Henry Chen 10 Outline Margaret Sanger experienced patterns of determination for the cause of the first birth-control pills

ol pills over 40 years Personality: the psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individuals behavior in different situations and at different times Personality is a thread of personality breaks Experience and innate factors shape personality Psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive theories of personality deal with understanding the developing individual Theory of temperaments, traits, and types used as a snapshot of a persons current personality How people understand each other uses the implicit theories of personality Cross-cultural personality deals with different interactions of foreign personalities What forces shape our personalities? People change and grow relentlessly All theories take into account the interplay of mental processes and eternal social interactions according to the psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by eternal pressures from the social environment Psychodynamic Theories Originated in 1800s from hysteria, (now known as conversion disorder), symptoms included muscle weakness, loss of sensation, or paralysis, this is psychological based, proven when French physician Jean Charcot caused hysterical symptoms disappear by hypnosis Sigmund Freud tried but failed to do the same, he then proposed a new approach called psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalysis- Freuds system of treatment for mental disorders, the term is often used to refer to psychoanalytic theory, as well. Psychoanalytic theory- Freuds theory of personality Unconscious: In Freudian theory, this is the psych domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness. Freud said we are unaware of the unconscious because it Is to threatening and anxietyprovoking He said that the real motive of our actions we do not know, and that they are unconscious thoughts forming into a disguised form Actions of the unconscious are powered by motives, desires, and drives Drive= Eros, sexual drive expressed by libido Thanatos= death instinct, drives aggressive behavior Freud has two antagonistic parts of personality, id and superego

Henry Chen 10 Outline Id is the primitive, unconscious reservoir that houses the basic motives, drives and instinctive desires that determine out personalities, it acts on impulses and instinctive desires, immediate gratification like sexual, physical, and emotional pleasures Superego is said to be the police force of the mind, it stores the values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society The conflict between the id and the superego is resolved through the ego, the conscious, rational part It chooses actions that satisfy the ids impulses while not breaking any of the superegos laws The failure of the ego to balance the id and superego leads to conflicted or disturbed behaviors Personality development and early experiences Freud discovered that childhood memories that were forgotten had the greatest impact on personality behavior As the child progresses through psychosexual stages (The successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times of life) the early experiences shape the unconscious mind Oral stage: pleasure through sucking, crying, spewing Anal stage: pleasure associated with elimination Phallic stage, pleasure comes from immature sexual activity (masturbation) After a period of latency, the adult genital stage occurs with mature sexual relationships Freud focused on identifying gender identity and gender roles Oedipus complex- according to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction onward heir others to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers. Girls develop penis envy, therefore attracted to males These two theories are not supported by scientific evidence Fixation: arrested psychological development Oral fixation may lead to behaviors associated with the mouth Anal fixation may be associated with stubborn, compulsive, stingy, or neat behavior Ego defense mechanisms: Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety When the Id pressures, the ego must mask put a lid on the id Repression: unconscious process that includes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory Blocks feelings and memories, ex. Child anger towards father, so he represses it, although anger is no longer consciously felt, it is not gone Denial: avoidance of difficult situation by not acknowledging its existence. ex. Alcoholics, anger problems, unsafe sex Rationalization: Giving socially acceptable reasons for actions based on unacceptable actions. Ex. Student cheating on a test everyone does it

Henry Chen 10 Outline Reaction Formation: When people act the exact opposite of what theyre feeling. Ex. Low selfesteem child turns into a bully; porn lover goes on a rampage against it. Displacement: Shifting reaction from real source of distress to a saver individual or object Regression: When people resort to immature behaviors like crying, throwing things, pissing Sublimation: Satisfying sexual or aggressive behaviors into ways acceptable in ones culture, ex. Sports or acting Projection: when upset or aroused, we attribute unconscious desires to other people or objects. Ex. Youre mean, so you call other people mean Projective tests: personality assessment instruments, such as the Rorschach and TAT, which are based on Freuds ego defense mechanism or projection. These are based on the idea that a person will project their hidden motives and conflicts onto the images The Rorschach inkblot technique is an ambiguous stimuli of symmetrical ink blots This test has low accuracy The Thematic Apperception Test (Henry Murray) is a projective test that involves a picture free to interpretation. The patient then fills in the missing details based on his or her own thoughts To Freudian analysts, everything a person does has meaning, such as how fears and phobias, are the result of unconscious difficulties Freudian slips are the unconscious expressing its self in ways not meant. Ex. Terrib- uh I mean terrific Psychic determinism Freuds assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires or conflicts Freud observed that physical symptoms of hysteria can be connected to traumatic events that have been repressed Evaluating Freuds work Freuds contribution to personality are apparent, but are vague and lacks many scientific inquires It is also said that his theories are poor predictors of future responses Freuds theories do not accurately represent the female side of psychology Regardless of the validity of Freuds research, it is still regarded as famous and widely known The Neo-Freudians Neo-Freudians broke off from his teachings but retained the psychodynamic emphasis Neo-Freudians: new-Freudians, refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality Are motives sexual or social? Conscious or unconscious? Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

Henry Chen 10 Outline Jung helped Freud develop the psychoanalytic theory Freuds patronization annoyed Jung who was developing his own theories Freud saw this as Jungs unconscious usurpation of his authority Jung thought that Freud overemphasized sexual desire Jung had 2 parts of the unconscious, personal and collective Personal unconscious: Jungs term for that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian id Collective unconscious: Jungs addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive memories including the archetypes which exist in all people Archetypes: The ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetype appear and reappear in art, literature and folktales wound the world The animus and the anima represent the masculine and feminine sides of personality Archetypes give us the concepts of mother, father, death, hero, god, trickster, and self Negative or dark archetypes represent destruction and aggressive personalities Principles of opposites see personality as the balance between opposing pairs of tendencies or dispositions These patterns result in a personality type Introversion: Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience- ones own thoughts and feelings- making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extroversion: Jungian personality dimension involving turning ones attention outward, toward others Few cases where either side is balanced, usually dominant than the other Jung is more popular out of psychology because like Freud, it does not have a scientific basis Karen Horney- A feminist Voice in Psychodynamic psychology Horney and Anna Freud represent the female psychologists Horney disputed the Oedipus complex and penis envy She proposed that women want equal opportunities and rights that men have She did not agree that personality is determined by childhood experiences Basic anxiety: An emotion, proposed by Karen Horney, That gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic Needs: signs of neurosis in Horneys theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme. She identified behaviors that deal with neurotic needs, moving toward others, against others, or away from others. Moving towards involves needing someone to take care of, but may lead to feelings of victimization Moving against ear power through competition, but risk being lonely at the top Moving away from others removes feelings of rejection, but loses feelings of intimacy and support

Henry Chen 10 Outline Horney would say Margaret Sanger was driven by a neurotic need for power, status, and achievement, or possessing a healthy personality Horneys work was disregarded, but in 1967 the book feminine psychology elevated her fame and the female perspective on psychology Still her works had a weak scientific basis Alfred Adler, a Neo-Freudian, proposed theories on birth order Inferiority Complex- A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhood Compensation- making up for ones real or imagined deficiencies Freudian revolutionaries such as Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler broke from Freuds ideas, keeping the basis but disagreeing on the details They emphasized ego functions, when Freud focused on the unconscious They saw social variables as impacting while Freud focused on instinctive urges and conflicts They took into account an individuals full life while Freud focused on early childhood Humanistic Theories Humanistic theories are optimistic Personality NOT driven by unconscious desires and defenses against anxiety, but the needs to adapt, learn, grow, and excel Focused on the positives Gordon Allport developed the trait/ dispositional theory 3 traits, central traits, secondary traits, and cardinal traits Traits: Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions Central traits: According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality Secondary traits: in trait theory, preferences and attitudes Cardinal traits: personality components that define peoples lives very few individuals have cardinal traits Cardinal traits develop later in life Abraham Maslow conferred humanistic view as the third force As Opposed to Freud, he said that mental health was not merely the absence of mental sickness He saw successful people as fulfilling of basic needs, who then go for higher ideals They were independent and had no neurotic needs for the approval of others Self-actualizing personalities: healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are fee to be creative and fulfill their potentialities These people are creative, humorous, spontaneous, but accepting of limitations Carl Rogers worked with dysfunctional people Fully functioning person: Carl Rogers term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality These people have high self-esteem and are loved However negative experiences can lead to incongruence, threatening self-esteem

Henry Chen 10 Outline Phenomenal field: Our psychological reality, composed of ones perceptions and feelings Rogers saw that everyone could grow in a positive environment Parental conditional love may grow into anxiety and guilt Unconditional positive regard positive Humanistic psychologists regard Margaret Sanger as a self-actualizing person striving for full potential Humanism was refreshing for the pessimistic Freudian views It was criticized for a weak cultural deviance and compensation Self-esteem was shown to be in negative people Positive psychology A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functions as opposed to an emphasis psychopathology Social-Cognitive Theories Humanists and psychoanalysts did not have strong experimental foundation Albert Bandura did not focus on inner drives, but expectations of actions, environment, and ourselves Human personality is the ability to see consequences We learn by observation Observational Learning- The process of learning new responses by watching others behavior Through this humans acquire an array of social skills and attitudes Banduras theory stated that cognition played a large role in personality This involves a process of relationships between individuals and the environment Reciprocal determinism: The process in which cognitions, behavior and the environment mutually influence each other Ex. Like psychology, study psychology in rich environment, like psychology even moor Julian Rotter says we act on sense of personal power Locus of control: An individuals sense of where his or her life influences originate Those with internal locus are more likely to get good grades, exercise Critics say cognitive theories overemphasize rational information, and overlook emotion Social-Cognitive Theories have a strong empirical backing (bobo doll experiment) Social-Cognitive Theories would regard Margaret Sanger success based on her interpretation of rewards and punishments, and that her internal locus of control led to her sense of empowerment Current Trends Humanistic and cognitive theories overtook the psychodynamic theories Family systems theory- personality shaped by family and peer interaction Another theory relates cultural differences, collectivistic, individualistic Gender influences: males more aggressive, females form closer groups What persistent patterns are found in personality?

Henry Chen 10 Outline Hippocrates, a Greek physician first proposed there were 4 basic temperaments and 4 humors Humors: Four body fluids-blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile-that, according to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance Sanguine, a cheerful person has strong warm blood Choleric, angry person comes from yellow bile in the liver Black bile caused melancholic, or depressed temperament Phlegm creates cool, unemotional temperament Little validity, but still regarded in pop culture Several other classifications for humans, dangerous due to stereotypes Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types Personality and temperament Temperament- Basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individuals behaviors 4 humors trashed, but same concept, biological disposition based personalities Shy and bold tests show 15% born shy/ bold, 30% college age students Inherited temperament sets the range of the responses, but does not determine life experiences Personality as a composite of traits Temperaments are single dominant theme of personality, traits are the details, moody, cheerful, melancholy, enthusiastic, volatile, friendly, smart Factor analysis found 5 major traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Acronym (OCEAN) Five-factor theory: a trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism Simplifies a previously confusing idea Agreeable cross culture Raymond Cattell Further identified 16 personality factors NEO-PI: personality assessment device used to study personality stability across life MMPI-2: A widely used personality assessment instrument that hives scores on ten important clinical traits. Also called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Specifically measures mental problems like depression and schizophrenia Consists of 567 statements about habits, beliefs, morality

Henry Chen 10 Outline Has lie questions to secure validity, un-truthful responses Reliability: An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results Validity: An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what is being used to measure Ethnic minorities not properly represented in the MMP-2 Evaluating Temperament and Trait Theories Controversy on temperament and trait theories Personality is versatile, not static Margaret sangers case more complex, and cannot be labeled Trait theories let us predict behavior, not explain Self-fulfilling prophecy, labeled traits will be expressed Walter Mischel suggested behavior is not consistent Person-Situation controversy: A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behaviors If personality is inconsistent, why is there a theory? Personality traits measured by tests account for only 10% of all behavioral factors Behavior as an interpretation of a situation Mischel suggested behavior relies on cues such as weak or ambiguous When situation is strong and clear, there is less of an individual response When situation is weak, past personal experiences determine what to do Psychology in your life: Finding your type Type: Refers to especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a persons personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in may people Myers=Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Widely used personality test based on Jungian types Used in college counseling centers to help decide future career Only objective major of Jungs theory Questions on judgment, perception, and relations Reliability questionable Validity also questionable Counselors argue accuracy is less important than the suggestion of new explorations What theories do people use to understand each other? Constant assumptions made People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (folk theories) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across culture Since birth, personality appraisal determines who you favor Implicit personality theory: Assumptions about personality that are held by people (especially non-psychologists) to simplify the task of understanding others

Henry Chen 10 Outline These rely on assumptions of traits, clustering similar types together Fundamental attribution error: The assumption that another persons behavior, especially clumsy, inappropriate, or otherwise undesirable behavior, is the result of a flaw in personality, rather in the situation Cultural differences show that collectivistic cultures have less errors Personality across cultures Personality theory is a western creation Harry Triandis, culture varies on basis of individualism and collectivism Western cultures emphasis individuals Eastern and African cultures emphasis family, or the whole Individualistic have higher needs for achievement Culture also causes different group emphasis Elders held higher in Asian cultures, women second class in many cultures Romantic love found in European cultures, individualistic Asia cultures emphasize stoicism Industrialized nation have internal locus of controls Many cultures do not separate thoughts and emotions Ideal personality differs cross-cultures People physically same across the world, but not personality wise Personality depends on culture, and surrounding Hans Eysencks theory had two dimensions of temperament, Neuroticism, and extraversionintroversion Neuroticism: Susceptibility to neurotic problems Extraversion: A personality descriptor indicating the outgoing nature of some individuals Introversion: A personality descriptor indicating the quiet reserved nature of some individuals Eclectic: Either switching theories to explain different situations or buildings to explain different situations or building ones own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives Personality theory as a map showing psychological landscapes No single theory explains personality