IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-34, NO. 8.

AUGUST 1986

977

Analysis of an Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antenna

PETER L. SuLLWAN, MEMBER,
IEEE, AND

DANIEL H.SCHAUBERT, SENIOR MEMBER,

IEEE

Absfruct-A microstrip patch antenna that is coupled to a microstripline by an aperture in the intervening ground plane is analyzed. Conpled integral equations are formulated by using the Greens functionsfor grounded dielectric slabs so that the analysis includes all coupling effects and the radiation and surface wave effects of both substrates. A Galerkin moment method solution of the coupled integral equations agrees quite well with measured data. Design data are contained in parameter studies, many of which are verified by experimental results.

1
T
*b

INTRODUCTION
v i t h Aperture NEW FEED CONFIGURATION for microstrip antennas has beenproposed by Pozar [ 13. The feed and a rectangular patch antenna are shownin Fig. 1. The feed consists of an open-ended microstripline that is located on a A dielectric slab below the ground plane. The microstrip antenna is formed on a separate dielectric slab above the ground plane and the two structures are electromagneticallycoupled through an electrically small aperture in the groundplanebetween them. A related structure that used waveguide as the feed [2] has been reported, but not was successfully impedance matched. The new design is particularly advantageous when applied to millimeter wave monolithic phased arrays. In this application the associated active elements such as phase shifters and amplifiers are formed on gallium arsenide, which has a high dielectric constant (er = 12.8). However, it is preferable to mount the antenna elements on a low dielectric constant substrate in order to increase the bandwidth, the radiation efficiency and the angle off broadside at which scan blindness occurs [3]. With the two-layerdesign, the antennas are located on a separate substrate, which yields optimal array performance andeliminates the competition for surface space between the antenna elements and the feed network. In addition, the ground plane shields the antenna half-space from spurious I radiation emitted by the feedlines and active devices. Finally, (b) aperture coupling obviates problems associatedwith probe Fig. 1. Aperturecoupled patchantenna. feeds at millimeter wave frequencies, such as complexity of construction and large probe self-reactances [ 13. In this paper, the microstripline fed aperture coupled patch antenna is analyzed to determine its input impedance. Design data are provided by means of parameter studies that have been performed using the analysis and verified experimenManuscript received September 1 1 , 1985; revised February 28, 1986. This tally. In the next section, the theoretical basis for the analysis work wassupported by Rome A r Development Center, Electromagnetic is presented. The third section contains results of the analysis i Sciences Division under Contract F19628-84-K-0022. and experiments. P. L. Sullivan was with Department the of Electrical andComputer
I

Ground Plane

Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. He is now with Bell Laboratories, North Andover, MA 01845. D. H. Schaubert is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. IEEE Log Number 8609025.

FORMULATION THE ANALYSIS OF

A schematic of the antenna and feedline is shown in Fig. 2

with impressed and induced currents indicated. The ground

0018-926X/86/08oO-U977$01 0 1986 JEEE .oO

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978
z

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-34, NO. 8, AUGUST 1986

represented by their integral expressions such as

Eb(Ms)=

I
SI,

1s ~ f G ~ ~ ~dblx0,x , (
YY
apenure

YO, 0)
o dY0

Region b

- 2Ms(xo, Yo) h

(5)

Region a

where GiMyx the y-directed electric field at (x,y , d b ) due to is an infinitesimal x-directed magnetic current at (xg, yo, 0) radiating in the presence of a grounded dielectric slab. This and the other Green's functions needed for the analysis are obtained by using spectral domain methods so that
m

t
sf,

-m

ejk,(x-Xg)ejky(Y-YO)

dkx dk,.

(6)

Expressions for all the required kernel functions are given in the Appendix. Three coupled integral equations are obtained for the three unknown currents &&,and 1 by enforcing the boundary , conditions: 1 ) E" = 0 on the patch antenna, 2) B = 0 on the " microstrip feedline, and 3) H" is continuous through the aperture. (Note that the assumption M; = - M: ensures that (b) E is continuous through the aperture.) Al of the other " l Fig. 2. Antennaandfeed with incident and inducedcurrents.(a)Original boundary conditions for the structure are satisfied because of problem. (b) Equivalent problem. the Green's functions that are used. A Galerkin moment method solution of these equations is plane and dielectric substrates extend to infinity in thex and y formulated by choosing expansion functions for the undirections. The electric surface currents on the patch antenna knowns. For the patch current, and feedline and the electric fieldinthe aperture are all N. I a s s u m e d to be y-directed ( e Fig. 2(a)). The analysis of this se structure follows similarly that in [4], but requires consideran=l bly more effort to treat the dielectric substrates and additional where interaction terms to treat the microstrip feedline. By invoking 1 sin k:(hb-ly-ynl) the equivalence principle the aperture can be closed off and q x , y ) =9, replaced by magnetic surface currents M, just above and W, sin k:hb below the groundplane(see Fig. 2(b)). Continuityof the tangential electric field through the aperture is ensured by making the magnetic current above the ground plane equal to the negative that of below. The known incident current distribution on the feedline is denoted by Znc, the scattered feedline current by and the patch current by s . , Denotingthe space below the ground plane (z < 0) as region a and the space above the ground plane (z > 0) as region b the total electric and magnetic fields in each region Because the aperture is assumed electrically short the can be written as a summation of fields due to the various magnetic current can be represented only asingle piecewise by currents as follows: sinusoidal (PWS) current mode. Noting that the aperture is

sf,

Eh"=E,(~~f.,c)+E,(5f)+E,(M~) ( 1 ) always centered about the origin

H ~ = ~ , ( ~ ~ ) + ~ , ( ~ f ) + ~ = ( ~ , ) n;is(x, y)= vapn;jr"p(x,y ) (2) where T/"P, - vo

Hr=ab(Jb)-Hb(Ms).
(4)

(12)

Each field on the right side of (1)-(4) is the field due to the specified current radiating in the presence of a dielectric slab and ground plane wt the aperture shorted. These fields are ih

1 sin k,(La42-Ixl) &Pyx, y ) = i, Wap sin ka&,12

- La42< x <LaJ2 - wa42 y c W d 2 (14) c

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SULLIVAN AND SCHAUBERT: APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

979

where The parameter kap must be determined bycomparisonof analytical to empirical results, since its valuecanvarythe aperture distribution from essentially triangular to cosinusoidal. Good agreement has been obtained by using = (k; kap + k3/2. The current on the feedline is expanded in a combination of subsectional and entire domain basis functions in the manner of Jackson and Pozar [ 5 ] .The incident and reflected currents are represented by traveling wave modes corresponding to the fundamental microstrip mode. Writing these traveling waves as sine and cosine terms yields

- Wf/2IXI Wf/2 yn- h " r y r y , + h" (21)

h"=(Ls-yo)/(Na+ 1). (22)

Al of the expansion functions in (7), (12), (16), (20) are l and

real, which helps to reduce computation time [6].The layout of expansion modes on the patch and feedline is depicted in Fig. 3 . As in [ 5 ] ,an additional PWS test mode is used on the feedline near the discontinuity instead of a traveling wave test mode. Defining an inner product

( F , G),=
where

l j E - G ds
S

(23)

the three boundary conditionequations along with (1)-(4)lead to

1 ]:(x, y ) = - sin k ; ( y - L,)g, Wf

- Wf/2<X< Wf/2
-y,<y<L,.

From ( 1 8) and (19), it can be Seen that the cosine part of the traveling wave current mode is truncated at y = - ( Y , + d (2k;))and y = Ls - d ( 2 k ; ) and thesine part is truncated at y = -ym. The truncation of the cosine part at y = Ls - n/ (2k;) avoids a current basis function that is not zero at the open circuit end ofthe feedline where the current must vanish. The truncations at an appropriate negative value of y are performed because a semi-infinite traveling wave current modeintroduces an additional pole in the integrandsthat contain this mode. Complexities associated with treating this pole as well as convergence problems are avoided by truncating the traveling wave current modein the above manner. The semi-infinite line is approximated quite well by making thetraveling wave mode a few space wavelengths free long and byemploying an appropriate testing procedure to be described later. The correct propagation constant k: is determined as in [ 5 ] .The total feedline current will satisfy all of the boundary conditions because PWS modes are used to represent the current variations in the vicinityof the open circuit and aperture while traveling wave modes are used far from discontinuities. Thus, ]'(x, y ) is the sum of PWS modes and the reflected traveling wave modes in ( 1 7 ) .
Na

z t n= ( - J;, E;(J;))f
z; = ( - J;, E;( J;)),
Z; = ( - J;,

E;(J;))f

Z = ( -J f :

f:,

+ 1 x Nu matrix Na+ 1 x 1 column vector Na+ 1 x 1 column vector

N,
Nb X Nb

(27) (28) (29) (30)

(31)

, E$( J;))p

matrix scalar scalar

y"= (-Map, H p P P ) ) ,
yb= ( - M a p , H",M"P)),,
C:

(32)
(33)

= (Map,H i ( J t ) ) ,

1 X Na

row vector scalar

Scalar

cc= (Map, HZ( JZ)), cs= (Map, H;(

(34) (35) (36)

c;=(Map,Hi(J;))ap

1 XNb
Na+ 1 x 1

row vector

t ; = ( J ; , E;(MaP))'

column vector (37) column vector (38) column vector (39) column vector. (40)

t f : = ( J i , E$(Ma'))p

N,x 1
Nux 1

r;, --,PN, z;=z:, z,b, ..*, r"N,

z;=r;,

NbX 1

J"(x, Y ) =
n=l

InJ::(x, y)+r,(?(x,

~ ) + j e ( x Y)) ,

It is convenient to consolidate some of the quantities above into the new matrices, vectors, and scalars given below:
[Z;J =[zkI(z;+jz;)] Na+ 1 X & +

1 matrix

(41)

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980

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-34, NO. 8, AUGUST 1986

where 2, is the characteristic impedance of the line, and L, is the length of the open circuit stub. The numerical evaluation of the matrix elements in (27)(38) is the most time-consuming part of the computation. The spectral domain formulation leads to expressions such as

ej(kA*-Xo)+ky(y-Wdkx &,, dxo dy, & dy

(52) or
(b)

z$,,= -

(j
--OD

Q&,,,(kXy k y ) e ( k x , k y ) E ( k x , dkx dky k,)

(53)

Fig. 3. Layout of basis modes and those test modes that do not correspondto any basis modes onthe(a)antennaelement, (b) semi-infinitefeedline terminated in an open circuit.

where

[C~]=[c[c::I(cc+jcS)] N a + l lx [I:]= [ I : Ircl

row vector column vector scalar vector.

(42)
(43)

$(k,, k,)=

j
YO

S
Y

~ ; ( x yo)e-j(kx~+kyyo) dy0 ~, h0
x0

Nu+ 1 X 1

li,= cc-jc?
[ Knc]= [ - z ;

(4 4)
(45)

(54a)

+j z ; ]

Nu+ 1 x 1column

e ( k , , k,)=

j
X

J;(x, y)ej(kxx+k9) dy. (54b) dx

The matrix [Zzt] represents the impedance matrix for an open-ended microstripline by itself. Likewise, [Zb] is the impahice matrix for a microstrip patch alone. The quantities y' and y b are the aperture admittances looking into region a and region b, respectively, of a slot in a ground plane with dielectric slabs on each side. The vectors [C&] [TO] are and interaction vectors representing the coupling between the feedline and aperture. Coupling between the antennaand aperture is contained in [Cb]and [T b ] .From reciprocity it can be seen that the elements of the Tmatrices arerelated to the C matrices by

Thus, the sixfold integration in (52) canbe reduced to a double integral by Fourier transforming the basis and test currents analytically as defined in (54). Note that the expansion currents J;(x, y ) must be realfor (54b), and hence (53), to be valid. The integration in (53) must be carried out numerically so it is advantageous to convert the double infinite integral in the k,, kyplane to asingle infinite integral and a finite integral by converting to polar coordinates [7]. Symmetry properties of the integrand that result from using real expansion functions are also utilized to reduce the rangeof numerical integration to a single quadrant. The surface wavepoles are treated by t k-- - C,, b b k = l = l , 2, Nb (46) analytically integrating in their vicinity [7]. Computation time is also reduced by using symmetry properties of the Green's t;= -c;, r n = n = l , 2, N,,. (47) functions and Toeplitz symmetries to fill an entire matrix from only one row or c o l u m n . Furthermore, all elementsof that row Substituting (41)-(45) into (24)-(26) and solving yields or column are computed simultaneouslyso that their common factors need to be computed only once. In spite of these timesaving measures, each data point of the results below required about 30 min of central processing unit time on a A X 11/750 V (48) running under the VMS operating system in a multiple user environment. The number of PWS expansion modes was [If,] [Z&I- '([Vinclf T'l V a p ) = (49) typically five for the patch and seven for the feedline. [IkJ= - [ Z b ] - l [ Tb] v a p . (50) MEASURED COMPUTED AND RESULTS It should be noted that Voequals - V a P from (13) and that is rC Inthis section, the impedance loci of the antennas are the bottom element in [ I f , ] . plotted as a function of frequency in Smith chart form. Some The input impedancereferenced to the center of the aperture of the figures contain both measured and calculated values and is easily determined from the current reflection coefficient rC they containloci for several values of aparticularantenna parameter. The numbers identifyingdata points are frequencies b Y in MHz. The effect of the feedline stub's length is shown in Fig. 4, along with typical comparisons between calculated and measured results. If the input impedance at a single frequency
. a * ,

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SULLIVAN AND SCHAUBERT: APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

98 1

Fig. 5. Calculatedinputimpedance as a function of aperture length. Other Fig. 4 . Measuredversuscalculatedinputimpedance as a function of stub antennaparametersare:c,b= 2.54,db = 0.16cm,Lp = 4.0cm, W, = 3.0 length. E : = 2.54, db = 0.16cm, Lp = 4.0cm, W, = 3.0cm, x@ = 0.0 cm,x~=0.0cm,y~=0.0cm,W,,=0.11cm,~~=2.54,d.=.16cm, cm,y~=0.0cm,L,,=1.12cm,W,,=0.155cm,~~=2.54,d,=0.16W, = 0.495 cm, L, = 2.0 cm. cm, W, = 0.442 cm.

(e.g., 2225 MHz) is plotted for various stub lengths, the locus approximately follows a constant resistance contour. This implies that the aperture and antenna appear as a series load along an open circuited transmission line. An equivalent circuit of this type has been found to represent the antenna quite well near resonance [ 6 ] . The long dimension of the aperture was varied to obtain the curves given in Fig. 5. The antenna dimensions are given in the figure legend andare very similar to the dimensions of the antenna of Fig. 4. As the aperture length is reduced the radius of the impedance circle decreases and the center of the circle moves toward the short circuit location. This might be thought of as decreasing the coupling factor between the feedline and the patch antenna. The resonant frequency (where Zi, is real) of the ante'nna is determined primarily by the patchlength, but itisaffectedslightlyby the aperture length. The resonant frequency versus aperture lengthisplotted in Fig. 6 . The resonint frequency, which in this case is also the minimum voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) frequency, decreases with increasing slot length. Also plotted in Fig. 6 is the input impedance at resonance versus slot length, which can be used to approximately determine the slot length required to achieve a perfect match and corresponding resonance frequency. In the this case, a perfect match would be obtained for an aperture length of 1.09 cm at a resonant frequency of 2.233 GHz. For comparison the resonant frequency of this antenna based on the cavity model is 2.306 GHz [ 8 ] . The results in Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate how the antenna be can designed to have a specified input impedance. The aperture length can be adjusted obtain the desired resistive part of the to impedance and the open-circuited stub length can be adjusted to obtain the desired reactance. The input impedance is relatively insensitive to small variations inpatchposition over the aperture, butchanges

100

Rres

50

09 .

1.0

1.1

1.2

13 .

1A

Slot length (cm)

Fig. 6. Resonantfrequency and inputresistanceatresonanceversus length (data from Fig. 5).
Slot

significantly for larger patch offsets. Measured and calculated plots are given in Fig. 7 corresponding to movement of the patch in the y-direction, Le., along the resonant dimension (see Fig. 1). The zero offset caseisshownin Fig. 4. The coupling factor, as defined by the radius of the impedance

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. A P - 3 4 , NO. 8, AUGUST 1986

.5 cm

i0 .

cp

Fig. 7. Measured calculated impedance and input function as a of patch antenna offset in the direction of resonance. L, = 2.0 cm and other parameters are the same as Fig. 4.

Fig. 8. Measured input impedance as. a function of patch offset i the n direction orthogonal to resonance. L, = 2.0 cm other parameters the Same as Fig. 4. are

circle, is greatest when the patch is centered over the aperture and decreases significantly as the patch is moved in the ydirection. This is in accordance with Pozars [ 11 simple model for this antenna based on Bethe hole theory and the cavity model. In addition, as the patch is offsetin the y-direction the centers of the resonant loops move approximatelyin a straight line toward the edge of the Smith chart just to the inductive side of the short position. This is probably due to the fact that when: the patch is offset by a large amount, the structure looks like a stub with a slightly capacitive input impedance series in with a small aperture in a ground plane, which is inductive. In contrast to movement of the patch in the y-direction, lateral movement of the patch in the x-direction causes little change in the coupling factor provided the entire slot remains under the patch. From the measured data in Fig. 8 it can be seen that the coupling factor actually increases as the edge of the patch aligns with the edge of the slot and then monotonically decreases as the slot emerges from under the patch. The calculated impedance does show increase not an as the aperture moves to the edge of the patch. This disagreement is not surprising since the model utilizes only one mode in the aperture. A single aperture mode makes the analysis numei-ically more tractable but cannot account for skewing of the aperture electric field distribution as the patch is offset in a direction parallel tothe long dimensionof the slot. In addition, the patch current is assumed uniform in the x-direction which maynot be adequate for large offsets in that direction. The calculated curve for case 3 lies midway between the measured curves for 3 and 4,and the calculated curve for case 4 lies midway between measured curves 4 and 5.

It is also of interest to examine the influence offeed substrate dielectric constant thickness and on the input impedance. A s dielectric constant and thickness are varied in these studies the feedline width andstub length are modified to maintain a characteristic impedance of 50 C and a stub length l of 0.22 XJ. All other antenna parameters were held constant and are given in the figure legends. The dielectric constant variation is shown in Fig. 9. The key features are the increase in the coupling factor and the invariance of the resonance frequency with increasing dielectric constant. The increase in the coupling factor is probably due to the slot appearing electrically longer as the dielectric constant of the feed increases. The last set of impedance to be presentedhere involves data substrate thickness. The thickness of the feed substrate of the antenna of Fig. 9 in the case of 6 ; = 10.2 was increased. As the distance between the feedline and aperture increases, the coupling factor decreases as can be seen in Fig. 10. As with the dielectric constant variations, theresonantfrequencyis unchanged with changes in substrate thickness over the range studied. Other computations involving increased thickness of the antenna substrate showed effects similar to increasing the feed substrate thickness. These effects are summarized in Fig. 11 , which shows the relations between the resonant resistance, the antenna substrate thickness, and the aperture length. The impedance loci resemble those in Fig. 10. No significant inductiveshiftwasnoted as the substrate thicknesses were increased to 0.48 cm. Increasing the aperture length can increase coupling to help compensate for thicker substrates, but larger apertures can radiate more power on the feedline

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SULLIVAN AND SCHAUBERT APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

983

side of theground plane, whichis an undesirable effect. Antennason substrates that are 0.01-0.03 & haveyielded front-to-back ratios on the order of 20 dB. CONCLUSION A rectangular microstrip antenna coupled to a microstripline through a small rectangular aperture in the ground plane has been analyzedby the moment method. The input impedance is determined from the amplitude coefficient of a reflected traveling wave current mode on the feedline. The analysis has been verified by comparison with measured input impedance data for antennas with lowdielectric constant (er = 2.54) feed substrates and with high dielectric constant ( E , = 10.2) feed substrates. Inthe former case, empirical parameter studies, which involved varying the length of the feedline beyond the aperture and lateral displacements of the antenna with respect to the aperture, were carried out and compared with analytical studies to further validate the theory. With the exception of patch offsets orthogonal totheresonantdimension of the patch, the analytical and empirical results are in good agreement. Analytical parameter studies also have been performed to determine the effect of aperture length and of feed and antenna substrate dielectric constant and thickness on input impedance and resonant frequency. The parameter studies provide enough designdata for many applications. However, for particular cases of interest, the analysis described in the second section can be performed to determine antenna performance. An S-parameter analysis of theantennaalso has been performed andisbeingused to design series-fed arrays. APPENDIX The spectral domain kernels that are used for the Green's functions of the analysis are presented below. The following definitions are used in the expressions:

Ea

I
1

Wf
.495 cm

I
1

Ls
2.000 cm

2.54 5.10

1.004 cm

Fig. 9. Calculated input impedance for various feed substrate dielectric constants. Tabular data give feedlinewidth and stublength used to maintain 50 Cl characteristic impedance and stub length of 0.22 X/ for each value of E:. Other antenna parameters are: E : = 2.54, db = 0.16 cm, Lp = 4.0 cm, Wp=3.0crn,xo,=0.0crn,yo,=0.0cm,L,,= l.Ocm,W,=O.Ilcm, d, = 0.16 crn.

kt = w'/.LOCO

(55)

klb=(E,bk~-p2)1/27 { k l b } < O , Re {kIb)>O (56) Im

k 2 = ( k i - p 2 ) 1 / 2 ,Im { k 2 } < 0 , Re { k 2 } > 0

p2=k:+k;.
T,"=klb COS (klbdb)+jk2 Sin (klbd)

(57)
(58)
(59)

Tk=efk*

COS

(k1bdb)fjklb sin (klbdb)

112.

(60)

z = (/.LO/EO) o
The required kernel functions are

(61)

I>

for G&,,,,(x7
.32 cm
.48 cm

Y 7

db 1 0 y 7 db): x7 o

.375 cm .613 cm

1.083 cm 1.056 cm

Qi.,yy(kx, O y ) Zk
-

Fig. 10. Calculated input impedaxe as a function of feed substrate thickness. Tabular datagive feedline width andstub length used to maintain 50 fl characteristic impedance and stub length of 0.22 X for each value of , d,. Other antenna parameters are: E : = 2.54, d b = 0.16 cm, L, = 4.0 cm, W, = 3.0cm. x& = O.Ocm,yo, = 0.0 cm, La, = I.Ocm, W,, = 0.11 cm, E : = 10.2.

-j 4T2ko
(c:k:- k:)k2 cos ( k l b d b+ j ( k i - k : ) k l bsin (klbdb) ) T,"T k

x sin ( klbdb)

(62)

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984

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-3, a, AUGUST 1986 NO.

.4

-2

.3-

db
( 4
.2 -

(cm)
-1

.I

Cr= 2.54

,
50 100

Rres Fig. 11. Relationshipof resonant resistance, antenna substrate thickness,and aperture length. Apertureoffsets arc zero and feedlines are50~.a:~~=~~=2.54,d,=0.16cm,L~=4cm,W~=3cm,W,,=0.1545cm,L,=2cm.b:~~=~~=10.2,d,=0.16 cm, Lp = 2 cm, Wp= 1.5 cm, W,, .1 cm, L, = 1.1 cm, c, d: E : = E : = 2.54, d, = 0.16 cm, Lp = 4cm, W, = 3 cm, L, = 2 = cm.
REFERENCES

D. M. Pozar, Microstrip antenna aperture-coupled to a microstripline, Electron. Lett., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 49-50, Jan. 1985. D.H. Greenlee, M. Kanda, aild D. C. Chang, The characteristics of
iris-fed millimeter wave rectangular microstrip patch antennas, Nat.

- ~;klbk2 cos

(kl&)+j(k;(e:- 1) - kib) sin

7;Tk

(klbdb)

Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 1063, U.S. Dept. Commerce, Oct. 1983. D.M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Scan blindness in infinite phased arrays of printed dipoles, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.. vol.
AP-32, pp. 602-620, June 1984. R. F. Harrington, Resonant behavior of a small aperture backed by a conducting body, IEEE Trans.Antenna Propagat., vol. AP-30, pp. 205-212, Mar. 1982. R. W. Jackson and D. M. Pozar, Full-wave analysis of microstrip open-end and gap discontinuities, ZEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-33, pp. 1036-1042, Oct. 1985. P. L.Sullivan and D. H. Schaubert, Analysis of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna, Dept. Elec. Comput. Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, ANTLAB Rep. 851, July 1985. D. M. Pozar, Input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antennas, IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-30, no. 6, pp. 1191-1196, Nov. 1982. K. R. Carver and J. W. Mink,Microstrip antenna technology, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-29, pp. 2-24, Jan. 1981.

(63)

for qfM.&
Qk-(kxY

Y Y

ObOY

Yo, 0):

ky)

- -j -

1 4n2koZ0 klbT:Tk

[jkEk&(+ 1) + (;k;-k;)

x (klbkdE,b+ 1) sin (klbdd COS (klbdb) +j(e;ki sin2 (klbdb)-k:bcos2 (kIbdb))}] (64)

for GgMYx(x,, 41x0, Y O ,0 : Y )

QgMyx(kX9

ky)= - QLJxy(kx, ky).

(65)

Equation (65) follows from reciprocity. The corresponding expressions for region a are obtained by replacing :by E; and db by d, throughout.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to thank D. M. Pozar for his many helpful suggestions and for providing his computer program, which aided in the development of the computer program that was used here. Our thanks also to R. W. Jackson for his suggestions and assistance in developing the numerical analy- Daniel H.Schaubert (S684474-SM79), for a photograph and biography please see page 85 of the January 1984 issue of this TRANSACTIONS. sis.

Peter L Sullivan (S85-M85) received the B.S. . degree in zoology in 1978 and the B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical engineering i 1984 and 1985, n respectively a l from the University of Massachul setts. He is currently employed byBell Laboratories, North Andover, MA, where he is responsible for constructing a bistatic FM-CW scatterometer and for performing scatterometry studies to enhance the data base used to analytically predict interference due to ground scatter in microwave communication links.

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