Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRINCIPLES of SELF-REGULATION
A. HOMEOSTASIS = REGULATED CONSTANCY
WHY needed? There are optimal states for many things such as water content, temperature,
etc.
1. 1. HOW to keep at optimum? Basic Negative Feedback System!
--VARIATIONS:
a) Antagonistic or dual effector control: 2 effectors that have opposite corrective effects (e.g.,
furnace, airconditioner), or 1 effector that can be boosted or inhibited--e.g., control by
parasympathetic va sympathetic nerves);
b) effectors may be behaviors, e.g., seeking warm spots; hunger + eating, etc.
HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGY
–How GENES are regulated by PROMOTERS & transcription proteins--apply to
MEMORY, hormones!
--LOCK and KEY concept for PROTEINS and molecules that they bind!
--Basic tissue types and how they make organs
NEW STUFF
SKIN and Evolution:
Why have humans lost so much body hair compared to other mammals, except diving ones?
What is the function of melanocytes and their pigments, and how have these evolved in
different human groups? Folate vs Vitamin D and UV exposure!!
E. NERVOUS SYSTEM
PNS – input side with sensors feeding into the CNS; outgoing somatic/motor to
SKELETAL muscles; and SYMPATHETIC fight-or-flight vs
PARASYMPATHETIC rest-and-digest
CNS: Spine and BRAIN with 4 REGIONS:
Note: functions determined by injuries, animal surgeries, electrodes implanted, and new non-
invasive scans
From lab and lecture, know location and basic functions of:
1. CEREBRUM: a) CORTEXES: Motor, Sensory, Association cortexes. Know basic
pyramidal neuron; gray vs white matter; locations and functions of major motor, sensory,
associative areas; BODY MAPS!
b) Limbic system--includes olfactory bulbs and amygdala, hippocampus--role in
short-term, emotional memory, relaying long-term memory
2. Diencephalon: a) THALAMUS =relay for sensory signals going to sensory cortexes
& coming back to memory area, and relay to amygdala; has PINEAL GLAND
b) HYPOTHALAMUS: reflex integrating center for temperature, appetite, water/salt,
growth, stress, sex, birth; has CLOCK! Also hooked to PITUITARY GLAND
3. CEREBELLUM: coordinates senses w/ motor control; procedural memories for skills,
balance
4. BRAINSTEM: Pons/Medulla--major reflex integrating centers for cardiovascular
system, respiration
HIERARCHY OF REGULATION
1. REFLEXES in Spine, Brainstem, Hypothalamus
Often used for basic, ancient Homeostasis needs: some body state deviates from the set point, so a
sensory neuron moves to its threshold; a signal is sent to the integrator, then to an effector to make a
correction. THESE SIMPLE PATHWAYS reduce DELAYS (but donÕt eliminate them!)
a) SIMPLE REFLEXES: EXAMPLES
i) Withdrawal reflex: using skin pain sensors, spinal interneuron, muscle effector
related: POSTURE, CATCH reflexes: how stretch sensors in muscles work via feedback
loop
ii) Temperature reflex: how this works from skin to hypothalamus to effectors
b) RHYTHMIC Reflexes:
i) Breathing reflex: rhythmic in/out circuit in PONS/MEDULLA uses gas sensors in
arteries, breathing muscles as effectors
ii) Biological CLOCK: how this works from eye to hypothalamus' SCN clock to pineal
gland to melatonin to adenosine neurons for sleep
--why this clock, by running on its own once set, is useful in ANTICIPATING day/night
cycles. Why sleep might be necessary!
FRONTIERS of NEUROSCIENCE
¥Plasticity; Growth vs. Pruning: general trend in connection density with age! And
how brain can sometimes rewire itself, e.g., in blindness
¥Genomics: reading on brain-wiring genes in humas vs chimpanzee DNA
¥Perception; Memory: require cooperative NETWORKS of neurons
¥CONSCIOUSNESS: Spindle Cells; Hawkins' idea of MODELing and PREDICTing
the world
LABS:
NERVES I–key events in action potential; what is a MOTOR UNIT? how did the
EMG show this?
NERVES II--difference between REFLEX and higher reactions
--major brain regions and their functions
--how ADENOSINE and DOPAMINE work and are altered by CAFFEINE and
COCAINE
SENSES--to help with lecture; also more details on eye, ear anatomy! Also, what is
SYNAESTHESIA, and the VOMERONASAL ORGAN?
HORMONES: how insulin-glucagon system works!!!! And effects of GLYCEMIC
INDEX, delays!
READING--KEY ARTICLES:
OUTLINE #11, Feb. 12: -- what evidence supports the Aquatic Ape theory?
--the HIERARCHY article: why is distributed control (here called "subsumption") better than
central control?
--GEOGRAPHY and SKIN. . . what are the factors involved in evolution of skin color?
OUTLINE #12, Feb. 14: --WHY WE ARE NOT CHIMPS: what type of genes are
discussed here?
--the HIERARCHY exercpt: why is distributed control better than central control?
: --WATCHING.. . A Moral Dilemma: how does this illustrate the difference between "higher"
and emotional brain regions?
OUTLINE #13, Feb. 16: --UCLA BRAIN SCIENTISTSÉfound what about GABA?
--PROBING THE SOCIAL BRAIN: what are MIRROR activities?
OUTLINE #14 (mislabeled #24) Feb. 21: FOOD: how might CAFFEINE help memory??!!
--BRAIN STORM (last page): what are some key developing regions in adolescents and
effects thereof?
OUTLINE #15, Feb. 23: --DIAGRAMS to aid on SCN and AMYGDALA roles/paths
--CONDITIONED FEAR: what brain part may be involved in racism, and is it built-in,
suppressible, or what?
OUTLINE #16, Feb. 26,: --AMYGDALA diagram again;
--MEMORY's MACHINE--what is occurring in memory formation?
--CAUTION: TEENAGE BRAIN is different from an adult's how? and what are the
implications?
--IT'S THE JUNK -- what is the possible of role of GENE REGULATION in human brain
evolution?
OUTLINE #17, Feb. 28: --EVOLUTION OF ATTENTION; THE GENE THAT CAME TO
STAY: what useful traits might have fostered the evolution of ADHD?
--LOST SIGHT.. . what does the visual cortex do in blind people?
--MAY 2004: what does histamine do in the brain and why do some antihistamines cause
drowsiness?
--MACOMB DAILY on RACISM: again, what brain region is key here and is racism
unavoidable?????
--HUMANITY? MAYBE IT'S IN THE WIRING: what are spindle cells and their possible
role??
OUTLINE #18, Mar. 2: --back of PAGE 1: can the brain easily LISTEN and SEE
simultaneously?
--know all key issues in the ethics discussion as presented in the articles: on brain scanning
technology and marijuana in medicine and the effects of the natural NTs it mimics.
OUTLINE #19, Mar. 5: --Back of PAGE 1: how might color vision have led to reduce
pheromone and general smell sense in humans? --MUSIC LOVERS should be
thanking fish why?
--A SMELL Like NO OTHER: what is the evidence that we MIGHT use pheromones still??
--MAKING SENSE: how does our proprioception compare to other animasls' and our
understanding of physics?