Ivrs SJ

Mobile Phone Controlled IVR SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Interactive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and DTMF tones input via keypad. In telecommunications, IVR allows customers to interact with a companys host system via a telephone keypad or by speech recognition, after which they can service their own inquiries by following the IVR dialogue. IVR systems can respond with prerecorded or dynamically generated audio to further direct users on how to proceed. IVR applications can be used to control almost any function where the interface can be broken down into a series of simple interactions. IVR systems deployed in the network are sized to handle large call volumes. IVR technology is also being introduced into automobile systems for hands-free operation. Current deployment in automobiles revolves around satellite navigation, audio and mobile phone systems. Its common in industries that have recently entered the telecommunications industry to refer to an automated attendant as an IVR. The terms, however, are distinct and mean different things to traditional telecommunications professionals, whereas emerging telephony and VoIP professionals often use the term IVR as a catchall to signify any kind of telephony menu, even a basic automated attendant.[citation needed] The term voice response unit (VRU), is sometimes used as well. The device is password protected. User can change the password and security.Telephone number, the number on you will like to receive emergency call from your home /office in case of any security breach. After eight rings you will hear please enter your password. When you enter the password. If your password is correct then device will open the latch only for ten seconds that is the enough time to enter the apartment or you keep the door open for the required period of time, latch will shut automatically with its own spring tension when you shut the door.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DESCRIPTION
SENSOR
A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal. A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes. Sensors also have an impact on what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer.
TELEPHONE
The telephonecolloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sounds, usually the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other.
POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is a device that supplies electricalenergy to one or more electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy.
SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but
electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful.
AMPLIFIER
Generally, an amplifier, or simply amp, is a device for increasing the power of a signal by use of an external energy source.In popular use, the term usually describes an electronic amplifier, in which the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current
OFF-HOOK CIRCUIT
It is terminology used in the telephone industry in regards to when a telephone circuit is activated when the handset has been lifted from the cradle or off hook. Off hook comes from when telephones had separate receivers that you put to your ear to listen. It was hung on a hook device on the side of the telephone. The mouth piece was fixed stationary on the front face of the telephone and the whole telephone was mounted on the wall.
DTMF DECODER
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF)is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voicefrequency band betweentelephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in pushbutton telephone for tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was developed by Western Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark. DTMF is standardized by ITU-T . It is also known in the UK as MF4.Other multi-frequency systems are used for internal signaling within the telephone network.
8051 I.C
The Intel MCS-51 (commonly referred to as 8051) is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C) series which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. One particularly useful feature of the 8051 core was the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on select internal registers and select RAM locations.
AUTO DIALLER
An auto dialler, autodialer, or auto dialer is an electronic device or software that automatically dials telephone numbers. Once the call has been answered, the autodialer either plays a recorded message or connects the call to a live person. When an autodialer plays a pre-recorded message, it's often called "voice broadcasting", or "robocalling". Some voice broadcasting messages ask the person who answers to press a button on their phone keypad, such as in opinion polls in which recipients are asked to press one digit if they support one side of an issue, or another digit if they support the other side. This type of call is often called "outbound response. When an autodialer connects an answered call to a live agent, it is often called a "predictive dialler" or "power dialer". A predictive dialer uses realtime analysis to determine the optimal time to dial more numbers, whereas a power dialer simply dials a pre-set number of lines when an agent finishes the previous call.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
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CONSTRUCTION
Solder all the parts provided in the kit properly. First connect the jumper wires(links) before you solder the ic sockets. Donot solder ics directly on the circuit board , it may damage the ic since you my not be wel experianced soldering person. So solder the ic sockets first on the circuit board. Solder smaller components first like resistance and disk capacitors, assemble the complete kit one by one. Please make sure that there are no short circuits left on to the circuit board. Connect the main supply wire with 230v ac pins at one end ,to the 9v transformer towards primary side to the other open end. Primary side will have high resistance when checked with multimeter. Connect 2pin plug to the secondary side of the transformer(low resistance side) Plug the wire to main and check the ac voltage at the plug connected to the secondary of the transformer. It should be 9v ac. Now connect the plug to the socket connected on to the circuit board. Power supply led LD1 will glow. Check the voltage at the output of the regulator. It should be perfectly 5v dc. Check the voltage at the power supply pins of all the sockets mounted on circuit board it should be 5v dc. Except IC4 which will have around 3.3vdc. Now if all the voltages are ok then place all the ICS in their sockets.Now connect the telephone line to the telephone connector k1 and other end to the parallel line of the telephone socket.After telephone line is connected there should be 52v to 55v dc on to telephone line. Now connect the power to the circuit board.
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SOUND SECTION ADJUSTMENT

Connect +5v dc(high logic can be taken from pin40 of microcontroller) with the piece of hook up wire and touch any pin of 14, 15,16 or 17 of the microcontroller you will hear some sound if the volume of the sound is too low then increase the volume to full by rotating VR2.If the voice is too fast or too slow adjust the sampling rate from the VR1. Rotate it slowly till you get correct soundSpeed (PITCH) if the sound is still fast Now the project is ready for operation.
OPERATION
Call this number from another telephone number, LD2 will glow After six to eight rings, you will receive a voice,please enter your password. Donotstart entering the password immidately, let the message be over , enter the defaultpassword, 123456# you will receive another voiceA menu (if your password entry is correct other wise the device will disconnecte you without giving any reply similar to as we do on wrong number) Press 1 for normal on off Press 2 for password change Press 3 for telephone number change Press star (*) to listen this menu again. You should enter your choise once the message isover. 1. If the password entered is correct. You can also change the password stored orthe telephone number change . This data stored goes into serial eprom ic 9346that is non volatile ram, in case power fails, the data is not lost Further operation is as follows:
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1.Latch operation mode 1 to open your latch If you want to change the password follow these steps, Dial this number from other line after six to eight bells you will receive message please enter your password. (1, 2, 3,4,5,6 and #) so you enter your password and waitfor the message if you enter 2 then device will respond please enter new passwordwhen your password entry is over press # after passowrd entry indicate that yourentry is over and microcontroller will respond your password has been changedkeep the hendset back on the instrument from where you are calling, next time whenyou dial ,you will have to enter your new password. Similarly you can also change the telephone number you wanted that this device should call you in case of any parameters goes beyond limit, sensors can be connected to sensor connectors sensor output should be active low. Total three sensors can be connected. However only one is provided with the kit (SMOKE SENSOR)Ic IC7,4047 acts like watchdog timer , as long communication is going on, it doesnothing ,the movement communication is over ,its out put at pin no 10 connected topin p3.2-int0 will interrupt the processor and processor will make the p1.0 low anddisconnect telephone line .The time to switch off the off- hook relay is decided byc20 and r15 connected to Ic 4047.transister q3 drives the led ld2 to give visualindication of communication. Transformer TR1 is 1:1 transformer (160 ohm)provides isolation between telephone line and speech circuit. Port 0 is an output port where latch relay is connected Ap89042 IC4 is one time programmable,addressable sound Ic for complete detailsrefer to its datasheets attached Lm 386 IC5 is a sound amplifier of 8 ohm .5w speaker can be connected for testingpurpose, to its output at terminal provided. Ic 7805 is regulator to give 5v supply to the circuit the power input is 12v ac through a steeped down transformer.All relays are 12v type and contact ratings are 7amp at 250volts
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Circuit explanation:
Telephone line is connected connector K1. Ringing signal is around 70v to 75 v isrectified by the brigerectifire circuit comprising of d5 to d8 and is further filteredand stablized by c19,r12 and d10 and fed to the ic9 an optocouplerMCT2E throughr13. With the ringing signal, led inside the optocoupler will glow and light will fallon the base of the transister .collector of the transister is connected to the p3.3 andby default remains high . Whenever light falles on the transister, the transistor conducts and the collector will become low, six to eight ringing bell will make thistransister to give out six to eight low going pulses. P3.3 will count these pulses andthis circuit is called ring detector circuit.Microcontroller will make the pin P1.0 high which was initially kept low with theprogram. Relay RL1 will become ON resistance r20,r21, and primary of thetransformer TR1 will come across the telephone line and exchange will understandthat telephone hand set has been lifted and will disconnect the ringing signal andconnect the voice line with the device voltage across the telephone line will become12vdc this circuit is called off-hook circuit.now since the device has lifted the handset electronically. The device is supposed to speak now.Ic4 is Ap89042 one time programmable speech ic where all the message has beenstored. It is active high triggered ic so initially all the pin logic connected from port3 (pin14,15,16,17)is kept low through program ,setting any of these pin to high logicto high will trigger the voice stored at that location. First message ,the caller willreceive please enter your password. Caller will enter the password trough his key pad ,the password will reach this circuit in DTMF format and would be connected to DTMF decoder ic 6 throughc23,c24,r22,r26,r13,r24and r25. 4bit binary output is available at pin no11,12,13,14 Q1 to Q4 .Every new byte available on these pins will be indicated by alow going pulse at pin no 15 of this Ic which isconnected to p1.1 of themicrocontroller. Microcontroller will store all the
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bytes received from its port pins to a temporarylocation in RAM, till it receive the # character. # character Ic like end of linecharacter.The the microcontroller will read the password stored in the serial EPROM 93C46 and compare the received password if the password is matching it will proceed furtherotherwise it will disconnect the telephone line by making p1.0 to low without anyreply. Ic 74047 we are using as timer ic with no communication out put of this ic at pin no10 will be low logic, and will keep the logic at p3.2 pin no 12 of the microcontroller tologic low state during idle state. This pin will only become high duringcommunication period and should become low after 10 second once thecommunication is over. The timing is decided by the component c20 and r15resistor. The internal timer starts the movement pin no 8,12 gets high pulse secondpulse must be before 10 seconds. If the pulses dont arrive before 10 second outputat pin no 10 will become low. So the caller must enter the next code through his keypad well before 10 seconds expires. This function is there with the all the telephoneexchanges if you dont press the key in time the dial tone getsdisconnected. Samefeatures are added here too. This also helps to disconnect the telephone line from thecircuit immediately once the communication is over.R16 and c21 gives the required reset pulse to this Ic. When bell rings , collector of the Ic 9 will go low is also connected to pin no 12 and13 of the Ic8 7400 NAND gate Ic output at pin no 11 becomes high is connected to pinno 8 and 12 of Ic 7 through d15 resulting pin no 10 of Ic 7 will go high .R14 connected to pin number 8 and 12 is to keep the logic to low logic to avoid falsetriggering. ThisIc also receives trigger pulse from Ic6 through D17 from pin no 15 of Ic6 as well as from microcontroller pin p1.7 through D16. All three trigger pointwill keep the logic at pin no 10 of the Ic 7 to high and will become low after 10second from the last trigger pulse. Ld2 led gives the visual effect of the communication and is driven by the transistors Q3, R18 and r19.
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Diode D11 and D12, D18 and D19 connected across the relay coils are protectiondiode, they protects the circuits from the induced emf generated by relay coil duringon- off operation.D15, D16, D17 are to avoid reverse biasing and false triggering.VR1 connected to Ic4 is a sample rate adjust variable resistor. Vr2 is a volumecontrol resistor. Voice from ic4 is coupled to Ic 5 pin no 3 through c10coupling capacitor and Vr2 and R9. R4 and C11 are tone corrector. Audio outputfrom pin no 5 of the Ic 5 drives a speaker through capacitor c15. Output of thespeaker points are also connected to the secondary of the matching transformerTR1 so that caller can listen this voice message through telephone line.R10 and C14are tone corrector. Diode D13 and D14 connected across the transformer in back toback connection is to maintain the impedance same in both the direction.All the relays are connected to port 0. Port 0 is a open collector port so we have to connect apull-up resistor network to make all the pins to digital logic high pins. Then through programwe make them low. So all the relays are off initially. Latch relays RL3 and RL4 are operatedby TransistorQ4, Q5 and Q6, Q7. Our relay drivers are all NPNtransistor.NPN transistor will become on when base is at high logic. If you see the diagram all the base are at high logic through R34 & R37, hence Q4, Q6, are ON and Q5, Q7, are OFF.Suppose I want to switch ON relay RL3, bring the pin 39 of the microcontroller to logicLowUsing ctrl bit command Q4 will become off and Q5 will get forward biasing throughR35 and will become ON Similarly all the relays can be switched on. To switch off the relays use set bit indicationled connected through current limiting resistors. All the diodes connected acrossrelay coils are for protection purpose as mentioned earlier. The process is true to allthe relays. In this project both the relays get operated simultaneously. So Twonumbers latches can be operated on the one door one on the upper side one on thebottom side to get it more secure. However only one magnetic plunger is suppliedwith the project but an option has been given so that other similar arrangement canbe dome.
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All the sensors should be logic low active whenever any sensor is activated itsoutput will become low and port2.7, p2.6 and p2.5 and p2.4 will detect the pin low. Following action will take place 1. Emergency message will start. 2. Off hook relay will be activated 3. Stored telephone number will be dialed out. 4. Emergency message will be delivered. 5. Telephone number will be dialed out five times at the interval of one minute 6. After five dial out is over sensors will be rechecked if condition still exists again 5redial will take place. 7. This process will continue till the condition becomes normal or a person comesand switch off the device
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT-AT89C51 Features

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
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Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Pin Configurations
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89C51
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The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture,a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logicfor operation down to zero frequency and supports twosoftware selectable power saving modes. The Idle Modestops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. ThePower-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezesthe oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the nexthardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an Output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedanceinputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low orderaddress/data bus during accesses to external programand data memory. In this mode P0 has internalpullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programmingand outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during programverification.
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Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes duringFlash programming and verification.
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses toexternal data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memorythat uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits thecontents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and somecontrol signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special .
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Programming Algorithm: Before programming theAT89C51, the address, data and control signals should beset up according to the Flash programming mode table andFigure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take thefollowing steps. 1. Input the desired memory location on the addresslines. 2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programmingmode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle isself-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms.
Data Polling The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicatethe end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, anattempted read of the last byte written will result in the complementof the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cyclehas been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, andthe next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any timeafter a write cycle has been initiated.
Ready/Busy The progress of byte programming can alsobe monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulledlow after ALE goes high during programming to indicateBUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming isdone to indicate READY.
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Program Verify If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not beenprogrammed, the programmed code data can be read backvia the address and data lines for verification. The lock bitscannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits isachieved by observing that their features are enabled.
Chip Erase The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.
Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are As follows. (030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel (031H) = 51H indicates 89C51 (032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming (032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming
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LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators

The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is availablewith several fixed output voltages making them useful in awide range of applications. One of these is local on cardregulation, eliminating the distribution problems associatedwith single point regulation. The voltages available allowthese regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation,HiFi, and other solid state electronic equipment. Althoughdesigned primarily as fixed voltage regulators thesedevices can be used with external components to obtainadjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 packagewhich will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heatsinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit thepeak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection forthe output transistor is provided to limit internal power dissipation.If internal power dissipation becomes too high forthe heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuittakes over preventing the IC from overheating.Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX seriesof regulators easy to use and mininize the numberof external components. It is not necessary to bypass theoutput, although this does improve transient response. Inputbypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far fromthe filter capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and 15V the LM117series provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.
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Features
Output current in excess of 1A Internal thermal overload protection No external components required Output transistor safe area protection Internal short circuit current limit Available in the aluminum TO-3 package
Schematic and Connection Diagrams
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VOICE OTP IC
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Integrated Circuits Inc. AP89042(16-pin)

FEATURES
Standard CMOS process. Embedded 1M EPROM. 42 Sec Voice Length at 6 KHz sampling and 4-bit ADPCM compression. Maximum 12 voice groups. Combination of voice building blocks to extend playback duration. 960 table entries are available for voice block combinations. User selectable PCM or ADPCM data compress. Two triggering modes are available by whole chip option during voice compilation. - Key Trigger Mode Combinations of S1 ~ S4 to trigger up to 12 voice groups; SBTfor sequential trigger. - CPU Parallel Trigger Mode Combinations of S1 ~S4 with SBT goes HIGH to strobestart the voice playback. Voice Group Trigger Options: Edge / Level; Hold / Un-hold; Retrigger / Non-retrigger. Whole Chip Options: Ramp / No-ramp; Output Options; Key / CPU trigger mode. 16ms (@ 8KHz sampling rate) Debounce Time for both Key CPU Trigger Mode. RST pin set to HIHG to stop playback at once. Three user programmable outputs for STOP plus, BUSY signal and flashing LED. Built-in oscillator to control sampling frequency with an external resistor. 2.2V 3.6V single power supply and < 5uA low stand-by current. PWM Vout1 and Vout2 drive speaker directly. D/A COUT to drive speaker through an external BJT. Development System support voice compilation and options selection.
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DESCRIPTION
AP89042 high performance Voice OTP is fabricated with Standard CMOS process with embedded 1Mbits EPROM. It can store up to 42 sec voice message with 4-bit ADPCM compression at 6KHzsampling rate. 8-bit PCM is also available as user selectable option. Two trigger modes, simple Keytrigger mode and Parallel CPU trigger mode facilitate different user interface. User selectabletriggering and output signal options provide maximum flexibility to various applications. Built-inresistor controlled oscillator, 8-bit current mode D/A output and PWM direct speaker driving outputminimize the number of external components. PC controlled programmer and developing software areavailable.
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
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LM386 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier

General Description
The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.
Features
Battery operation Minimum external parts Wide supply voltage range: 4V12V or 5V18V Low quiescent current drain: 4Ma Voltage gains from 20 to 200 Ground referenced input Self-centering output quiescent voltage Low distortion:0.2% (AV = 20, VS= 6V, RL = 8, PO = 125mW, f = 1kHz) Available in 8 pin MSOP package
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Applications
AM-FM radio amplifiers Portable tape player amplifiers Intercoms TV sound systems Line drivers Ultrasonic drivers
Small servo drivers Power converters
Equivalent Schematic and Connection Diagrams
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Pin Configuration
Description
The M-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integratesboth bandsplit filter and decoder functions into a single18-pin DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured usingCMOS process technology, the M-8870 offers lowpower consumption (35 mW max) and precise datahandling. Its filter section uses switched capacitortechnology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital countingtechniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tonepairs into a 4-bit code. External component count isminimized by provision of an on-chip differential inputamplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interfacebus. Minimal external components requiredinclude a low-cost 3.579545 MHz color burst crystal, atiming resistor, and a timing capacitor. The M-8870-02 provides a power-down optionwhich, when enabled, drops consumption to lessthan 0.5 mW. The M-8870-02 can also inhibit thedecoding of fourth column digits.
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RESISTORS
A Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. The unit of resistance is Ohm. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:
Where /I/ is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, /V/ is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts , and /R/ is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the /R/ in this relation is constant, independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than
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nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor. Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them. The value of a resistor can be measured with an ohmmeter , which may be one function of a multimeter . Usually, probes on the ends of test leads connect to the resistor. A simple ohmmeter may apply a voltage from a battery across the unknown resistor (with an internal resistor of a known value in series) producing a current which drives a meter movement . The current, in accordance with Ohm's Law , is inversely proportional to the sum of the internal resistance and the resistor being tested, resulting in an analog meter scale which is very non-linear, calibrated from infinity to 0 ohms. A digital
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multimeter, using active electronics, may instead pass a specified current through the test resistance. The voltage generated across the test resistance in that case is linearly proportional to its resistance, which is measured and displayed. In either case the low-resistance ranges of the meter pass much more current through the test leads than do high-resistance ranges, in order for the voltages present to be at reasonable levels (generally below 10 volts) but still measurable. Measuring low-value resistors, such as fractional-ohm resistors, with acceptable accuracy requires four-terminal connections.
a) resistor, (b) rheostat (variable resistor),(c) potentiometer
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CAPACITOR A Capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passivetwoterminalelectrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.
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The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:
Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:
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Capacitor types Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications. Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kFsupercapacitors. Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other technologies, unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material.
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DIODE In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminalelectronic component with nonlinearresistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohm's law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behaviour is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forwardbiased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.
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SILICON RECTFIER
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FEATURES
High reliability Low lekage Low forward voltage drop High current capability
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MECHANICAL DATA
Case: molded plastic Epoxy: UL 94V-0 rate flame retardant Lead: MIL-STD-202E Polarity: Color band denotes cathode end Mounting position: Any Weight: 0.22 gram
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Semiconductor diodes
Point-contact diodes A point-contact diode works the same as the junction diodes described below, but their construction is simpler. A block of n-type semiconductor is built, and a conducting sharp-point contact made with some group-3 metal is placed in contact with the semiconductor. Some metal migrates into the semiconductor to make a small region of p-type semiconductor near the contact. The long-popular 1N34 germanium version is still used in radio receivers as a detector and occasionally in specialized analog electronics. Junction diodes Most diodes today are silicon junction diodes.junction is formed between p and n region which is also called as deplition region. pn junction diode A pn junction diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor. Impurities are added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called p-type
semiconductor. The diode's terminals are attached to each of these regions. The boundary between these two regions, called a pn junction, is where the action of the diode takes place. The crystal allows electrons to flow from the N-type side (called the cathode) to the P-type side (called the anode), but not in the opposite direction.
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Schottky diode Another type of junction diode, the Schottky diode, is formed from a metalsemiconductor junction rather than a pn junction.with reduced capacitance and that increase speed of switching.
ZENER DIODE A zener diode is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage" or "zener voltage." The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property. Many diodes described as "zener" diodes rely instead on avalanche breakdown as the mechanism. Both types are used. Common applications include providing a reference voltage for voltage regulators, or to protect other semiconductor devices from momentary voltage pulses. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shuntregulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that
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point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value.
Current-voltage characteristic of a zener diode with a breakdown voltage of 17 volts
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LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, and other domestic appliances.
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PCB PREPARATION
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PCB FABRICATION
The fabrication of the PCB starts with transferring the PCB DRAWING ONTO A COPPER CLAD SHEET. For small number of PCBs, a direct photographic transfer of thePCB drawing from a negative image of the drawing to a photo sensitized copper clad sheet is carried out. The copper from the unexposed area is latter etched away. For large quantity production, screen printing method is used to transfer the PCB drawing image to the copper clad sheet. For etchingthe copper clad sheet, 20-30 gms of Ferric chloride in 75 ml of water heated to about 60 degree Celsius may be used. The copper clad sheet is placed in this solution with itscopper side upward in a plastic tray. Stirring the solution helps speedy etching. The dissolution of unwanted copper would take about 45 minutes. If etching takes longer, the solution may be removed by rubbing with a rag soaked in thinner, turpentine or acetone. The PCB then be washed and dried. The pads are drilled with proper drill sizes of 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 3mm etc. For a lead and mounting holes. You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent artwork film. You will never get a good board without artwork, so it is important to get possible quality at this stage. The most important to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Nowadays, artwork is drawn either a dedicated PC CAD program or a suitable drawing/ graphics package. It is absolutely essential that your PCB software prints hole in the middle of pad, which will act as center marks when drilling.
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It is virtually impossible to accurate hand drill boards without these holes. If youre looking to buy. PCB software at any cost level and want to do hand- prototyping of boards before production check this facility is available . If youre using a general purpose CAD or graphics package, define pads as either a grouped object containing a black- filled circle with a small concentric white - filled circle on the top of it, or as an unfilled circle with a thick black line (i.e. a black ring). When defining pad and line shapes, the minimum size recommended for via (through linking holes) for reliable results is 50ml, assuming 0.8mm drill size; 1mil=(1/1000) th of an inch . You can go smaller with smaller drill sizes, but though linking will be harder: 65mil round or square pads for normal components and DIL ICs, with 0.8 mm hole, will allow a 1205mil tracks should be 25mil-sliggtly less may be possible if your printer can manage it. Take care to preserve the correct diagonal track-track spacing on metered corner; grid is 25mil and track width 12.5mil. The artwork must be printed such that the printed side is in contact with the PCB surface when exposing, to avoid blurred edges. In practice, this means that if you design the boars are seen from the component side, the bottom (solder side) layer should be printed the correct way round, and the top side of double-sided boards must be printed mirrored.
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MEDIA
Artwork quality is very dependent on both the output device and the media used. It filled circle is not necessary to use a transparent artwork media-as long as it is reasonably translucent to UV, its fine-less translucent material may need a slightly longer exposure time . Line definition, black opaqueness and toner/ink retention are much more important. Tracing paper
has good enough UV translucent and is nearly as good asdrafting film for toner retention. It stays flatter under laser- printer heat than polyester or acetate film. Get the thickest you can find as thinner stuff can crickle. It should be rated at least 90 gms; 120 gms is even better but harder to find. It is cheap and easily available from office or art supplies. OUTPUT DEVICES Laser printers offer the best all round solution. These are affordable, fast, and good quality. The printer used must have at least 600dpi resolution for all but the simplest PCBs, as you will usually be working in multiples of 0.06cm (40 tracks per inch). 600 dpi divides into 40, so you get consistent spacing and line width. It is very important that the printer produces as good solid black with no toner pinholes. If youre planning to buy a printer for PCB use, do some test prints on tracing paper to check the quality first. It theprinter has a density control, set it to blackest. When using tracing paper or drafting film, always use manual paper feed and set the straightest possible paper output path to keep the artwork as flat as possible and minimize jamming. For small PCBs, you can usually save paper by cutting the sheet in half. You may need to specify a
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vertical offset in your PCB software to make it print on the right part of the page. Some laser printers have poor dimensional accuracy, which can cause problems for large PCBs. But as long as any error is likely to be noticeable problem when it causes misalignment of the sides on double sided PCB- this can usually be avoided by careful arrangement of the plots on the page to ensure the error is the same on both layers; for examples, choosing whether to mirror horizontally or vertically when reversing the top side artwork.
PHOTORESIST PCB LAMINATES Always use good quality, pre-coated photo resist fibreglass (FR4) board. Check carefully for scratches in the protective covering and on the surface after peeling off the covering. You dont need darkroom or subdued lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimise unnecessary exposure, and develop immediately after UV exposure. InstagraphicMicrotrak board develops really quickly, gives excellent resolution, and is available in thin (0.8mm) and heavy copper flavours. On using spray-on photo resist, you will always get dust settling on the wet resist. So it is not recommended unless you have access to a very clean area pr drying oven, or you want to make low resolution PCBs. EXPOSURE The photo resist board needs to be exposed toUV light through the artwork, using a UV exposure box. UV exposure units can easily made using standard fluorescent lamp ballats and UV tubes. For small PCBs, two or four 8watt, 30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger (A3) units, four 38cm tubes are ideal. To determine the tube-to-glass spacing, place a sheet of tracing paper on the glass and adjust the distance to get the most even light level over the surface of the paper. Even illumination is a lot easier to obtain with 4-tube
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units. The UV tubes you need are sold as replacement for UV exposure units, black light tubes for disco lighting, etc. These look white, occasionally black/blue when off, and light up with a light purple. Do not use short-wave UV lamps like EPROM eraser tubes and germicidal lamps that have clear glass, because these emit short-wave UV which can cause eye and skin damage. A timer that switches off the UV lamps automatically is essential and should allow exposure times from 2 to 10 minutes in 15to30 seconds increment. It is useful if the timer has an audible indication when the timing period has completed. A timer from scrap microwave oven would be ideal. Use glass sheet rather than plastic for the top of the UV units, as it will flex less and be less prone to scratches. Combined units, with switchable UV and white tubes, doubles as an exposure units and a light-box for lining up doublesided artworks. If you do a lot of double-sided PCBs, it may be worth making adouble-sided exposure unit, where the PCB can be sand witched between two light sources to expose both sides simultaneously. To find the required exposure time for a particular UV unit and laminate type, expose a test piece in 30 second increments from 2 to 8 minutes, develop , and use the time which gave the best image. Generally speaking, over exposure is better than under exposure. For a single sided PCB, place the artworks toner side up on the UV box glass, peel off the protective film from the laminate, and place its sensitive side down on the top of the artwork. The laminate must be pressed firmly down to ensure good contact all over the artwork. The exposure double-sided PCBBs, print the solder-side artwork as normal and the components side mirrored. Place the two sheets together with the toner sides facing, and carefully line them up, checking all over the board area for correct alignment, using the holes in the pads as a guide. A light box is very handy here, but exposure can also be done with daylight by
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holding the sheets on the surface of a window. If printing errors have caused slight mis-registration, align the sheets to average the errors across the whole PCB, to avoid breaking pad edges or tracks when drilling. When these are correctly aligned, stapled the sheets together on the two opposite sides, about 10mm from the edge of the board, forming a sleeve or envelop. The gap between the board edge and staples is important to stop the paper distorting at the edge. Use the smallest stapler you can find, so that the thickness of the staple is not much more than that of the PCB. Exposure each side, covering up the top side with a reasonable light proof soft cover when exposing the underside.By very careful when turning the board over, to avoid the laminate slipping inside the artwork and ruining the alignment. After exposure, you can usual see a faint image of the pattern in the photosensitive layer. DEVELOPING Do not use sodium hydroxides for developing photo resist laminates. It is a completely and utterly dreadful stuff for developing PCBs. A part from its causticity, it is very sensitive to both temperature and concentration, and made-up solution doesnt last long. When its too weak it doesnt develop at all, and when too strong it stripes all the resist off. It is almost impossible to get reliable and consistent results, especially when making PCBs in an environment with large temperature variations. A much better developer is a silicate-based product that comes as a liquid concentrate. You can leave the board in it for several times the normal developing time without noticeable degradation. This also means that it is not temperature critical no risk of stripping at warmer temperature. Made up solution also has a very long shelf life and lasts until its used up. You can make the solution up really strong for very fast developing.
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The recommended mix is 1 part developer to 9 part water. You can check for correct development by dipping the board in the ferric chloride very briefly the exposed copper should turn dull pink almost instantly. If any shiny copper-colored areas remain, rinse and develop for a few more seconds. If the board is under-exposed, you will get a thin layer of resist which isnt removed by the developer. You can remove this by gently wiping with dry paper towel, without damaging the pattern. You can either use a photographic developing. ETCHING Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. So when setting up a PCB etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fittings and screws wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with sisicone. Copper water pipes may get splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat shrink sleeving is great if youre installing new pipes. Fume extraction is not normally required, although a cover over the tank or tray when not in use is a good idea. You should always use the hex hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water until saturation. Adding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etchant clearer for easier inspection. Avoid anhydrous ferric chloride; it creates a lot of heat
when dissolved. So always add the powered very slowly to water; do not add water to the powered, and use gloves and safety glasses. The solution made from anhydrous ferric chloride doesnt etch at all, so you need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day or two. Always take extreme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type offerric chloride, as it tends to clump together and you often get big chunks coming out of the
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container and splashing into the solution. It can damage eyes and permantelystain clothing. If youre making PCBs in a professional environment, where time is money, you should get a heated bubble=etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, a PCB will etch in well under five minutes. Fast etching produces better edge-quality and consistent line widths. If you arent using a bubble tank, you need to agitate frequently to ensure even etching. Warm the etchant by putting the etching tray inside a larger tray filled with boiling water. Tin-plating a PCB makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much essential for surface mount boards. Unless you have access to a roller tinning machine, chemical tinning is the only option. Unfortunately, tinplating chemicals are expensive but the results are usually worth it. If you dont tin- plate the boards, either leave the photo resist coating on (most resists are intended to act as soldering fluxes) or spray the board with rework flux to prevent the copper from oxidizing. Room-temperature tin -plating crystals produce a good finish in a few minutes. There are other tinning chemicals available, some of which require mixing with acid or high temperature use. Ensure that thetemperature of the tinning solution is at least 25 degree Celsius, but not more than 40 degree Celsius. If required, either put the bottle in a hot water bat or put the tinning tray in a bigger tray filling with hot water to warm it up. Putting a PCB in cold tinning solution will usually tinning, even if the temperature is subsequently raised. For a good tinned finish, strip the photo resist thoroughly. Although you can get special stripping solutions and hand applicators, most resist can be dissolve off more easily and cleanly using methanol. Hold the rinsed and dried PCB horizontal, and dribble few drops of
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methanol on the surface, tilting the PCB to allow it to run over the whole surface. Wait for about ten seconds and wipe off with a paper towel dipped in methanol. Rub the copper surface all over with wire wool until it is bright and shiny. Wipe with a paper towel to remove the wire wool fragments and immediately immerse the board in the timing solution. Dont touch the copper surface after cleaning, as finger marks will impair plating. The copper should turn silver in colour within about 30 seconds. Leave the board for about 5 minutes, agitating occasionally; do not use bubble agitation. For double-sided PCBs, prop the PCB at an angle to ensure the solution gets to both sides. Rinse the boards thoroughly and rub dry with paper towel to remove any tinny crystals deposits. If the boars arent going to be soldered for a day or two, coat it with a rework flux spray or a flux pen. If you have fibreglass board, you must use tungsten carbide drill bits. Fibreglass eats normal high speed steel bits very rapidly, although HSS drill are all right for odd larger sizes (>2mm). Carbide drills are expensive and the thin ones snap very easily. When using carbide drill bits below 1mm, you must use a good vertical drill stand-you will break drill very quickly without one. Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick (sometimes called turbo) shank. In straight shank, the whole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick shank, a standard- size (typically about 3.5mm) shank tapers down to the hole size. The straight- shank drills are usually proffered because they break less easily and are usually cheaper. The longer thin section provides more flexibility. Small drills for PCB usually come with either a set of collets of various sizes or a 3-jaw chuck. Sometimes the 3-jaw chuck is an optional extra worth getting for the time it saves on changing collets.
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For accuracy, however, 3-jaw chucks arent brilliant and small drill sizes below 1mm quickly from grooves in the jaws, preventing good grip. Below 1mm, you should use collets, and buy a few extra of the smallest ones; keeping one collect per drill size, as using a larger drill in a collet will open it out and it no longer grips small drills well. You need a good strong light on the board when drilling, to ensure accuracy. A dichotic halogen lamp, under-run at 9V to reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning. It can be useful to raise the working surface about 15 cm above the normal desk height for more comfortable viewing. Dust extraction is nice, but not essential-an occasional blow does the trick! A foot- pedal control to switch the drill off and on is very convenient, especially when frequently changing bits. Avoid whole sizes less 0.8mm unless you really need them. When making two identical boards, drill them both together to save time. To do this, carefully drill a 0.8mm hole in the pad near each corner of the two boards, getting the center as accurate as possible. For larger boards, drill a hole near the center of each side as well. Lay the boards on top of each other and insert a 0.8mm track pin in two opposite corners, using the pins as pegs to line the PCBs up. Squeeze or hammer the pins into the boards, and then into the remaining holes. The two PCBs are now nailed together accurately and can be drilled together.
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CUTTING A small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fibreglass laminate. Ordinary saws (band saws, jigsaw, and hacksaw) will be blunted quickly unless these are carbide- tipped, and the dust can cause sink irritation. A carbide tile- saw blade in a jigsaw might be worth a try. Its also easy to
accidentally scratch the protective film when sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken tracks on the finished board. A sheet- metal guillotine is also excellent for cutting boards, provided the blade is fairly sharp. To make cut-outs, drill a series of small holes, punch out the blank, and file to size. Alternatively, use a fretsaw or small hacksaw, but be prepared to replace blades often. With practice its possible to do corner cut outs with a guillotine but you have to be very careful that you dont over-cut.
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PCB LAYOUT
If the password entered is not correct, the device will disconnect you without giving you any response. If you number is correct you will receive these messagePress one for normal on off, press two for password change, and press three forTelephone number change, press star to listen this menu again. So if you press 1 you will listen please enter the channel number press 1, your latch will open for 10 seconds. Mode 2 is password change mode where you can change the Password. Now pressing 2 you can change the password and device will respond like this please Enter your password and your password has been changed. Similarly by pressing 3 You can change telephone numbrer.and device will respond please enter new telephone number & your telephone number has been changed.
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PCB Layout with connection
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SOLDERING
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SOLDERING METHODS
Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitary. Soldering is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal room temperatures and become liquid at between 180 and 200 degree Celsius. Solder bonds will to various metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build electronics circuits. It is the primary way how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes directly to other components. To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electronical soldering iron consists of a heating element, a soldering bit (often called the tip), a handle and a power cord. The heating element can be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic base. The element is then insulated and placed into the metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally insulated from the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370 to 400 degree Celsius (higher than needed to melt the solder) . The soldering bit is a specially shaped piece of copper plated with chrome or iron. The tip planting makes it very resistant to aggressive solders and fluxes. The strength or power of the soldering iron is usually expressed in watts. Irons generally used in electronics are typically in the range 12 to 25 watts. Higher powered iron will not run hotter, but it will have more power available to quickly replaced heat drained from the iron during soldering.
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Most irons are available in a variety of voltages, 12v, 24v, 115v,and 230v are the most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons, which operate at 24v (powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering iron or by a separate low voltage outlet). You should always use this low voltage where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work (like very tiny very sensitive electronic components), you will need a soldering iron with a temperature control. In this type of soldering irons the temperature may be usually set between 200 degree Celsius. Many temperature controlled soldering irons designed for electronics have a power rating of around 40-50w. They will heat fast and give enough power for operation, but are mechanically small (because the temperature controlled stops them from overheating when they are not used) You will occasionally see gas-powered soldering irons which use butane rather than the mains electrical supply to operate. They have a catalytic element which, once warmed up, continues to glow how when gas passes over them.. Gas-powered soldering irons are designed for occasional on the spot use for quick repairs, rather than for mainstream construction or assembly work. You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic components are fragile, and heat sensitive. Usually our biggest concern of heat how enough soldering temperature and short enough soldering time keeps component in good shape. Electronics components are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts or wires for sometime without damage (to withstand the soldering). Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when inside of the component can cause damage to it.
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Currently, the best commonly available, workable and safe solder alloy is 63/37. That is, 63% lead. 37% tin. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable characteristics is that its solids (party) state, and its liquid state occur at the same temperature 361 degree F. The combination of 63% lead and 37% tin melts at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is tendency to move to use lead free solders, but it will take years until they will catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are generally more expensive and harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in then. The metals involved are not the only things to consider in a solder. Flux is vital to a good solder joint. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and impurities from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point(s) of connection must take place for the metals to tune. RMA type flux (Rosin Mildly Active) is the least corrosive of the readily available materials, and provides an adequate oxide removal. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed core solder is used. This consists of 60% lead and 40% tin, with flux cores added through the length of the solder. There are certain safety measures which should keep in mind when soldering. The tin material used in soldering contains dangerous substances like lead (40-60% of typical soldering tins are lead poisonous). Also the various forms the soldering flux can be dangerous. While it is free lead does not vaporize at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate matter is just as dangerous as fumes would be in terms of poisoning and there is particulate lead present to some extent in the frame from your flux.
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When soldering keep the room well ventiled and use a small fan or fume trap. A proper fume trap or a fan will keep the most pollution away from your face. Professional electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers (needed for working safety reasons ). Those fume extraction devices have a special filter, which filters out the dangerous fumes. If you can connect a duct to the output from a trap to the outside, that would be great. Always wash hands prior to eating, drinking or going to bathroom. When you handle soldering tin, your hands will pick up lead which needs to be washed out from it before it gets your body. Do not eat, drink or smoke whilst working with soldering iron. Do not place cups, glasses or a plate of food near your working area. Wash also the table sometime. As a solder, at times there will a bit of spitting and sputtering. If you will see tiny balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering table. The soldering iron will last longer with proper care. Before and during use wipe the bit on a damp sponge. Most bench stands incorporate a sponge for this purpose. When using a new bit, apply solder to it as it heats up. Always keep a hot iron in a bench stand, or suspended by the hook, when not in use. Turn off the iron when you do not use it. Periodically remove the bit and clear away any oxide build up. Regularly check the mains lead for burns or other damage ( change mains lead if necessary.
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CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Telephone line is connected connector K1. Ringing signal is around 70v to 75 v isrectified by the brigerectifire circuit comprising of d5 to d8 and is further filteredand stablized by c19,r12 and d10 and fed to the ic9 an optocoupler MCT2E throughr13. With the ringing signal, led inside the optocoupler will glow and light will fallon the base of the transistor .collector of the transistor is connected to the p3.3 and by default remains high .Whenever light falles on the transister, the transistor conducts and the collector will become low, six to eight ringing bell will make thistransister to give out six to eight low going pulses. P3.3 will count these pulses andthis circuit is called ring detector circuit. Microcontroller will make the pin P1.0 high which was initially kept low with theprogram. Relay RL1 will become ON resistance r20,r21, and primary of thetransformer TR1 will come across the telephone line and exchange will understandthat telephone hand set has been lifted and will disconnect the ringing signal andconnect the voice line with the device voltage across the telephone line will become12vdc this circuit is called off-hook circuit.now since the device has lifted the handset electronically. The device is supposed to speak now.Ic4 is Ap89042 one time programmable speech ic where all the message has beenstored. It is active high triggered ic so initially all the pin logic connected from port3 (pin14,15,16,17)is kept low through program ,setting any of these pin to high logicto high will trigger the voice stored at that location. First message ,the caller willreceive please enter your passwordCaller will enter the password trough his key pad ,the password will reach thiscircuit in dtmf format and would be connected to dtmf decoder ic 6 through c23,c24,r22,r26,r13,r24and r25. 4bit binary output is
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available at pin no11,12,13,14 Q1 to Q4 .Every new byte available on these pins will be indicated by alow going pulse at pin no 15 of this icwhich is connected to p1.1 of the Microcontroller Microcontroller will store all the bytes received from its port pins to a temporarylocation in ram, till it receive the # character. # character ic like end of linecharacter. The the microcontroller will read the password stored in the serial EPROM 93c46 and compare the received password if the password is matching it will proceed furtherotherwise it will disconnect the telephone line by making p1.0 to low without anyreply. All the components connected around Ic 6 dtmf decoder are given in the icmanufacturers application if the password is matching ,caller will get a voice menu message , the process which has been explained before. Ic 74047 we are using as timer ic with no communication output of this Ic at pin no 10 will be low logic, and will keep the logic at p3.2 pin no 12 of the microcontroller to logic low state during idle state. This pin will only become high during communication period and should become low after 10 second once the communication is over. The timing is decided by the component c20 and r15 resistor. The internal timer starts the movement pin no 8, 12 gets high pulse second pulse must be before 10 seconds. If the pulse does not arrive before 10 second output at pin no 10 will become low. So the caller must enter the next code through his keypad well before 10 seconds expires. This function is there with the all the telephoneexchanges if you do not press the key in time the dial tone getsdisconnected. Samefeatures are added here too. This also helps to disconnect the telephone line from thecircuit immediately once the communication is over.R16 and c21 gives the required reset pulses to this Ic. When bell rings, collector of the Ic 9 will go low is also connected to pin no 12 and 13 of the Ic8 7400 NAND gate Ic output at pin no 11 becomes high is connected to pinno 8 and 12 of Ic 7 through d15 resulting pin no 10 of Ic 7 will
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go high .R14 connected to pin number 8 and 12 is to keep the logic to low logic to avoid falsetriggering.thisIc also receives trigger pulse from Ic 6 through d17 from pin no 15 of Ic 6 as well a from microcontroller pin p1.7 through d16 . All three trigger pointwill keep the logic at pin no 10 of the Ic 7 to high and will become low after 10second from the last trigger pulse. Ld2 led gives the visual effect of the communication and is driven by the transistors q3, r18 and r19.Diode d11 and d12,d18 and d19 connected across the relay coils are protectiondiode, they protects the circuits from the induced emf generated by relay coil during onoff operation.D15, d16, d17 are to avoid reverse biasing and false triggering.VR1 connected to ic4 is a sample rate adjust variable resistor. Vr2 is a volumecontrol resistor. Voice from ic4 is coupled to Ic 5 pin no 3 through c10couplingcapacitor and vr2 and r9. R4 and c11 are tone corrector. Audio output from pin no 5 of the Ic 5 drives a speaker through capacitor c15. Output of thespeaker points are also connected to the secondary of the matching transformer TR1 so that caller can listen this voice message through telephone line.r10 and c14are tone corrector. Diode d13 and d14 connected across the transformer in back toback connection is to maintain the impedance same in both the direction. All the relays are connected to port 0. Port 0 is a open collector port so we have to connect apullup resistor network to make all the pins to digital logic high pins. Then through programwe make them low. So all the relays are off initally. Latch relays RL3 and RL4 are operatedby Transister Q4,Q5 and Q6,Q7 . our relay drivers are all NPN transistor. NPNtransistor will become on when base is at high logic .if you see the diagram all the base are at high logic through r34 & r37 , hence Q4,.Q6, are ON and Q5,Q7, are OFF.Suppose I want to switch ON relay RL3, bring the pin 39 of the microcontroller to logiclowUsingclr bit command Q4 will become off and Q5 will get forward biasing throughr35 and will become ONSimilarly all the relays can be switched on. To switch off the
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relays use set bit indicationled connected through current limiting resistors. All the diodes connected acrossrelay coils are for protection purpose as mentioned earlier.the process is true to allthe relays. In this project both the relays get operated simultaneously. So Twonumbers latches can be operated on the one door one on the upper side one on thebottom side to get it more secure. However only one magnetic plunger is suppliedwith the project but an option has been given so that other similar arrangement can be done. All the sensors should be logic low active whenever any sensor is activated itsoutput will become low and port2.7, p2.6 and p2.5 and p2.4 will detect the pin low. Following action will take place: 1. Emergency message will start. 2. Off hook relay will be activated 3. Stored telephone number will be dialed out. 4. Emergency message will be delivered. 5. Telephone number will be dialed out five times at the interval of one minute 6. After five dial out is over sensors will be rechecked if condition still exists again 5redial will take place. 7. This process will continue till the condition becomes normal or a person comes and switch off the device.
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POWER SUPPLY
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POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

These form an important equipment of any Electronics laboratory. Power supplies are essential for the testing and implementation of any useful electronic circuit. If power supplies are not available them the only way to provide power to a circuit is the battery. For long term use and frequent manipulation these are not feasible. More over these are not as flexible as modern day power supplies. They do not provide for overload protection and thermal protection. The following units form the back bone of any modern day power supply 1. Full wave bridge rectifier 2. Filter circuit 3. Voltage regulator In the case if modern power supplies, the required power is derived from the AC main. For this at first the 230V/50 Hz is step down using a step down transformer. Then the AC voltage is converted to DC using a rectifier circuit. Thebridge rectifier is considered the apt choice since it avoids the center- tapped transformer. The ripples from the rectifier output are removed by filtering. The filter can be any of the following: 1. L filter 2. Cfilter
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3. LCfilter 4. CRCfilter
The function of the voltage regulator is to provide a stable DC voltage for powering other electronic circuits. The voltage regulator must be capable of providing substantial output current. They must provide a constant voltage regardless of changes in load current, temperature, and AC line voltage. Although voltage regulator can be designed using of opamps, it is quicker and easier to use IC Voltage regulator. Furthermore, IC Voltage regulator are versatile and relatively inexpensive and are available with features such as programmable output , current/ voltage boosting , internal short- circuit limiting , thermal shut down, and floating operation for high voltage applications. Voltage regulator may be classified as: 1. Seriesregulator 2. Switching regulator
Seriesregulator use a power transistor connected in series between the unregulated DC input and the load. The output voltage is controlled by the continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor. Since the transistor conducts in the active or the linear region, these regulators are also called linear regulator. Linear regulator may have fixed or variable output voltages and could be positive or negative. Voltage regulator such as the 78XX series and the IC 723 are commonly used .
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Switching regulator operate the power transistor as a HF on/off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current continuously. This gives an improve efficiency over the series regulator. The IC 723 can be used as a switching regulator too. 78 XX The 78XX series of regulators are 3 terminal, positive fixed voltage regulators. There are 7 voltage options available like: 5V, 6V, 8V, 12V, 15V, 18V and 24V. The 79XX series are negative fixed voltage regulators. A more widely used full wave rectifier circuit is bridge rectifier. It requires four diodes, during the positive half cycle of the secondary voltage diodes D2 and D4 conducting and diodes D1 and D3 are non- conducting. During the negative half cycle of the secondary voltage diodes D1 and D3 conducting and diodes D2and D4 are non- conducting. The output of the bridge rectifier is a rippled DC. We can use a radial electrolytic type filtering capacitor in parallel with load for filtering the AC components in the output of the rectifier. The capacitor bypasses the AC voltages only. The output is not regulated. Therefore any change in the input of the transformer will reflect on the output. So a regular IC is used for regulation. The regulator IC 7805 is a 5V regulator and IC 7812 is a 12V regulator.
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WORKING MODEL
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FIG:MOBILE PHONE CONTROLLED IVRS SYSTEM
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FIG: MOBILEPHONE CONTROLLED IVRS SYSTEM WITH SENSORS
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APPLICATION
Home Office Airport Shop security Banks
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CONCLUSION
As security is the major concern in all organization like house, office... our project is used. The various work involved in this project are circuit design, design of power supply, production of PCB, soldering. Through this project report we are trying to give the clear picture of the project work. Any way this project work helps us in brining the determination and courage to be a professional.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org www.datasheetcatalogs.com www.faifchildsemi.com Electronics for you
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Mobile Phone Controlled IVR SYSTEM

Mobile Phone Controlled IVR SYSTEM

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