Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Data :
It is a collection of facts and numbers. Data can be converted into information.
Information:
It is organized, arranged and processed data. It can also be converted into data.
Input unit:
This unit helps to get the data from external environment and converts to computer understandable form and transfer to computer system for further processing.
Output unit:
It interface the output part to human understandable form and transfer the converted form to output device.
Memory unit:
Basic function of memory unit is to sore data and instruction that operate on the data. This contains ROM, RAM and secondary storage .
Control unit:
This unit has to control and instruct all the other 4 units. It directs all the operations inside the computer.
Computer system:
computer system contains hardware component and software components. Hardware, equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage. Software on the other hand, is the set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game. These programs are usually stored and transferred via the computer's hardware to and from the CPU.
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The outside view of a computer system has many parts that make up its input unit,processing unit and output unit.It may be somewhat as shown in the figure.
FCPIT Lab File PORTS AND PANELS ON THE FRONT AND REAR SIDE PANELS:
Drives are housed in drive bays ,which are accessed in the front of the front of the case different panels are shown in the figure.
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Different types of ports are: Parallel Ports :- It transfers data serially a bit at a time.As a result serial port needs
only one wire to transfer 8 bytes. Serial Ports :- It can send a byte(8 bit) at a time.These 8 bits are transmitted parallel to each other. USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports :- It gives us a single, standardized, easy-to use way to connect a variety of devices to a computer. AGP Ports :- It is used to connect graphic card. Infrared ports :- It sends or receives infrared signals from other devices. Bluetooth :- It is a telecommunication industry specification that describes how mobile phones, computers and PDAs can be easily interconnected using a short ranged wireless connection.
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computers. It is most often
INSIDE VIEW: The ouside view refers to the components or the parts that we see when we open the system unit of a computer.The system unit ,main part of the desktop computer includes the motherboard,CPU,RAM etc.
POWER SUPPLY:
The power supply is vital to the computer as it is the source of p o w e r . T h e p o w e r s u p p l y i s usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower). Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted o a d d n e w c a p a b i l i t i e s t o t h e c o m p u t e r . E x a m p l e s o f d r i v e s t h a t m a y g o h e r e w o u l d b e modems, USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards. These expansions are easy to install along with being very useful to your computer to allow you to do new things, such as network computers together.
CPU:
The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server, and L a p t o p ) . T h e r e a r e m a n y b r a n d s f o r p r o c e s s o r s s u c h a s I n t e l a n d A t h l o n a l l w i t h d i f f e r e n t processors for your computer. The CPU processes everything that your computer does, therefore the better the processor, the faster the computer.
MOTHERBOARD:
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The motherboard contains various circuit cards performing various functions all plug into manysimilar sockets on a common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in thecomputer and gets its power from the socket.The motherboard contains many circuits and slots, but let's focus on some of the important ones.The motherboard is home to the processor (CPU) along with the access slots and RAM. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the information is deleted from the RAM. This is why you need certain amounts of RAM to run applications. The more RAM you have the faster your computer will be, and the more applications you'll be able to run without loosing speed.
HARD DRIVE: Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives.T h e s e h a r d d i s k s d o o n e t h i n g w e l l - t h e y s t o r e
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c h a n g i n g d i g i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n a r e l a t i v e l y permanent form. They give computers the ability to remember things when the power goes out.A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you'rea b l e t o s t o r e . T o d a y ' s a v e r a g e h a r d d r i v e i s 4 0 G B a l t h o u gh s l o w l y 8 0 G B h a r d d r i v e s a r e becoming used more .
CD-ROM: The CD-Rom is quite simple, it reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. The revolution of CD's is that they hold much more data than a floppy disk,although are not as flexible when it comes to rewriting and storing personal data.Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and use them more like a floppy disk. These arebecoming more and more popular although you still need a CD-Rom to read them.
FLOPPY DRIVE A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk are easy to use, rewritable, compact and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk. Now you have a basic knowledge of the parts of your own PC. In the future you'll be able to read more advanced articles and have an understanding of the parts of a P
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Another feature that was based on Internet Explorer technology was customized folders. Such folders contained a hidden web page that An address bar was also added to Windows Explorer, which a user could type in directory paths directly, and be taken to that folder. It also operated as arrows (back and forward) for moving between recently visited directories, as well as Internet Explorers Favorites menu. At the time these changes raised antitrust concerns about the incorporation The ability to add other toolbars to the task bar, the most visible of these being Quick Launch. HTML Desktop, which made it possible to turn the desktop background itself into a web page. Single-click activation of icons in Windows Explorer, adhering to a web page paradigm. Desktop Channels.
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To work with date and time: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select
clock language and region folder; set date and time.
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To create new user accounts: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select add or remove user accounts folder; create your own account.
To manage security profile: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select user account and safety folder, select your own profile and insert a security password; profile will become safe.
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To install new software or remove existing installed software: Right click on the
software set up and click install to install new software. To remove an existing software go to Control panel, click on Uninstall a program and choose the desired software then click uninstall.
To change language: go to start menu, select control panel from there. Select
reginal and language options. Now you are facilitated to change the language according to your wish.
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a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs. (a) Advantages of Word Processing One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document. (b) Features of Word Processing Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor -Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily. -Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted. -Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document. -Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired. -Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility. -Multiple document/files can be merged. -Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mailmerge facility. (c) Some Common Word Processing Packages The followings are examples of some popular word processor available Soft word ,Word Star,Word perfect,Microsoft word. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-WORD:
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Let us discuss the important components of the screen. Title Bar The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other WINDOWS applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window. Tool Bars
Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu. (c) Ruler Bar
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The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.
To edit a document and resave it: Click on Save option from file menu. To use various formatting options: Select the font to be formatted, right click on it
then choose font option and choose desired effects.
To create headers and footers: Click on insert option then choose header and
footer to create headers and footers respectively.
To create a table with specified rows and columns: Click on insert table option from insert menu
To insert a new row and/or a column: Right click on the table, go to insert option and choose insert row and/or column at desired place. To merge a row, column or cell: Select the row, column or cells to be merged, right on it and choose
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To delete a row and/or column: Select the row or column to be deleted, right click
on it and choose delete option.
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Displays the name of the active application and buttons for minimizing, maximizing/restoring, and closing the PowerPoint window. Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides and
the setting of indents and tabs. Contains Standard allow quick access to frequently used commands such as opening, saving, and 3. buttons that 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. toolbar Formatting toolbar Horizontal ruler Slide pane Vertical scroll bar Slide buttons Notes pane Status bar Drawing Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands for changing the appearance of text and graphic objects. Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides and setting tabs and indents. Displays individual presentation styles. Enables the ability to scroll through slides or text in a presentation. Clicking on displays the next slide and clicking on displays the
previous slide. Provides space to type commentary or any information to be shared with the audience. Displays information about the active presentation. Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands in PowerPoint. Provide shortcuts to PowerPoints view and to starting a slide show. Displays presentation text in an outline format that facilitates organization of the presentation. Displays the names of available command menus.
toolbar 12. View buttons 13. Outline pane 14. Menu bar
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Figure 10.3: Option1 Option 2: After PowerPoint is open, click File, New, and then choose the type of new presentation.
Figure 10.4: Option2 Option 3: After PowerPoint is open, click presentation. in the Standard toolbar for a new blank
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1. Click
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Using Save As Save As will allow a file to be opened and saved as another name without changing the original. 1. Open an existing presentation
2. Click File, Save As 3. Choose a destination for the file, then click Save.
NOTE: Changes made to the new file will not affect the original.
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Basic operation
Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets[, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). And it has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications,
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allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. Finally, it has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a socalled application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,analyze the results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts
VBA programming
The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions ormethods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient
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Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.
Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y
Charts
Excel supports charts, graphs or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object. These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.
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Using other windows applications Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel as can communicate with each other and use each others' capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters. OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle as task that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.
Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver. Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters. DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".In
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spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.
Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.
Statistical functions
The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.
Graphing
In the Microsoft Excel 2007, menus related to graphs and graph formatting have been changed. Some common activities in using graphs are less transparent than previously. For example, to add a curve to a graph, one can right click on the graph and choose "select data" from the drop-down menu, or use the "chart tools/design" tab. However, when there are other drop-down menus open, this menu doesn't appear and the "select data" option is grayed out (unavailable) from the toolbar. That facet of the menu system must be "discovered" by the user.
Date problems
Excel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year. The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility. This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.
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Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents. The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.
Numeric precision
Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line. Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable. In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. Thus, the numbers Excel calculates with to obtain the third line are not the numbers that it displays in the first two lines. Moreover, the error in Excel's answer is not just round-off error. Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification. Excel's implementation involves an amalgam of truncations and conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that sometimes is better than one would
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expect from simple fifteen digit precision, and sometimes much worse. See the main article for details. Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation. As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.
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It will bring the Command Prompt window where we can run window and DOS commands by trying their names(see fig below)
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Web pages are connected to each other with hyperlinks (usually just called links), which can be text or images. When you click a link on a page, you are taken to a different page. Going from page to page using links is sometimes called surfing the web.
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reviews, check airline schedules, see street maps, get the weather forecast for your city, or research a health condition. Reference sources, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are widely available, as are historical documents and classic literature. Most companies, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, museums, and libraries have websites with information about their products, services, or collections. Many individuals publish websites with personal journals called blogs (short for web logs) about their hobbies and interests.
Communicate. E-mail is one of the most popular uses of the Internet. You can send an
e-mail message to anyone with an e-mail address, and it will arrive almost instantly in the recipient's e-mail inboxeven if he or she lives halfway around the world. Instant messaging (IM) allows you to have a real-time conversation with another person or a group of people. When you type and send an instant message, the message is immediately visible to all participants. Unlike e-mail, all participants have to be online (connected to the Internet) and in front of their computers at the same time. Newsgroups and web-based forums allow you to participate in text-based discussions with a community of other people who are interested in the same topic. For example, if you are having trouble using a program, you could post a question in a discussion group for users of that program. Share. You can upload (copy) pictures from your digital camera to a photo-sharing website. Invited friends and family members can then visit the website to view your photo albums.
Shop. The web is the world's biggest shopping mall. You can browse and purchase productsbooks, music, toys, clothing, electronics, and much moreat the websites of major retailers (usually a credit card is required). You can also buy and sell used items through websites that use auction-style bidding. Play. You can play games of every type on the web, often against other playersno matter where they are in the world. Many games are free, and you can download others for a fee. You can also listen to Internet radio stations, watch movie clips, and download or purchase music, videos, and even some TV shows.
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To connect your computer to the Internet, you must first sign up with an Internet service provider (ISP). An ISP provides access to the Internet, usually for a monthly fee. You sign up for an account with an ISP just as you do for telephone service or utilities. To find an ISP in your area, try looking in your telephone directory under "Internet Service Providers."Different ISPs offer different connection types and speeds. There are two basic types of connections: Broadband. A broadband connection is a high-speed Internet connection. With a broadband connection, you are connected to the Internet at all times and can view webpages and download files very rapidly. Two common broadband technologies are Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable technology. These require a DSL or cable modem, which is often provided by your ISP. Dial-up. A dial-up connection uses a dial-up modem to connect your computer to the Internet through a standard telephone line. Many computers come with a dial-up modem already installed. In contrast to broadband, dial-up is slower and requires you to establish a new connection each time you want to use the Internet. However, dial-up is less expensive than broadband, and in some areas might be the only option for Internet access. Once you have an ISP and a modem, you're ready to connect to the Internet. The Connect to the Internet wizard will guide you through the steps.
Open the Connect to the Internet wizard by clicking the Start button , clickingControl Panel, clicking Network and Internet, clicking Network and Sharing Center, clicking Set up a connection or network, and then clicking Connect to the Internet.
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Just as every residence has a unique street address, every webpage has its own web address. That address is called the URL. For example, the URL for the Microsoft main website is http://www.microsoft.com. If you know the URL for a page, you can type it directly into Internet Explorer:
1. 2.
In the Address box, type the URL. Click the Go button or press ENTER to go to the website.
You don't have to type http://. For example, you can typewww.microsoft.com and Internet Explorer will fill in the rest. To quickly enter a URL ending in ".com", type the part between "www." and ".com" and then press CTRL+ENTER.
Basic navigation
Using links. Most webpages have dozens or even hundreds of links. To get from one page to another, click any link. However, figuring out which things on a page are links isn't always easy. Links can be text, images, or a combination of both. Text links often appear as colored and underlined, but link styles vary among websites. To test whether something is a link or not, point to it. If it's a link, two things happen:
A URL appears in the status bar of your web browser. This shows the website you'll go to if you click the link.
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Pointing to a link changes the mouse pointer and displays the webpage's URL in the status bar
Using the Back and Forward buttons. As you go from page to page, Internet Explorer keeps track of your trail. To get back to the previous page, click the Back button. Click theBack button several times to retrace your steps even further. After you've clicked the Back button, you can click the Forward button to go forward in the trail.
Using the Recent Pages menu. If you want to get back to a page you've visited in your current session, but want to avoid repeatedly clicking the Back or Forward buttons, use the Recent Pages menu. Click the arrow next to the Forward button, and then select a page from the list.
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Before you use the Search box for the first time, choose a default search providerthe search engine Internet Explorer uses each time you search. If you don't choose a search provider, Bing is used. (Your computer manufacturer might have set up a different default search provider.) In the Search box, type a few words or a phrase about a topic that interests youfor example, "chocolate cake recipe." Be as specific as you can.
1.
Press ENTER or click the Search button . A page of search results appears. Click one of the results to go to that website. If you don't see what you're looking for, click Next at the bottom of the page to see more
results, or try a new search.
2. 3.
To save a webpage as a favorite in Internet Explorer 7 1. In Internet Explorer 7, go to the webpage you want to save as a favorite. Click the Add to Favorites button , and then click Add to Favorites. In the Name box, type a name for the webpage, and then click Add.
2. 3.
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
In Internet Explorer 8, click the Favorites button. Click the Favorites tab if it's not already selected. In the Favorites list, click the webpage that you want to open.
To open a favorite in Internet Explorer 7 In Internet Explorer 7, click the Favorites Center button Click the Favorites button if it's not already selected. In the Favorites list, click the webpage that you want to open. .
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1. 2. 3.
4.
In Internet Explorer 8, click the Favorites button. Click the History tab if it's not already selected.
In the History list, click a day or week, and then click a website name. The list expands to show individual web pages that you've visited on the website. Click the webpage that you want to open.
1. 2. 3.
4.
In Internet Explorer 7, click the Favorites Center button. Click the History button if it's not already selected.
In the History list, click a day or week, and then click a website name. The list expands to show individual webpages that you've visited on the website. Click the webpage that you want to open.
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After you click the button, a blank page opens on a new tab.
Now you can open any webpage by typing a URL, using the search box, or choosing from your Favorites list or History list. Once you have multiple pages open, click the tabs to switch between pages. To see all of your open webpages at once, click the Quick Tabs button miniature version of each webpage. Click one to switch to that page. . You'll see a
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OUTPUT 2:
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OUTPUT 2:
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// loop for number of lines // loop for printing numbers
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