MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF DC-DC CONVERTERS

YI CAO

1. DC-DC Converters There are three kinds of switching mode DC-DC converters, buck, boost and buck-boost. The buck mode is used to reduce output voltage, whilst the boost mode can increase the output voltage. In the buck-boost mode, the output voltage can be maintained either higher or lower than the source but in the opposite polarity. The simplest forms of these converters are schematically represented in Figure 1. These converters
=1 u Vs =0 L Vo C L Vs =1 u =0 C Vo =1 u Vs L C =0 Vo

Vin

Vin

Vin

(a) Buck

(b) Boost

(c) Buck-boost

Figure 1. Switching-mode DC-DC converters: (a) buck, (b) boost and (c) buck-boost. consist of the same components, an inductor, L, a capacitor, C and a switch, which has two states u = 1 and u = 0. All converters connect to a DC power source with a voltage (unregulated), Vin and provide a regulated voltage, vo to the load resistor, R by controlling the state of the switch. In some situations, the load also could be inductive, for example a DC motor, or approximately, a current load, for example in a cascade conguration. For simplicity, here, only current and resistive loads are to be considered. 2. Principles The working principles of the these DC-DC converters can be explained as follows. In the buck mode, when the switch is on position 1, the DC source supplies power to the circuit which results an output voltage across the resistor. When the switch changes its position to 0, the energy stored in the inductor and capacitor will discharge through the resistor. Appropriately controlling the switching position can maintain the output voltage at a desired level lower than the source. In the boost mode, when the switch is on position 1, the circuit is separated into two parts: on the left, the source is charging the inductor, meanwhile the capacitor on the right maintains the output voltage using previously stored energy. When the switch changes its position to 0, both the DC source and energy stored in the inductor will supply power to the circuit on the right, hence boost the output voltage. Again, the output voltage can be maintain at desired level by controlling the switching sequence. Finally, for the buck-boost mode, switch positions 1 and 0 represents charging and discharging modes of the inductor. Appropriately controlling the switching sequence can result in output voltage higher or lower than the DC source. Since the inductor cannot change the direction of current, the output voltage is opposite to the DC source. 3. Model under ideal assumptions Under ideal assumptions: ideal switch, ideal capacitor and ideal inductor, these converters can be described using ordinary dierentiation equations as follows:
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Buck converter: dvc = iL vc /R io dt diL L = uvin vc dt where, io is the load current. Boost converter: dvc (3.2) C = (1 u)iL vc /R io dt diL L = vin (1 u)vc dt Buck-boost converter: dvc C (3.3) = (1 u)iL vc /R io dt diL L = uvin (1 u)vc dt Introduce the following state, time and load normalization: t LC iL L vc , = , = , , x2 = (3.4) x1 = vin vin C R LC Then the normalized state equations of three converters are as follows: Normalized buck model (3.1) C (3.5) x1 x2 = x1 + x2 d = x1 + u

d=

io vin

L C

where, with an abuse of notation, . represents the derivation with respect to the normalized time, . Normalized boost model (3.6) Normalized buck-boost model (3.7) x1 x2 = x1 + (1 u)x2 d = (1 u)x1 + u x1 x2 = x1 + (1 u)x2 d = (1 u)x1 + 1

4. Model with body resistors In more general cases, a body resistor of the inductor, RL and an equivalent series resistor (ESR) of the capacitor, Rc can be added to the above models. Buck model with RL and Rc Since, dvc C = iL vo /R io dt dvc vo = vc + R c C dt diL L = uvin vo RL iL dt Inserting the second equation into the rst leads to: Rc dvc dvc = iL vc /R C io C dt R dt Rc dvc 1+ C = iL vc /R io R dt Hence, Rvc RRc vo = + (iL io ) R + Rc R + Rc
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and the overall model is vc R iL io (R + Rc ) R Rvc RRc RRc io = uvin RL + iL + R + Rc R + Rc R + Rc Rvc RRc vo = + (iL io ) R + Rc R + Rc Boost model with RL and Rc dvc (4.2) C = (1 u)iL vo /R io dt diL L = vin (1 u)vo RL iL dt RRc Rvc + ((1 u)iL io ) vo = R + Rc R + Rc Buck-boost model with RL and Rc dvc (4.3) C = (1 u)iL vo /R io dt diL L = uvin (1 u)vo RL iL dt Rvc RRc vo = + ((1 u)iL io ) R + Rc R + Rc (4.1) C dvc dt diL L dt = 5. Simulink Model These three modes of DC-DC converters have been uniformly implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink as show in Figure 2.

Figure 2. A uniform Simulink model of DC-DC converters. The input-output connections of the model is shown in Figure 3 The rst input to the model is the switch
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Figure 3. Input and output connections of the DC-DC converter model. signal eight 1 or 0. The second one denes the DC source voltage and internal resistance. The third input is used to dene the output current. The model has two outputs, the output voltage and the inductor current, which are the states of the system. The model can be congure with a number of parameters as shown in Figure 4. These parameters are: the capacitance, C, inductance, L, the internal resistance of the capacitor and the inductor, RC and RL respectively. Three converter modes can be selected through the pull-down menu. One can also dene either zero or non-zero value to the initial capacitor voltage by selecting or de-selecting the zero capacitor voltage option. Finally, the option Positive Inductor Current denes whether the condition iL 0 should be enforced or not.

Figure 4. Parameters of the DC-DC converter model.