Susan Douglas (Early Radio) Early Radio history: 1. Period of radio amateurs (1910 -1922) a.

Omni directional, interactive, public use, free, democratic, exchange of ideas b. Titanic Disaster Results in Radio Act of 1912 2. The Creation of the RCA (1919) 3. Rise of commercial networks (1920s 1940s) Three distinct but overlapping stages of 1920s radio listening: DXing, music listening, and story listening FM Transmissions: FM radio was invented by Edwin h. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose of overcoming the interference problem of AM radio Susan Douglas (The Social Construction of American Broadcasting_ Utopian view on early radio 1. Radio could promote a sense of nationhood 2. Sense of empowerment 3. would IMPROVE POLITICS 4. Would also bring religion closer to home. Fornatale and Mills (Radio in the Television Age) Local radio stations effort to appeal to audiences. Localization and specialization: Focus on localism: local appearances by deejays, local news, community announcements, sports scores, local hit music Specialization/niche audiences: seeking out those not served by television, which was a mass-audience medium. E.g. teenagers, blacks, religious groups, farmers, ethnic groups, and others. Formula Radio: Idea that a station could maintain its audience for the entire day by having consistent programming. 3 Types of radio broadcasting: Public Service Model Commercial Broadcasting Model Government-run model Public broadcasters major funding source The relationship between early television and radio

William Boddy (Television Begins) Early U.S. government regulations of the television industry The decline of TVs Golden Age Time range: From late 1940s to the late 1950s or early 1960s Live TV drama period was viewed as the golden age. Audience grew/changed Ratings became more important Advertisers wanted programs to create a buying mood. Megan Mullen (Blue Sky) The Blue Sky Period (1968-1974) Expectations placed o ncable TV as medium to become force for social change. Utopian alternative view WHAT DOES BLUE SKY PERIOD MEAN? Early Cable Retransmits broadcast signals to rural areas and congest urban areas. Improves reception and imports signals. By mid 1960s, expands to over 400 cable systems Cables transformation in the mid 1970s Government encourages cables growth o FCC allows distant signal importation o Congress creates compulsory license Congress also: o Mandates local broadast carriage o Permits PEG channels Satellite Distribution: o National program networks o Ad support o Expanded programming Increased channel capacity Geosynchronous satellites Advantages of direct broadcast satellite. Doesnt require special infrastructure on the ground Can bypass central authorities Hard to censor/control

Meyers (From Sponsorship to Spots) During the radio era, the relationship between advertisers and networks Rise of commercial networks for RADIO (1920s 1940s ) o Selling broadcast time to sponsors (advertisers buy air time from networks) o Known as toll broadcasting as well Rise of commercial networks for TELEVISION (1950s-) o Sponsorship (advertiser has much power on program) o Quiz Show Scandal (1958) Restructuring Advertising Practices Product placement Product/Brand integration Branded entertainment Single sponsorship Experimentation with spot advertising Theatricality television really transformed the way audience watched television. Viewers wanted to watch television in the same way they watched a film. So, huge stereo-home systems; HD TV, etc. Agenda Setting Theory - Shows tell us what to think. So, biased viewing, kinda. What you should know and what you should think about. Cultivation Theory How the media shapes the audiences view towards the world. If you watch a lot of violence, you may think the world out there is violent. Framing Theory HOW to think. One station may frame the issue in terms of democratic problems, another station may frame it in some other way. Hence, the word framing. Yay. *Go over this stuff in notes, clearly.* Amanda Lotz (The Television Will Be Revolutionized) Post-Network era characteristics Overcoming space and time From mass to niche audiences/programs o Diverse programs to serve different audiences o Fragmented audiences and cultural experiences o Polarized views and social divisions Mass cultural force only at key moments New forms, formats, and lengths Direct consumer payments determine access (Like HBO) Early computers functions The first personal computers

Janet Abbate (Popularizing the Internet) Early Network shaped by: Military Scientists and researches Commercial users 1969 ARPANET, precedes Internet Under control of the Department of Defense, but researches value autonomy of end users and flexibility. Internet Prior to WWW: Text-only interface Difficult to find information Few user-friendly applications Couldnt link info. found in different documents WWW: Popularizes the internet Went from research to communication Hypertext and multimedia Internet Regulation: Public government regulation (FCC) Semi-private regulation o ICANN and ISOC o Unclear regulatory authority Austin and Bradley (The Broadband Explosion) Increased broadand Lev Manovich (How Media Became New) Meia and computing machines New media are convergent media Mass societies create impetus for modern media and computers Media and computers develop in parallel Herman Hollerith//Konrad Zuse//Alan Turing ^Whodafuq are they? -Inventers, in terms of early Internet. Look into them.

Advantages of digital signal Filters out noise Precise signal Can check signal for errors More reliable than analog Signal traverses multiple distribution platforms Henry Jenkins (Introduction: Worship at the Altar of Convergence) Convergence Convergence reshapes media o Same recorded sound, images, and writing o Different delivery technologies o Different social, culture, and economic practices Unstable arrangements between producers, consumers, industries, and audiences 4 Dimensions of convergence Technological Economic Social/Cultural Global Remediation Tendency of one technology to refashion the forms of another Henry Jenkins (The Matrix and Transmedia Storytelling) Matrix as Transmedia storytelling Transmedia Story: Unfolds across multiple media platforms, with each new text making a distinctive and valuable contribution to the whole. POkemon: Transmedia perhaps at its most elaborate in childrens media franchises Lawrence Lessig (Code is Law) Liberty in cyberspace Key categories of regulation in society Defining SNS Profile (self-representation) List of other uses (inclusivity and exclusivity) View and traverse other lists (networked publics)

Structural Properties of SNS Persistence (context, asynchronous) Searchability Replicability Scalability (distribution) Locatability Craig Watkins (The Very Well Connected: Friending, Bonding, and community in the Digital Age) Teenager and Social web Third place