Current and Voltage Transformers

Lecture 5

Outlines
Introduction Voltage transformers
Equivalent circuit Errors Burden Selection of VTs Capacitor voltage transformers

Current transformers
Equivalent circuit Errors AC saturation i Burden Selection of CTs DC saturation P Precautions when working with CT ti h ki ith CTs

Introduction

Why use Instrument Transformers?

Circuit Isolation R d Reduce voltage and l d currents to reasonable g working levels. Phasor combinations for summing s mming and measuring meas ring power

Introduction
Instrument Transformer (IT) - A high precision transformer designed to provide input into measurement, protection and/or control equipment. E Examples: l Voltmeters V lt t Ammeters Watthour Meters Relays y

Introduction
Voltage Transformer (VT) An instrument transformer used to reflect a primary voltage into a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium. Always connected in parallel with primary conductor across a circuit load. Secondary (measuring) voltage is usually 115 or 120 volts nominally. The secondary voltage level is selected for ease of i ll Th d lt l li l t df f measurement and safety. Control Power Transformer (CPT) Po er Designed to provide power for contractors, relays and devices with high inrush currents, Regulation is not as critical.

Current Transformers
Current Transformer (CT) An instrument transformer used to reflect a primary current into a secondary current through a magnetic medium. Always connected in series with the primary conductor. The nominal secondary current is often a 5 amp basis for ease of measurement. Construction can be one primary turn (Window, donut, or Bar type), or wound primary turns (usually for low ratios) ti )

Potential Transformer

Potential Transformers
VP

Vs

Relay

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

Electromagnetic Voltage Transformers

Capacitive Voltage Transformers

cc

Potential Transformer
E Error i proportional t th d is ti l to the drop on t transformer f winding impedance
Winding impedance should be low to avoid large error

Saturation
Affect the accuracy of the Instrument Transformers, Should operate on the linear range

Output Voltage to the relay usually between 120/69V

Equivalent Circuit

Vector Diagram g

Errors
For Ideal Transformer
Vp/n = Vs Vp/n Vs no error error

For Practical transformer

nVs Vp *100 ErrorVt Vp

Error should be kept small within 3% of the output voltage and should be accounted for.

Voltage Transformer Error Limits g

Burden
The standard burden for voltage transformers is usually expressed in volt-amperes (VA) at a specified power factor. Std ANSI 57.13

Selection of VTs
Voltage transformers are connected between phases or between phases, phase and earth. The connection between phase and earth is normally used with groups of three single phase units connected in star at substations operating with voltages at about 34.5 kV or higher, or when it is necessary to measure the voltage and power factor of each phase separately. The nominal secondary voltages are generally standardised at 115 and 120V. In order to select the nominal power of a VT, it is usual to add together all the nominal VA loadings of the apparatus connected to the VT secondary winding. add t o , t s po ta t take account of the voltage drops In addition, it is important to ta e accou t o t e vo tage d ops in the secondary wiring, especially if the distance between the transformers and the relays is large.

Capacitive VTs

TEN EQUAL CAPACIATORS

Voltage Transformer Required Information g q

Nominal System Voltage y g Basic Impulse Insulation Level Environment Accuracy Class Burden Type of Circuit connection Physical mounting space requirements Fusing

Current Transformer
Equivalent circuit Errors AC saturation Burden Selection f CT S l i of CTs DC saturation Precautions when working with CTs

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF C.T. CONSTRUCTION The most common type of C.T. construction is the `DOUGHNUT' type. It is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the transformer, and is wound with secondary turns.
Secondary Winding Primary Conductor

Iron Core

Bushing CT g

Oil Circuit Breaker Bushings

Fixed Contact Moving Contact

Current Transformers

Free Standing or Post CT

The Straight-Through type of construction is shown below:

Hairpin Construction p

CURRENT TRANSFORMER THEORY & CHARACTERISTICS

Current Transformers for protective relaying purposes must reproduce the primary current accurately for all expected fault currents. The importance of the C.T. maintaining good Th i t f th C T i t i i d accuracy, and not saturating at the maximum fault current, is most critical on differential current protection. This can be critical when applied to Bus Protection and Transformer Protection.

When C.T.'s are used for metering purposes, they must have a high degree of accuracy only at LOAD currents. i.e. 0 to 5 Amps secondary. There is no need for a high degree of accuracy for fault currents, and it is quite acceptable for a metering C.T. to saturate when fault current flows through it it. A C.T. for protective relaying purposes may CT typically have a knee point at 500 volts, whereas a metering C.T. may saturate at well g y below 100 volts.

What is your application?

If your application is metering , how high do I need to go in current? 2 times ? If your application is relaying, how high do I need to relaying go in current? 20 times ?

CT CLASSIFICATION for RELAYING

Protection Class CTs - Must supply 20 times rated current

Format

10 C 400

Accuracy

Letter L tt

Voltage at 20 times CT

T = Determined by test y C = Calculated K = Calculated L = Low internal secondary impedance H = High internal secondary impedance

MAGNETIZATION CURVES FOR A TYPICAL CT

Knee Point = Vx 45 degrees

Excitation E n V Voltage

Excitation Current

Important: Instrument Transformer Accuracy is Always a F Al Function of A li d i f Applied Burden. Lead wires for CTs can be significant. significant

A current transformer for metering purposes may typically have an accuracy of 0.3%. The C.T. must maintain this accuracy for normal load currents, provided the rated burden on the C.T. is not exceeded. It is quite acceptable, and in fact desirable, for the C.T. to saturate when fault current flows The accuracy for a flows. typical metering C.T. is specified as: 0.3 M 0.9

O.3%

METERING

O.9 OHMS BURDEN

This metering C T has an accuracy of 0 3% when the C.T. 0.3% connected burden does not exceed 0.9 OHMS.

Definitions
Transformer ratio (TR) The ratio of a primary current or voltage to a secondary current or voltage. voltage p Examples: A 100:5 window CT will deliver 5 amperes of secondary current when 100 amperes of primary current is passed through a center window. window
Often expressed as XXX:1 for PTs

Equivalent Circuit

Error
Magnitude error (I ) M it d (Ir) Phase error related to (Iq) error Error is mainly because of excitation current Saturation can introduce large error in CT operation

CT Saturation S t ti

Burden

Burden

Accuracy Terminology
Ratio Correction factor (RCF) The measure of transformer amplitude accuracy. I.E. th ti f th I E the ratio of the marked (true) ratio to the actual k d (t ) ti t th t l (performance) ratio of a transformer.
Primary = Secondary(measured) * Marked ratio * RCF

Accuracy Terminology
Phase Angle (PA) The phase displacement between the primary and secondary circuit of an instrument transformer. Usually expressed in minutes.

Accuracy Terminology
Transformer Correction factor (TCF) The ratio of true to measured watts or watt-hours divided by the marked ratio. The TCF is the product of the ratio correction factor and phase angle correction factor, so that it is determined by the ti f t th t i d t i d b th ratio error, the phase angle shift and the power factor of the load. load

Standard CT Burdens
Standard CT burdens are defined in IEEE Std. C5713-1993 Metering burdens are B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, and B1.8 where each number represents the total impedance at a 0.9 power factor. VA for each i d t 09 f t f h burden is 2.5, 5.0, 12.5, 22.5, and 45. Relay burdens are B1 B2 B4 and B8 where each B1, B2, number represents the total impedance at a 0.5 p power factor.

Definition
Polarity The i Th primary and secondary transformer d d f connections must be marked so that the relative instantaneous direction of current flow can be identified. The primary is often marked H1 and the H1 secondary X1. Another common practice is to use polarity dots p p y to identify in phase terminations.

100:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .062 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .02 ohms Total Resistance = .182 ohms 182

.062 062 .1

02 .02

If we have a fault of 2,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 100:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total y p p voltage of 100 amps x .182 ohms = 18.2 Volts. For the C.T. to operate accurately without saturating for this fault current the knee point must be above 18.2 Volts.

200:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .125 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .02 ohms Total Resistance = .245 ohms 245

.125 125 .1

02 .02

If we have a fault of 4,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 200:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total y p p voltage of 100 amps x ..245 ohms = 24.5 Volts. For the C.T. to operate accurately without saturating for this fault current the knee point must be above 24.5 Volts. At this point on the curve we are at .2 amps exciting current out of 100 amps so we are .2/100 or .2% accurate at 20 times CT.

Current Transformer Required Information q

Nominal System Voltage y g Basic Impulse Insulation Level Environment Accuracy Class Burden Physical mounting space requirements Load Current Over current capability

Relay Class
IEEE relay class i d fi d i t l l is defined in terms of th voltage a CT can f the lt deliver at 20 times the nominal current rating without exceeding a 10% composite ratio error. For example, a relay class of C100 on a 1200:5 CT means that the CT can develop 100 volts at 24,000 primary amps (1200*20) without exceeding a 10% ratio error. Aside: This C100 is associated with a 1 ohm burden in the standard because: 5 amps secondary * 20 times overcurrent * 1 ohm = 100 volts. So C100, C200, C400, and C800, corresponds to 1, 2, 4, and 8 ohms, respectively. A relay class assignment alone provides limited y information. More information for relay calculations can be provided in an excitation curve