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1/19/2009
BITS, PILANI
Gupta
Dr. Navneet
Course Description
Course No. Course Title : EEE C433 : Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Instructor-in-charge : Dr. Navneet Gupta
(email: ngupta@bits-pilani.ac.in) (Chamber: 2210-H, FD-II)
Instructors
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Text Book
Text Book : John D. Kraus and Daniel A. Fleisch, Electromagnetics, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999. Total: 11 Chapters
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Reference Books
Reference Books :
David K.Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics 2nd ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Singapore 1999. (R1) Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Electromagnetics for Engineers, Pearson Education India, 2005.(R2) EDD Notes: Smith Chart and its Applications, BITS, Pilani, 2008 (R3) R.K.Shevgaonkar, Electromagnetic Waves, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2006. (R4) Constantine A. Balanis Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd. Ed. John Wiley & Sons (ASIA) Pte Ltd, Singapore 2005. (R5)
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Course Plan
Total Lectures: 40 Broad Topics:
Foundation of Electromagnetics EM Wave Propagation Transmission lines Smith Chart Waveguides Antennas Radio Wave Propagation
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Evaluation Scheme
No make-up will be given for Assignment and Quizzes however for Tests and Comprehensive Examination make-up examination will be given only in genuine cases for which prior permission of the instructor-in-charge is required.
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Introduction to Electromagnetics
What is electromagnetics?
Electromagnetics is the study of the mutual interactions between electric charges. Charges may be stationary, they may move with constant velocity (v=const) or they may be in accelerated motion .
What is electrostatics?
Electrostatics deals stationary charges.
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with
the
interactions
between
Introduction to Electromagnetics
Electromagnetics is important because it provides a real-world, three-dimensional understanding of electricity and magnetism.
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Foundation of Electromagnetics:
M. Faraday (1831):
Faraday showed that a magnetic field which varied in time-like the one produced by an alternating current (AC)-could drive electric currents, if (say) copper wires were placed in it in the appropriate way. That was "magnetic induction," the phenomenon on which electric transformers are based.
Foundation of Electromagnetics:
magnetic field ---> electric current ---> magnetic field ---> electric current ---> ...
There was one stumbling block. Such a wave could not exist in empty space, because empty space contained no copper wires and could not carry the currents needed to complete the above cycle. A brilliant young Scotsman, James Clerk Maxwell, solved the riddle in 1861 by proposing the equations that relate electricity and magnetism
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Foundation of Electromagnetics:
Electricity and magnetism were originally thought to be unrelated in 1861, James Clerk Maxwell provided a mathematical theory that showed a close relationship between all electric and magnetic phenomena
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FOUNDER OF EMT
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Foundation of Electromagnetics:
Then Heinrich Hertz in Germany showed that an electric current bouncing back and forth in a wire (nowadays it would be called an "antenna") could be the source of such waves. Electric sparks create such back-and-forth currents when they jump across a gap--hence the crackling caused by lightning on AM radio--and Hertz in 1886 used such sparks to send a radio signal across his lab. Later the Italian Marconi, with more sensitive detectors, extended the range of radio reception, and in 1903 detected signals from Europe as far as Cape Cod, Massachussets.
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Foundation of Electromagnetics:
JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE
The First Indian Scientist who marked his footprints in the world of Electromagnetics. In fact, Bose generated millimeter waves using a circuit developed in his laboratory and used these waves for communication, much earlier than the western scientists. He also developed microwave antennas (horns) which are still considered to be ideal feeds
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Maxwells predictions
Electric field lines originate on positive charges and terminate on negative charges
Electric field is produced by charges
Magnetic field lines always form closed loops they do not begin or end anywhere
Magnetic fleld is produced by currents (moving charges)
A varying magnetic field induces an emf and hence an electric field (Faradays Law)
Electric field is also produced by changing magnetic field
Question: is there a symmetry between electric and magnetic fields, i.e. can magnetic field be produced by changing electric field??? Maxwell: YES!!!
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Magnetic field is also produced Dr. Navneet Gupta electric field. by changing BITS, PILANI
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Electromagnetic Waves
The E and B fields are perpendicular to each other Both fields are perpendicular to the direction of motion
Therefore, em waves are transverse waves
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Properties of EM Waves
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
c=
o o
= 2.99792 10 m s
8
Because em waves travel at a speed that is precisely the speed of light, light is an electromagnetic wave
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Properties of EM Waves, 2
The ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field is equal to the speed of light
E c= B
Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space, and this energy can be transferred to objects placed in their path
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The EM Spectrum
Note the overlap between types of waves Visible light is a small portion of the spectrum Types are distinguished by frequency or wavelength
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The EM Spectrum
Radio Waves
Used in radio and television communication systems
Microwaves
Wavelengths from about 1 mm to 30 cm Well suited for radar systems Microwave ovens are an application
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The EM Spectrum, 2
Infrared waves
Incorrectly called heat waves Produced by hot objects and molecules Readily absorbed by most materials
Visible light
Part of the spectrum detected by the human eye Most sensitive at about 560 nm (yellow-green)
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The EM Spectrum, 3
Ultraviolet light
Covers about 400 nm to 0.6 nm Sun is an important source of uv light Most uv light from the sun is absorbed in the stratosphere by ozone
X-rays
Most common source is acceleration of high-energy electrons striking a metal target Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine
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The resonance frequency of the circuit should be chosen to match that of the radio station
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Fundamental vector field quantities in electromagnetics
Electric field intensity (E) Volts/meter Electric flux density (Electric Displacement) (D) Coulombs / meter2 Magnetic field intensity (B) Tesla = Webers / meter2 Magnetic flux density (H) Amps per meter (A/m)
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
c 3 10 m/s
8
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Constitutive Relations:
Electric and magnetic flux densities (E and B) are related to the field intensities (D and H) by constitutive relations: Vacuum :
Simple media
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and
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Vector Analysis : Mathematical Shorthand Coordinate Systems:
Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate Systems Cylindrical Coordinate Systems Spherical Coordinate Systems
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate Systems
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Cylindrical Coordinate Systems
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
Spherical Coordinate Systems
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Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
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r A = ar (3 cos ) a 2r + a z 5
in cartesian coordinates
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Example:
Use the cylindrical coordinate system to find the area of a curved surface on the right circular cylinder having radius = 3m and height = 6m
30
120
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Coulombs Law
Q1
r12
Q2
L
2
Line Charges:
r 2 0 r + 1 a a >> r
L Er = 2 0 r
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Divergence Theorem:
convert volume integral to surface integral using divergence of a vector field.
Stokes Theorem:
convert surface integral to line integral using curl of a vector field
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Laplacian
Laplacian of a scalar: Laplacian of a vector: r r r 2 A = . A A
( )
NULL IDENTITIES:
The curl of the gradient of any scalar field is identically zero. The divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero.
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ELECTRIC DIPOLE
An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charge. The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charge of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some, usually small, distance.
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Movement along an equipotential surface requires no work because such movement is always perpendicular to the electric field.
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Superposition of Potential
The total electric potential at a point is the algebraic sum of the individual potentials at the point.
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r D . dS = Q
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Gausss Law
Total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the net charge within the surface.
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Boundary Conditions:
Two Dielectric media:
The tangential component of E is continuous across the boundary Et1=Et2 Dn1- Dn2=
1 En1 1 2 En2 2 D2 or E2
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Et1
Boundary between two media
Et2
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Capacitance
When a conductor acquires charge, it is distributed on the surface, such as to nullify E inside and its tangential components on the surface. In general, potential charge acquired,
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Parallel-plate Capacitor
w
A
A
C = Q / V= DA/Ed=EA/Ed= A/d
Capacitor cell:
When w = d the capacitor becomes a capacitor cell
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10 V
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Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of electric charge.
Conductors: motion of electrons Gaseous conductors: charge is carried by electrons & +ve ions. Liquid conductors: charge is carried by ions (+ve and ve). semiconductors: charge is carried by electrons and holes.
Electric current can be represented as the time rate of change of charge, or I = dQ/dt Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area.
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Electric Current
Field E Force F
Test charge +e
Field E vd
vd = e E
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Electric Current
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Electric Current
Ohms Law
V = IR
Joules Law:
Power = V.I = I2 R
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Divergence of J
Kirchhoffs current law
r .J = 0
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J n1 = J n 2 J t1 1 = Jt2 2
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r r H .dl = I r r H = J
c
Integral Form
Differential Form
r r B .d S = 0
r .B = 0
Total magnetic flux through any surface bound by a common closed contour is the same.
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Tangential component:
Ht1 Ht2 = K If the surface current density is zero. Ht1 = Ht2
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(J m-3)
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Inductor cell
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