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Now we consider the elastic deformation of beams (bars) under bending loads.
Application to a Bar
Normal Force:
Fn
Bending Moment:
Fn
S.B.
Mt
Shear Force:
Mt
Ft
Torque or Twisting Moment:
Ft
K.J.
Mn Mn
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Excavator Yacht
Bending of Beams
x
x
Mxz 2.3 Combined Bending and Axial Loading P1 2.4 Deflections in Beams P2
Mxz
Bending of Beams
y x
Radius of Curvature, R
P
A B
Deflected Shape
RAy
Mxz
Mxz
Mxz
Mxz
RBy
P W u RAy Recall: Axial Deformation Load (W) Bending Moment (Mxz) Mxz Mxz RBy
A B
Bending
Axial Stiffness
Flexural Stiffness
Extension (u)
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
Curvature (1/R)
Bending of Beams
Mxz=Bending Moment
x DEPENDS ON:
(i) Bending Moment, Mxz (ii) Geometry of Cross-section
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
SIGN CONVENTIONS
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Sign Conventions:
y x
Mxz
Mxz
-ve x
Qxy
Qxy
+ve x
+VE (POSITIVE)
Be Happy
No Happy
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Common Relationships
0 Load Constant Shear Linear Moment
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Constant
Linear
Linear
Parabolic
Parabolic
Cubic
Common Relationships
0 Load
M
Constant
Constant
Linear
Linear
Parabolic
Bending of Beams
IMP
Type of loading Shear Line parallel Force to the Diagram horizontal axis Bending Moment Diagram Inclined straight lines Inclined straight lines Parabolic curves of degree 2 Parabolic curve Quadratic curves of degree 3
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Q
0
(SFD)
(BMD)
0
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
P
B
y x
Mxz=P.L
A L
F = 0 ; M = 0 ;
y z
Q xy = P Mxz = P(L x )
Bending of Beams
Q xy = P; Mxz = P(L x )
L
P Mxz B
y x
P.L
A x
Qxy
P
P +ve Shear Force Diagram
Qxy
(SFD)
Bending Moment Diagram
Mxz
-ve
-P.L
(BMD)
P C
y b
A
R Ay = P b (a + b )
B
R By =
x a
Pa (a + b )
P Mxz Qxy
A P b (a + b )
=0 ;
+ Mxz + P (x a )
Mxz
Pb (x ) = 0 (a + b )
Pb (x ) P (x a ) = (a + b )
can only be +VE or ZERO.
Bending of Beams
Where
(x a )
P C
y b
A
Pb (a + b )
(i) When x a : (ii) When x > a : x
Pa (a + b )
Mxz = Mxz
Eq. 1
Pb (x ) P (x a ) (a + b ) 0
BMD:
Mxz
Pab (a + b )
0 A
Pb (x ) P (x a ) = (a + b )
Eq. 2 +ve C B
Bending of Beams
A L
Bending of Beams
A L
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Relationship
dF = dx
dM =F dx
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
wx wL Mxz Qxy
Mxz Qxy
F = 0 ; M = 0 ;
y
wL wx Q xy = 0
Q xy = w (L x )
Bending of Beams
Q xy = w (L x )
Mxz
wx 2 wL2 = wLx 2 2
Mxz BMD:
L 0 -ve x
-wL2 2
@ x = 0; @ x = L;
Mxz
wL2 = 2
L @x = ; 2
Bending of Beams
a L
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
b
Bending of Beams
M N V
Pb/L
x
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
L-x
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials Bending of Beams
Example: Find the internal reactions at points indicated. All axial force reactions are zero. Points are 2-ft apart.
P = 20 kips
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 kips
12 ft 20 ft
12 kips
P = 20 kips
8 9 10 6 7
8 kips
12 ft 20 ft
8 kips
12 kips
V
(kips)
-12 kips 64 80 96 72 48 24
M
(ft-kips)
16
32
48
Bending of Beams
V & M Diagrams
P = 20 kips
8 kips
12 ft 20 ft
8 kips
12 kips
V
(kips) x -12 kips 96 ft-kips b
M
(ft-kips)
Bending of Beams
V & M Diagrams
P = 20 kips
8 kips
12 ft 20 ft
8 kips
12 kips
V
(kips) What is the area of the blue rectangle? 96 ft-kips -12 kips 96 ft-kips b x
M
(ft-kips)
Bending of Beams
M( x ) = V ( x )dx
V( x ) =
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
w ( x )dx
Bending of Beams
Example: Draw Shear & Moment diagrams for the following beam
12 kN
A B C
8 kN
D
1m RA = 7 kN
3m
1m RC = 13 kN
Bending of Beams
12 kN
A B C
8 kN
D
1m
7 V
(KN)
3m
8
1m
7 -5 7 -15
M
(KN-m)
2.4 m
MECHENG242 Mechanics of Materials
-8
Bending of Beams
TYPES OF LOADS:
A load can be classified as: (i) Concentrated: which is regarded as acting wholly at one. Examples are loads P, P2, P3 and P4 in Figure 3.1. (ii) Distributed Load: A load that is spread along the axis of the beam, such as q in Figure 3.1 a. Distributed loads are measured by their intensity, which is expressed in force per unit distance e.g. kN/m.
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Problem
A horizontal beam 10m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 180N/m and in addition a concentrated load of 200N at the left end. The beam is supported at two points 7meters apart, so chosen that each support carries half the total load. Draw Shear force and bending moment diagram. Also locate the points of contra flexure.
Bending of Beams
Bending of Beams
Home work
Bending of Beams
Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.
Bending of Beams
Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.
Bending of Beams
Give the values for load, distance and couple, solve it.
Bending of Beams
www.engineering.auckland.ac.nz/mechanical/MechEng242
Bending of Beams