HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012, Assignment 1 - Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow

SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (SARAWAK CAMPUS)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE

HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1
Semester 1, 2012

Assignment 1: Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow

By

Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)

Lecturer: Professor Alexander Gorin

Due Date: 4
th
April 2012 (Wednesday)

Assignment 1: Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 2 of 10
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

A belt moves upward at velocity, V, dragging a film of viscous liquid of
thickness, h, as shown in the figure on the right. Near the belt, the film
moves upward due to no-slip. At its outer edge, the film moves downward
due to gravity.

Assume that the only non-zero velocity is u(y), with zero shear stress at the
outer film edge, using the general equations of viscous flow (Navier-
Stokes Equations) and stating clearly assumptions and reasons by which
you neglect or have to keep relevant terms in the Navier-Stokes Equations,
derive a formula for:

(a) u(y);
(b) The average velocity, V
avg
, in the film; and
(c) The wall velocity, V
C
, for which there is no net flow either up or down.
(d) Sketch the non-dimensional velocity distribution in the film (velocity
distribution normalized by V
C
) for case (c).
(e) Calculate the volumetric flow rate of water film and oil (SAE 30) film
if h = 2 mm. Physical properties take from any relevant texts or
handbooks at temperature 20 C (indicate in your report the source of
the information used).

Your report should include as well detailed calculations and graphs and
illustrations.

Deliverable:

Word processing report detailing results of your investigation to meet the above criteria, with graphs and
illustrations prepared by your own (hand written text and graphs and illustrations prepared by hand will
not be accepted).

SOLUTION

Problem Statement: For a given geometry and set of boundary conditions, an equation which governs the
fluid flow, u(y), the average velocity, V
avg
, and the wall velocity, V
C
, are to be derived by using Navier-
Stokes Equations. The non-dimensional velocity distribution in the film is to be sketched and the
volumetric flow rate for both water film and oil (SAE 30) are to be determined.

Schematic Diagram:

Based on the schematic diagram above, the boundary conditions are:

At y = 0, v = V; at y = h, 0 = =
dy
du
.

Assumptions:

1. The belt is infinite in x and z directions so that the flow is fully developed.

2. The flow is steady, i. e., 0 =
t
w
t
v
t
u
.

3. This is a parallel flow (assume the velocities in y- and z-components are zero).

4. The fluid is incompressible and Newtonian with constant properties.

5. Pressure, p = Const. with respect to x (there is no applied pressure gradient pushing the flow in the x-
direction; the flow establishes itself due to viscous stresses caused by the moving belt.

6. The velocity field is purely one-dimensional, meaning here that v = w = 0, and
y
;
z
of any velocity
component is zero.

7. Gravity acts in the negative x-direction and it can be expressed mathematically as g = gi.

Physical Laws:

1. Conservation of Mass Principle The Continuity Equation:

0 = V

where is the Vector Operator, k j i
z y x
=

V is the Velocity Vector, k j i V w v u + + =

( ) 0 0 0 =
= + +
|
|
\
|
=
z
w
y
v
x
u
w v u
z y x
k j i k j i V

2. Newtons Second Law of Motion The Navier Stokes Equations

The General Navier Stokes Equations in x, y and z directions are as follows:

x-direction:
|
|
\
|
+
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z y x
g
zx
yx
xx
x

y-direction:
|
|
\
|
+
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z y x
g
zy yy xy
y

z-direction:
|
|
\
|
+
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z y x
g
zz
yz
xz
z

The viscous stress tensor for an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant properties is given by:

ij ij
2 =

where
ij
is the strain rate tensor and is given by:

|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
ij

2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

When a fluid is moving, pressure acts inwards in the normal directions, but there is the existence of
viscous stresses as well. Thus, the stress tensor for an incompressible and Newtonian fluid can be
expressed as:

+
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
=
z
w
p
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
p
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
p
p
p
p
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij

2
2
2
0 0
0 0
0 0

By comparisons, the normal and shear stresses for incompressible Newtonian fluids in Cartesian
coordinates can be expressed as:

x
u
p
xx
+ = 2
y
v
p
yy
+ = 2
z
w
p
zz
+ = 2

|
|
\
|
= =
x
v
y
u
xy xy

|
\
|
= =
z
u
x
w
zx xz

|
|
\
|
= =
z
v
y
w
yz zy

Substitute the normal and shear stresses above into the General Navier-Stokes Equation in x-direction
yields:

|
|
\
|
=
)
`
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= |
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
)
`
\
|
+
)
`
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
x x
p
g
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
w
x z
u
y
v
x y
u
x
u
x x
u
x
p
g
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
x
w
z z
u
x
v
y y
u
x
u
x
p
g
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
x
w
z x
v
y
u
y x
u
x
p
g
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
x
w
z x
v
y
u
y x
u
p
x
g
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z y x
g
x
x
x
x
x
zx
yx
xx
x

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

The term in the parentheses on the L. H. S. of the equation is zero 0 =
z
w
y
v
x
u
due to the
equation of continuity for incompressible flow. Thus, the Navier-Stokes Equation in x-direction
becomes:

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
g
x

2
2
2
2
2
2

Likewise, the Navier-Stokes Equations in y and z directions are:

y-direction:
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p
g
y

2
2
2
2
2
2

z-direction:
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p
g
z

2
2
2
2
2
2

Therefore, the Navier-Stokes Equation for incompressible flow in Cartesian coordinates can be
expressed as:

V g
V
2
+ + = p
Dt
D

where DV/Dt is the material acceleration

2
is the Laplacian Operator,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x
=

Analysis:

(a) The boundary conditions come from imposing the no-slip condition:

(1) At the free surface (y = h), = (du/dy) = 0

(2) At y = 0, v = V

The analysis is commenced with the continuity equation for incompressible flow in order to simplify
the partial differential equations.

0 =
z
w
y
v
x
u

Assumption 3 and 6 stress that the flow is parallel (velocities in y- and z- components are zero) and
the velocity field is purely one-dimensional. Which implies that v/y = w/z = 0, thus,

0 =
x
u
Eq. (1)

Eq. (1) above tells that the velocity, u, is not a function of x. Therefore, it doesnt matter where the
origin is placed as the flow will remains unchanged at any x-location. The phrase fully developed
in Assumption 1 also indicates that there is nothing special about any x-location since the belt is
infinite in length. Apart from that, based on Assumption 2, it can be concluded that the velocity, u, is
not a function of time as well. Therefore, the velocity, u, is at most a function of y.

Result of continuity: u = u(y) Eq. (2)

The y- and z-components of the incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations become unconcerned due to
parallel flow. Hence, the x-component of the incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation has been
utilized.

(a) (Continued)

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
g
x

2
2
2
2
2
2

By applying the assumptions stated,

( )
{ { { { {
{
{
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|

6 Assumption
3 Assumption
Continuity 2 Assumption 6 Assumption
2
2
2
2
Continuity
2
2
5 Assumption
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
g

Through term-by-term analysis, the Navier-Stokes Equation becomes a second-order linear
differential equation.

( )

g
dy
u d
dy
u d
g = = +
2
2
2
2
0

Integrate the second-order linear differential equation with respect to y gives:

1
2
2
K y
g
dy
du
dy
g
dy
dy
u d
+ = =

Eq. (3)

Integrate again gives:

( )
2 1
2
1
2
K y K y
g
y u dy C y
g
dy
dy
du
+ + =
|
|
\
|
+ =

Eq. (4)

By applying the 1
st
boundary condition, 0 =
=h y
dy
du
to Eq. (3) yields:

( )
gh
K K h
g
= + =
1 1
0

By applying the 2
nd
boundary condition, u(0) = V to Eq. (4) gives:

( ) ( ) V K K K
g
V = + + =
2 2 1
2
0 0
2

Substitute
gh
K =
1
and K
2
= V into Eq. (4) gives the formula which describes the velocity
distribution of the fluid flow:

( ) V y
gh
y
g
y u + =
2
2
Ans.

(b) Based on the knowledge of Calculus, the average value on an interval [a, b] of an integrable function
f is given by:

( ) ( ) dx x f
a b
f
b
a

1
avg
=

Likewise, the average velocity, V
avg
, of the film can be obtained by integrating the function of
velocity distribution, u(y), which derived in part (a) across the film:

( )
3
0
2 6
1
2 6
1

2
1

0
1
2
2 3
0
2 3
0
2
0
avg
gh
V Vh h
gh
h
g
h
Vy y
gh
y
g
h
dy V y
gh
y
g
h
dy y u
h
V
h
h h
=
)
`
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
3
2
avg
gh
V V = Ans.

(c) With the relationship of the velocity distribution obtained in part (a), the equation of flow-rate per
unit width, Q, can be formulated from the relation

( )
3 2

2

3
0
2
0
2
0
gh
Vh V y
gh
y
g
dy V y
gh
y
g
dy y u Q
h
h h
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ = =

Since there has no net flow either up or down, therefore,
3
3
gh
V
C
= . Ans.

(d) The equation which describe the velocity distribution, u(y), which derived in part (a) can be
expressed in dimensionless form by dividing both sides of the equation by the velocity V.

1 2
1 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+
|
\
|
\
|
=
+
|
\
|

|
\
|
=
+ =
+ =
h
y
A
h
y
A
V
u
h
y
V
gh
h
y
V
gh
V
u
h
y
V
gh
h
y
V
gh
V
u
y
V
gh
y
V
g
V
u

where
V
gh
A
2
2
=

The velocity distribution of the film at various y-locations which has the domain ranges from y/h = 0
to y/h = 1 are computed by introducing the variable A from A = 0 to A = 2. The computations are
carried out by using Microsoft Excel and the results are tabulated in the table below.

y/h
u/V
A = 0 A = 0.5 A = 1 A = 1.5 A = 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
0.05 1 0.95125 0.9025 0.85375 0.805
0.1 1 0.905 0.81 0.715 0.62
0.15 1 0.86125 0.7225 0.58375 0.445
0.2 1 0.82 0.64 0.46 0.28
0.25 1 0.78125 0.5625 0.34375 0.125
0.3 1 0.745 0.49 0.235 -0.02
0.35 1 0.71125 0.4225 0.13375 -0.155
0.4 1 0.68 0.36 0.04 -0.28
0.45 1 0.65125 0.3025 -0.04625 -0.395
0.5 1 0.625 0.25 -0.125 -0.5
0.55 1 0.60125 0.2025 -0.19625 -0.595
0.6 1 0.58 0.16 -0.26 -0.68
0.65 1 0.56125 0.1225 -0.31625 -0.755
0.7 1 0.545 0.09 -0.365 -0.82
0.75 1 0.53125 0.0625 -0.40625 -0.875
0.8 1 0.52 0.04 -0.44 -0.92
0.85 1 0.51125 0.0225 -0.46625 -0.955
0.9 1 0.505 0.01 -0.485 -0.98
0.95 1 0.50125 0.0025 -0.49625 -0.995
1 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

The dimensionless velocity distribution in the film (velocity profile) shown in the figure below is
plotted based on the results above by using Microsoft Excel.


Figure: Plot of velocity distribution in the film (velocity profile) at various y-locations

As illustrated on the plot of velocity profile of the fluid flow shown above, there are still some
portions of the fluid flow downward (u/V < 0) although the belt is moving upward with a velocity V
as a result of small viscosity or slow belt speed. Apart from that, there will be a net upward flow of
fluid (positive V) if V > gh
2
/3. Thus, it can be concluded that in order to lift a fluid with small
viscosity, a relatively large belt speed is required.

HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012, Assignment 1 - Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012, Assignment 1 - Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (SARAWAK CAMPUS)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE

You might also like