. When these modes are run on the same track they retard the efficiency. The system can otherwise help improve the efficiency if managed properly where local bodies have defined tracks for them. This multi modal system can be helpful for the cities which have a fast rate of urbanization and population is nearing one million mark. India is experiencing fast growth of urban population and 35 cities are million plus according to the 2001 Census. With this speed we have to take care of the transport system, which is the lifeline of a growing city. At this time, the cities have space to design traffic corridors, which will be difficult when the problem is aggravated due to unplanned growth. Present census indicates the growth of newly made million plus cities as the growth center with economic opportunities.

2.2 Role of Multi Modal Transport System

A multimodal transport system integrates different geographical scales from the global to the local. With the development of new modal and inter-modal infrastructure, urban regions have a growing accessibility to the international market. The change in mode is required at the junctions where you change from inter-city to intra-city travel or from national to local, etc.

2.3 Urban Transport Demand

People in urban areas have to commute within cities and between cities. The movement between the cities is inter-city and have proper terminus for road rail and air traffic. Movement of public in a city revolves around three major origins and destinations namely work place, residence and market. The trips generated amongst them are 80 percent of the total trips.

2.4 Components of Intra-City Transport

Land use alone may not be enough to justify the need for a transportation facility i.e. road, bridge, recreational trails, bicycle pedestrian trails, airport access, etc. Before a facility can be developed, the transportation planning analysis process must show that a need exists based on impact on one or more of the following areas of concern. Social and economic development Health and safety Environmental concerns Tourism concern Development of natural resources

2.5 Linkages
Linkages change according to scale and growth pattern of the city. Single nuclei city needs to be connected from the central core area to the peri-urban. Multi nuclei city needs all the nuclei to be connected with each other and further form the web.

2.6 Environmental Degradation: Role of Transport

The transport sector is the second largest consumer of energy next only to industry. The relationship between transport and emissions in India is established via the use of fossil fuels. The linkage between transport and the environment is particularly visible in the urban transport sector due to the dominance of

road transport. In addition, the transport sector accounts for a large and growing proportion of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The pollution caused by vehicles due to combustion in the engines is in the form of suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and lead. It is important to reduce the use of automobiles. One of the steps could be to increase the use of public transport and reduce the need for private vehicles.(3)

FIGURE - I

3.)Design Approach
Multi modal transport system involves modal shift from private mode to public mode and vice versa. The modal change occurs at the point where public mode is to be alighted. Generally, MMT station acts as an interchange node. A good multi modal transport system aims at achieving efficiency by the coordinated use of different modes with the following objectives: To facilitate and improve passenger interface.

 To reinforce passenger/operators/developers focal point. To provide flexibility in the use of alternative mode choice. To evolve non-competing, coordinated system of various modes. A design approach is required to integrate all these components for evolving of efficient transport system. It includes assessment of various parameters related to passenger movement, functional requirements of whole system, existing facilities and operation conditions, etc and their projection for future demand and supply. (9)

4.). Use of Multi Modal Transport System in INDIA 4.1 Hyderabad

In Hyderabad, MMTS includes local train service in the city. It is operational since 2003, an associate of south central railway and is presently running 84 services per day, covering 27 stations. The first phase covers the distance of 43 kms at a cost of Rs173 crores. Transportation in Hyderabad constitutes 1) MMTS Stations 2) RAILWAY Stations The Falaknuma- Hyderabad is a rapid transit service of MMTS of Hyderabad and it covers 17 stations. There is a combined pass issued by the state owned Road Transport Corporation and MMTS. Hence, purchasing a single pass allows traveling by the bus as well as the train. (9), (1)

4.2 Delhi
Delhi has experienced a lot of pollution in the yesteryears whereby for the first time anywhere the country, public transport system was converted to CNG driven vehicles in such a short time span. This reduced the air pollution levels to some extent even with the increase in the vehicular population. The increased traffic has reduced the speed of the movement of the passengers wasting a considerable amount of time and money commuting the daily work place. Delhi Master Plan, 2021 speaks of the major projects which should ease the traffic situation in Delhi. These projects include

the Integrated Multi-Modal Transport System - the metropolitan, Ring Rail, HighCapacity Bus System and IRBT. These have also been identified in the NCR Boards Regional Plan. Delhi Master Plan, 2021 also stresses that district and community centers should be developed along major transport corridors and networks. Despite measures by way of increasing the length of road networks and road surface space through widening, construction of a number of flyovers, grade separators and by launching Delhi Metro (which is estimated to carry 1.25 lakhs passengers per day), the traffic congestion has continued to increase unabated. This has its inevitable consequences in terms of accidents, pollution, increased commuting time, and wasteful energy and fuel consumption. (2)

5.)Constituents of MMPTS, DELHI and their role in Green Initiative 1) Metro services Delhi metro has become the 1st railway project in the world to be registered by UN under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which will enable it to claim Carbon Credits. (4) Under the project, DMRC will earn Certified Emission Reduction(CERs) for the use of regenerative braking system in its rolling stock under which, on the application of brakes the kinematic energy so released starts a machine known as Converter- Inverter (CI) With smaller inter-station distances, Metro operation is essentially of start/stop nature. Due to frequent acceleration & de-acceleration requirements, energy demand is very high. Traction accounts for about 60-80% of total energy consumption in a Metro system but by using intelligent blending of regenerative and pneumatic braking, optimization of energy recovery as well as accurate control of train movement can be achieved. In addition to saving of electricity, regenerative braking provides additional benefits in form of lesser wear of wheel and brake pads. If efficiently employed, this system helps to reduce heat load inside tunnel and thus reduce Air Conditioning load.

It helps in mitigating Global Warming by way of reducing carbon emissions due to reduced electricity requirements from grid. Metros have taken several energy saving initiatives like regenerative braking, rationalization of trains during off peak hours, building energy management etc. Quantum of energy regenerated varies from 5% in Hong Kong KCRC to 30% in Lisbon Metro and 34% in Delhi Metro. Regenerated energy is mostly used by other trains powering in the network. Some metros have used this for feeding station loads and even stored in flywheels. The return of power to utility is rarely done and is limited on account of financial arrangement with power utility as well as quality of power. (6)

Reference #5 Technically, it is possible to recover energy in dc catenary system also. As long as energy is consumed within the railway operators network, there is no issue, else additional dc-ac converter is required at substation before it can be fed back to power utility. It was attempted on Central Railway long back without much success. It will result in overvoltage, if not used by other trains. Option of ac traction with state of art VVVF drive gives seamless recovery of energy during braking.(5)

2) Bus services- (10)

It is one of the main mode as it is widely spread and connected by road network and recently, new CNG-Electric Hybrid Buses were introduced by Delhi Transport Corporation.

CNG-Electric hybrid Tata Star Bus manufactured by Tata Motors is a result of

alternate fuel technologies, including electric vehicles and is powered by a parallel hybrid engine comprising of an internal combustion.

CNG engine and an electric motor using regenerative energy system offers sustainable improvement in fuel economy and thus leads to lower CO2 emission contributing to more environment-friendly commercial passenger transportation applications. (7)

3) Bicycle & walking- are basically access and egress modes to public transport. In
order to promote these modes Delhi Cycling Club launched Heritage Ride in Sept. 2007. it promotes cycling as environmental friendly and healthy mode for short trips and creates awareness amongst the people about the rich heritage & monuments of Delhi. Climate bicycle & bus ride is a two year program launched in June 2009 to raise awareness about climate change and green house gas emissions amongst the public.

6.) PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES (8)

Cycle for Hire Scheme at Delhi Metro- encourages the people to use
bicycle for short distance at Delhi metro & nearby area with nominal charges.

Pool Cycle to Pedal in Bengaluru- the ministry of urban development is

planning to introduce the concept of pool cycle in garden city which will be operated by private agencies & NGOs. Bicycles will be stationed at important points like Bus stand , parks etc. and bicycles will be given on rent with nominal fees. The system which exists in France is being tried in Bengaluru on pilot basis. (3)

Bengaluru Bus Day- event started by BMTC on 4th day of each month
starting from Feb 2010 with objective to encourage more people to take the bus on that day instead of their private vehicle. On this day feedbacks are also taken for the further development in public transport system.

7.)Green Urban Transport: Govt. Initiatives (10) Green fuel - the Euro IV or Bharat stage IV is the countrys most environmental
friendly fuel and India's largest step toward green vehicles as it is mandatory in most of the metro cities across the country as they are expected to

translate into less pollution better mileage of vehicle owing to lower quantity of sulphur in diesel. Cost of the fuel is slightly high and varies according to taxes across the states.

Personal Rapid Transit System (11)

Recently, the government of Haryana proposed this project which facilitates the following features last mile connectivity 4-6 seated battery powered vehicle without a driver uses rubber wheels usually runs on elevated guide ways. The stations can be integrated into already existing buildings, facilitating direct entry into malls, hotels and offices.

estimated to be a Rs 5000 crores project in Gurgaon.

In Pod designs, vehicles are sized for individual or small group travel, typically carrying no more than 3-6 passengers per vehicle. Guide ways are arranged in a network topology, with all stations located on sidings, and with frequent merge/diverge points. This approach allows for nonstop, point-to-point travel, bypassing all intermediate stations. The point-to-point service has been compared to a taxi and a horizontal lift.(11)

8.) CONCLUSIONS
The sustainable MMPT requires integration of multiple modes with emphasis on mass rapid transit and non-motorized transport. Its success depends on network integration, unified ticketing system etc. Unified ticketing system must be based on affordability and socio-economic characteristic of mass users and for this co-ordination and co-operation among different transport authorities or operators is required. It is important to develop green modes both in terms of technology and infrastructure. It is estimated that green tyres (tyres with lower rolling resistance) increases fuel efficiency by 6% to 8%. Fuel choices for public transport must be based on environmental demand & efficiency and fuels like CNG, LPG, Bio-fuels etc. must be promoted by restricting CO2 emission norms.

Multi modal public transport is a correct option for a place like Delhi. It is widely spread in all directions and further growing. Million plus cities should have plan in which every part of the city is connected to fast modes of transportation. If there are frequent stoppages then the vehicle cannot pick up speed. Hence there is a need of para-transit modes which collect traffic and are easily approachable from all the corners in the city. These also facilitate easy movement of the public. This also helps to maintain the speed of fast moving modes and reduce the travel time and congestion on the roads. This will add to the effective working hours of the population and people can lead a healthy life. Mode selection will depend on how effectively parameters of selection of mode are fulfilled.

10.) REFERENCES
1.) Cst India(2008), transport in cities: India Indicators, EMBARQ (WRI centre for sustainable transportation), INDIA. 2.) Delhi Development Authority (2007), Master Plan of Delhi for 2021, Ministry of Urban Development(Delhi Division), New Delhi. 3.) Deccan Herald(2010), Pool Cycle to Pedal into City, November 32, 2010. 4.) DIMTS Ltd (2008), Integral Multi Modal Public Transit Project for MMPTS. 5.) Gupta, A.K. Energy Efficient System in Stations of Delhi Metro, New Delhi pp1-7. 6.) Joshi, S.S, Pandey, O.H., and Kumar, Arun (2009) Regenerative Braking In Metro Rolling Stock 7.) Govt. of India (2006), National Urban Transport Policy 2006, Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 8.) Indian Express, 2009. Taking to Pedal Delhiites choose an eco friendly saddle, New Delhi Edition dated 1st January. 9.) Kumar, Pawan, Kulkarni, S.Y. and Parida, M. (2009) Multi Modal Transportation System In Urban India: A Way forward toward Seamless Transport, Institution of Engineers (India), Civil Engineering Journal, Nov 2009, Vol 90, pp 13-18 . 10) www.wikipedia.org 11) Jain, Rekha, Dhote, K.K, Munoth, Navneet(2011) GREEN CITIES Design Planning and Management pp 35-49