CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GROUND WATER INFORMATION WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD JULY, 2007

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GROUND WATER INFORMATION WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

SOUTHERN REGION GSI Post, Bandlaguda Hyderabad-500068 Andhra Pradesh Tel: 24222508 Gram: Antarjal

BHUJAL BHAWAN, NH.IV, FARIDABAD-121001 HARYANA, INDIA TEL: 0129-2418518 Gram: Bhumijal

GROUND WATER INFORMATION WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH By A.D. Rao Scientist-D

CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS PAGE WARANGAL DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

1.0

INTRODUCTION

2.0

RAINFALL

3.0

GROUND WATER SCENARIO 3.1 Hydrogeology 3.2 Ground Water Resources 3.3 Ground Water Quality 3.4 Status of Ground Water Development

4.0

GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 4.1 Ground water development 4.2 Water conservation and artificial recharge

5.0

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONTRIBUTORS
GROUND WATER INFORMATION WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

Principal Author A.D. Rao Scientist-D

Hydrometeorology & Map Generation

P.Sudhakar, Scientist-B D.V.Anjaneyulu, Asst.Hydrometeorologist B.Sarath, Draughtsman (Grade-II)

Scrutiny
B.Jaya Kumar, Suptdg.Hydrogeologist G.Sudarshan, Scientist-D

DISTRICT AT A GLANCE:

1. GENERAL FEATURES: i. Location | North Latitude 170 19' and 180 36' | East Longitude 780 49' and 800 43' ii. Geographical area iii. Dist head quarters iv. No. of Rev.Mandals v. No. of Rev.villages vi. Population | 12846 Sq Kms | Warangal | Fifty One (51) | One thousond ninty eight (1098). | a) Total b) Urban c) Rural | 252/ sq.km - 32,46,004 persons (2001 census) - 6,23,212 - 26,22,792

vii. Population density viii. Work force

: a) Cultivators - 4,40,483 persons b) Agricultural labour - 3,89,670 persons

2. RAINFALL (mm): i. Normal Annual Rainfall Monsoon Rainfall Non-monsoon Rainfall ii. Cummulative departure for the last 5 yrs from narmal 3. LAND USE (2004-05) (Area in ha) i. ii. iii iv v Forest Barren and uncultivable land Cultivable waste Current fallows Net area sown : 373640 : 54426 : 34068 : 147505 : 447232 : 994 mm : 80.38% : 19.62% : - 70%

4. IRRIGATION (2004-05) (Area in ha)

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Area irrigated under canals Area irrigated under tanks Area irrigated under dug wells Area irrigated under tube wells Area irrigated under other sources Net area irrigated : 6170 : 45754 : 260260 : 104631 : 1095 : 374045

vii. viii.

Gross area irrigated Medium irrigation a) Phakal lake b) Laknavaram lake c) Ramappa lake d) Chalivagu project e) Ghanpur tank

: 419389 : 21225 : 12400 : 4860 : 3246 : 3156

5. GEOLOGY Granites and Gneisses, Schists, Conglomerates, Sandstone, Limestone, Shale, Quartzites, Clays 6. GROUND WATER Well Census (2000-01) Number of dug wells Number of Shallow Tube wells Number of Deep Tube wells Exploration by CGWB Number of wells drilled rock Aquifer Properties i) T (m2/day) Hard rock Sedimentary ii) Storage Coefficient Hard rock Sedimentary
Monitoring

: 160659 : 29014 : 787

: 13 in sedimentries and 12 in hard terrain : : 2.3 to 12.6 : 6 to 740 :: 1.6 x 10-4 to 7.98 x 10-4 : 31 : 7 (Manual) & 6 (Fitted with

Number of Observation wells Dug wells Piezometers

DWLR) Range of water levels (meters below ground level May 2005) Minimum : 2.98 Maximum : 28.50 General Range : 5 to 20

ii

7. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (MCM) Net annual Ground water Resources : 1609.08 Net Annual Ground water Draft : 1107.84 Balance Ground water resource : 501.24 Stage of Ground water Development : 69% 8. GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT CATEGORY No. of mandals categorized as Safe (<70% of net available resource) Semi Critical (70-90%) Critical (90-100%) Over Exploited (>100%) No.of villages notified for restricted development
(by State Ground Water Authority)

: 28 mandals : 4 mandals : 2 mandals : 16 mandals : 247

9. CHEMICAL QUALITY i. Electrical Conductivity ( micro Siemens/cm at 250 C) ii. Chloride (mg/l) iii. Fluride (mg/l) iv. Nitrate (mg/l)

: 464 to 4710 : 25 to 1049 : 0.14 to 2.71 : 2 to 536

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

1.0 INTRODUCTION Warangal district with a total geographical area of 12,846 sq km is one of the ten Telangana districts of Andhra Pradesh. The district is mainly agrarian and agriculture is the main stay of the population. Population density which was 51 persons per sq km during 1901 has risen to 252 person per sq km as per 2001 census. This has led to stress on available land and the size of land holdings has decreased considerably. Economic viability of agriculture has become precarious due to small land holdings, increase in input cost, market fluctuations for agricultural produce, dependency of farmers on loans for agricultural inputs etc. all these combined with continuous failure of monsoon since 1997 has led to a distress situation in the district. Since 1998 onwards there are number of reported cases of farmers distress suicides, so far 556 farmers have committed suicides in the district. Except in few mandals like Govardhanpeta, Balpal, Dornakal, Danthalapally deaths are reported from the entire district irrespective of whether the mandal is falling in command or noncommand, low or high ground water development. The number of deaths are comparatively less in tribal mandals and highest in Acchampeta, Chityala, Sayampeta, Parkal and Ghanpur (St)mandals. All of these mandals except Ghanpur are falling in safe category from ground water development point of view.

The district falls in the drainage basins of both Godavari and Krishna rivers. The river Godavari, the largest river in the peninsular India flows along the eastern boundary of the district in south easterly direction (Fig 1). Pedavagu and Lakhnavaram are the two main tributaries of the Godavari. In the southern and south western part of the district the streams flow towards south and south

easternly direction and finally fall into the Krishna river. The important tributaries of river Krishna are Akeru, Paleru and Muneru. The entire district is divided into 58 minor basins.

Surface water irrigation in the district is mainly from five medium irrigation projects serving an ayacut of 44887 ha and to a small extent of 6170 ha under Sri Ram Sagar Major irrigation project. Out of the total cropped area of 533604 ha an area of 356418 ha is having irrigation facilities. 25.17% of the irrigated area is covered by surface water sources, 64.75% of the area is irrigated through ground water sources and the remaining by other sources. The main crops raised in rainfed area are cotton, groundnut, Jowar, Maize, Dal, Til etc and under dug wells and tube wells and under canals the main crops grown are Rice, chillies, turmeric, cotton and ground nut. The source wise area irrigated for the last five years is given in Table 1.

Table-1: SOURCE WISE AREA IRRIGATED (in ha)

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Source of irrigation Canals Tanks Tube Wells & filter points Other wells Lift Irrigation Other Sources Net Area Irrigated Gross area Irrigated Area irrigated more than once

2004-05 44182 6170 86433 234824 1842 840 374045 419389 45344

Central Ground Water Board has covered the entire district through systematic hydrogeological surveys by 1990. Subsequently first generation reappraisal surveys were completed by 2003-04. Ground water exploration in the district commenced in the year 1972-73 and continued up to 1984-85 in the sedimentary terrain and in the second phase starting from 2005 exploratory drilling has been taken up in the hard rock terrain so far 12 wells have been constructed. In all 13 exploratory wells were drilled during this phase. Under hydrology project CGWB constructed 13 piezometers and 48 by State Ground Water Department to monitor the ground water scenario. Studies on Conjunctive of surface and ground waters were undertaken in the canal command area of Sri Ram Sagar project canal command during 2000-02. As part of the ground water regime monitoring 31 dug wells and 13 piezometers are being monitored on regular basins.

2.0 RAINFALL The normal annual rainfall of the district is 994 mm. The rainfall increases from southwest to northeast part varying from 924 to 1061 mm. The southwest monsoon contributes about 80% of the annual rainfall.. The details are presented in Table 2 and Fig 2.

The annual variation of rainfall is conspicuous. Analysis of the rainfall for the last five years shows that the district has received deficit rainfall during 4 years and excess rainfall for one year. The cumulative departure for the last five years from the normal rainfall is 70%, which indicate that the district is facing continuous drought situation. During the normal rainfall years also the district as a whole received rainfall just above normal but it was very erratic and not uniformly spread. Many of the mandals have received deficit rainfall during this period also.

Table 2.
MANDAL-WISE ANNUAL RAINFALL AND ITS DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL WARANGAL DISTRICT
S NO

MANDAL NAME NORMAL 2000-01

(Rainfall in mm) 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Departure from Normal 2004-05 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

CUMMULATIVE REMARKS DEPARTURE

1 Athmakur 2 Bachannapet 3 Bhupalpally 4 Chennaraopet 5 Cherial 6 Chityal 7 Devaruppula 8 Dhrmasagar 9 Dornakal 10 Duggondi 11 Eturnagaram 12 Geesgonda 13 Ghanpur (M) 14 Ghanpur(Stn) 15 Govindaraopet 16 Gudur 17 Hanamkonda 18 Hasanparthy 19 Jangaon 20 Kesamudram 21 Khanapur 22 Kodakondla 23 Korvi 24 Kothagudem 25 Lingal ghanpur 26 Maddur 27 Mahabubabad

1092 869 1136 1064 831 1013 749 754 949 1070 1265 1013 851 1181 1238 1148 980 950 816 1058 1113 776 1063 1167 812 764 1088

1263 977 1088 1278 1056 953 679 901 843 1116 1949 1050 1280 916 1273 1197 1196 1020 846 1130 1205 1186 1112 1143 806 1038 951

981 836 707 884 759 692 454 674 866 660 939 726 824 669 867 1127 662 723 719 863 1050 602 903 1161 606 756 910

709 594 735 620 408 600 293 507 856 520 951 581 803 640 724 824 494 593 577 768 607 486 631 766 405 735 639

1319 673 807 1181 487 688 456 850 1116 810 1853 863 1193 611 1058 1302 964 721 876 1236 1320 785 1014 1257 760 905 1198

577 733 676 921 382 425 361 626 905 581 1240 645 789 450 785 1143 768 746 930 731 929 642 605 963 609 764 794

16% 12% -4% 20% 27% -6% -9% 20% -11% 4% 54% 4% 50%

-10% -4% -38% -17% -9% -32% -39% -11% -9% -38% -26% -28% -3%

-35% -32% -35% -42% -51% -41% -61% -33% -10% -51% -25% -43% -6% -46% -42% -28% -50% -38% -29% -27% -45% -37% -41% -34% -50% -4% -41%

21% -23% -29% 11% -41% -32% -39% 13% 18% -24% 46% -15% 40% -48% -15% 13% -2% -24% 7% 17% 19% 1% -5% 8% -6% 18% 10%

-47% -16% -40% -13% -54% -58% -52% -17% -5% -46% -2% -36% -7% -62% -37% 0% -22% -22% 14% -31% -17% -17% -43% -17% -25% 0% -27%

-56% -61% -147% -41% -128% -169% -201% -28% -17% -155% 48% -118% 75% -222% -120% -13% -83% -100% -16% -53% -41% -23% -99% -47% -108% 49% -87%

Deficit Scanty Scanty Deficit Scanty Scanty Scanty Deficit

Normal

Scanty Excess Scanty Surplus Scanty Scanty

Normal

-22% -43% 3% 4% 22% 7% 4% 7% 8% 53% 5% -2% -1% 36% -30% -2% -32% -24% -12% -18% -6% -22% -15% -1% -25% -1%

Scanty Scanty
Normal

Deficit Deficit Deficit Scanty Deficit Scanty Excess Scanty

-13% -16%

28 Mangapet 29 Maripeda 30 Mogullapally 31 Mulug 32 Nallabelli 33 Narmetta 34 Narsampet 35 Narsimhulapet 36 Nekkonda 37 Nellikudur 38 Palakurthy 39 Parkal 40 Parvathagiri 41 Raghuntahpally 42 Raiparthy 43 Regonda 44 Sangam 45 Shayampet 46 Tadvai 47 Thorrur 48 Venkatapur 49 Warangal 50 Wardhannapet 51 Zaffargadh 52 SETTUR 53 SINGANAMALA 54 SOMMANDEPALLI 55 TADIMARRI 56 TADIPATRI 57 TALUPULA

1245 825 965 1218 1116 753 1114 841 1134 1065 926 1041 907 829 877 994 987 1119 1171 905 1200 971 823 848 480 546 635 469 667 636

1454 1106 1155 1302 1356 833 1175 1276 1016 1281 840 1305 1067 820 741 1169 1114 1545 1468 1229 1305 1196 498 834 413 660 884 358 856 801

569 799 595 1006 911 720 1685 720 1045 669 977 803 993 698 832 658 872 970 987 719 958 662 454 757 582 563 714 443 650 802

919 627 628 798 698 380 678 514 684 556 517 735 650 671 531 742 626 742 890 626 593 494 432 575 301 276 228 137 372 396

1775 1169 604 1304 975 520 1130 1028 1137 1249 989 901 1028 740 982 832 992 1186 1771 1107 648 964 703 661 347 362 650 413 759 649

978 620 463 824 510 586 741 641 768 838 753 591 696 591 604 501 957 597 855 723 583 768 299 499 540 351 375 334 372 601

17% 34% 20% 7% 21% 11% 5% 52% -10% 20% -9% 25% 18% -1% -15% 18% 13% 38% 25% 36% 9% 23%

-54% -3% -38% -17% -18% -4% 51% -14% -8% -37% 5% -23% 9% -16% -5% -34% -12% -13% -16% -21% -20% -32%

-26% -24% -35% -35% -37% -50% -39% -39% -40% -48% -44% -29% -28% -19% -39% -25% -37% -34% -24% -31% -51% -49% -48% -32% -37% -49% -64% -71% -44% -38%

43% 42% -37% 7% -13% -31% 1% 22% 0% 17% 7% -13% 13% -11% 12% -16% 1% 6% 51% 22% -46% -1% -15% -22% -28% -34% 2% -12% 14% 2%

-21% -25% -52% -32% -54% -22% -33% -24% -32% -21% -19% -43% -23% -29% -31% -50% -3% -47% -27% -20% -51% -21% -64% -41% 13% -36% -41% -29% -44% -6%

-43% 24% -143% -70% -101% -96% -14% -3% -90% -69% -60% -84% -6% -75% -79% -108% -38% -50% 10% -13% -159% -79% -210% -108% -45% -95% -51% -141% -49% 11%

Deficit Excess Scanty Scanty Scanty Scanty

Normal Normal

Scanty Scanty Scanty Scanty

Normal

Scanty Scanty Scanty Deficit Deficit

Normal Normal

Scanty Scanty Scanty Scanty Deficit Scanty Deficit Scanty Deficit

Normal

-40% -45% -2% -14% 21% 39% -24% 28% 26% -11% 21% 3% 12% -6% -3% 26%

58 TANAKAL 59 URAVAKONDA 60 VAJRAKARUR 61 VIDAPANAKAL 62 YADIKI 63 YELLANUR MEAN

612 530 518 574 646 632 915

622 604 422 671 624 1023

694 701 584 615 718 786 786

432 321 179 340 360 239 571

805 510 363 476 667 492 908

469 352 235 336 488 396 644

2% 14% -19%

13% 32% 13% 7%

-29% -39% -65% -41% -44% -62% -38%

32% -4% -30% -17% 3% -22% -1%

-23% -34% -55% -41% -24% -37% -30%

-6% -31% -156% -92% -51% -98% -70%

Normal

Deficit Scanty Scanty Deficit Scanty Scanty

4% -1%

11% 24%

12% -14%

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh

Fig 2.

3.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO 3.1 HYDROGEOLOGY : Ground water occurs in all the geological formations in the district. The major rock types occurring in the district are granites, genisses, sandstone, limestone, shale, quartzites etc. The occurrence and movement of the ground water is a consequence of a finite combination of topographical, climatological, hydrological, geological, structural and pedalogical factors, which together form integrated dynamic system. All these factors are interrelated and inter dependent, each providing a insight into the total functioning of this dynamic system. Understanding of all these factors and their relation is very essential. About 60% of the district is underlain by crystalline rocks and the remaining area by the consolidated and semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks, hydrogeological conditions of the district is shown on Fig 3. The yields of the wells depend on the recharge conditions and spacing of the wells. The yields will reduce drastically in drought situations particularly in phereatic aquifer and where cluster of wells exists in deeper fractures, thereby leading to failure of wells. The nature of occurrence and behaviour of ground water in different water bearing formations are discussed below.

3.1.1 Ground Water in Crystalline Rocks: These rocks types occupy about 60% area of the district. The crystalline rocks like granite and gneisses lack primary porosity. They develop secondary porosity through fracturing and weathering over ages and thus become water bearing. The movement of ground water is controlled by the degree of interconnection of these secondary pores/voids. Consequently the prospects of ground water are rather limited. The depth to bed rock varies from few meters to 30 m bgl. Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in weathered zone and under semi confined conditions in the fractures and fissures.

10

The shallow water table or phreatic aquifers are developed through large diameter irrgation dug wells and small diameter domestic wells. The irrigation wells are generally rectangular in shape with an open area ranging from 40 to 100 m2 with length of sides ranging from 4 to 10 m and diameter of circular wells varies from 6 to 10 m. The depth of the wells range from 6 to 15 m bgl. Depth to water in the wells vary from 5 to 20 m bgl during summer and < 2 to 5 m bgl during post monsoon period The yield ranges from 20 to 60 m3/day and specific capacity ranges from 0.002 to 0.324 m3/mdd.

The deeper fractured aquifer is developed through bore wells. The fractured aquifers are potential upto 100 m depth in general, beyond 100 m the occurrence of fractures decreases drastically, potential fractures are

encountered only along the lineaments and at other favourable location. The discharge of the successful bore wells range from 0.5 lps to 4 lps. The transmissivity values range from 2.36 to 12.65 m2/day.

3.1.2 Ground Water in Pakhals and Sullavais: The Pakhals and Sullavais the oldest sedimentary rocks occupy an area of 1500 and 700 sq.km respectively in northeastern part of the district. They comprise mainly sandstones, quartzite, limestones, shales and phyllites. They are hard, compact and possess limited primary porosity. However, subsequent fracturing and fissuring followed by weathering enabled them to form aquifers locally. The thickness of weathered zone varies from 8 to 20m. The depth ranges of the dug wells vary from 6 to 10 m bgl. The premonsoon water levels vary from 5 to 20 m bgl and the post monsoon water levels vary from <2 to 10 m bgl. The yields of the dug wells range between 20 to 60 m3/day. In general they form poor aquifers except wells tapping weathered shales and sandstones.

11

The shallow fractured aquifer is tapped through bore wells. The discharges in Pakhal dolomitic limestones range from 6 to 32 m3/hr for drawdowns of 6 to 12 m. The specific capacity ranges from 24 to 76 lpm/mdd and the transmissivity from 168 to 834 m2/day. The discharges in the phyllitic shales range from 19 to 33 m3/hr, the specific capacity from 12.5 to 36 lpm/m/mdd and the transmissivity ranges from 33.9 to 35 m2/day. The discharges in the quartzitic shales ranges from 5 to 60 m3/hr, the transmissivity varies between 140 to 202 m2/day and the storage coefficient is about 3.4 x 10-3.

The discharges in the Sullavai quartzitic sandstones ranges from 15 to 42 m3/hr at draw downs varying from 1.1 to 6.6 m. The aquifer transmissivity ranges from 25 to 988 m2/day and the storage coefficient ranges from 1.6 x 10-4 to 2 x 10-4.

3.1.3 Ground Water in Gondwanas: They are the youngest sedimentary rocks and occupy 2550 sq.km of the district area in the northeastern part. The Gondwanas are represented by Talchir boulder bed, shale and sand stone, Barakar sand stones and clays, Ferrugenous sand stones and clays of Kamthi series, Kota formation comprising of clays,sandstones and limestones and Chikiala formations are represented by conglomerates, sandstones and clays.

Shallow Phereatic Aquifers: The Talchir boulder bed is favorable for sinking open wells, the depth of wells 8 to 13 m in general and the yields range from 15 to 30 m3/day. Most of the wells are almost dry during peak summer. The depth of the dug wells in Barakars 12 to 17 m bgl. They form poor aquifers and are tapped only for domestic needs. The depth of the dug wells tapping Kamthi sand stones vary

12

from 4 to 15 m bgl and the have yields of 20 to 40 m3/day. The Maleri and Chikiala formations are predominantly clayey and form poor aquifers.

Deeper Confined Gondwana Aquifers: Central Ground Water Baord has proved the existence of deeper aquifers in the Gondwana formations by constructing test wells. The State Groundwater Department has also carried out exploratory drilling upto a depth of 100 m bgl. The yields of the bore wells tapping the Talchir formation range from 5 to 20 m3/hr and the specific capacity of the wells ranges from 10 to 55 lpm/mdd. The Barakar formation form poor aquifers the yield of the well tapping this aquifer upto a depth of 300 m bgl, the sand stone horizons of 50 to 80 m tapped in the wells have discharges of 56 to 72 m3/day at draw down 19 to 23 m. The specific capacity of wells ranges from 27 to 330 lpm/mdd and the aquifer transmissivity ranges between 128 and 396 m2/day. The Kamthi sandstones extend upto 446 m bgl, the potential zones can be classified in to three groups top upto 100m, middle between 100 to 250 m and bottom beyond 250 m bgl. The lower group comprising of gritty sandstones have low to moderate yields of 324 to 1936 m3/day, transmissivity ranging from 70 to 135 m2/day and storage coefficientof 3.7 x 10-4. The middle group consisting of coarse to medium grained sandstones with intercalation of clays have moderate yields of 1180 m3/day with a transmissivity value of 70 m2/day and storage coefficient of 1.6 x 10-4. The upper Kamthi sandstones comprising of coarse to gritty sandstones have very high yields ranging from 1909 to 3896 m3/day, transmissivity ranging from 225 to 740 m2/day and storage coefficient varying from 2.6 x 10-4 to 8.4 x 10-5. The deeper sandstone aquifers of Maleri and Chikiala extending down to 220 m bgl occur under highly confined conditions. The discharges are around 2615 m3/day at drawdown of 22 m. The transmissivity and storage coefficient are around 126 m2/day and 7.98 x 10-4 respectively and many of them become artesian flowing wells.

13

3.1.4 Ground Water in Laterites and Alluvium: The dug wells and dug-cum-bore wells in laterity yield are as high as 300 m3/day. Alluvium occurs either as terrace deposits or flood plains in about 125 sq km area along the western bank of the Godavari river. The depth of the alluvial sands varies from 5 to 20 m bgl. The yields of the shallow wells tapping alluvium vary from 30 to 60 m3/day and that of the filter point wells from 720 to 960 m3/day for a draw down of 1 to 15 m..

3.1.5 Depth to Water Level: Ground water levels are monitored from a network of observation wells four times in a year.

3.1.5.1 Premonsoon: The depth to water levels range from 2.98 meters below ground level (m bgl) to 28.5 m.bgl. The shallow water level of <5 m is observed in the north

western part of the district. The deeper water levels of more than 20 m bgl are observed in northeastern part of the district. In rest of the area it varies from 5 to 20 m bgl (Fig 4).

3.1.5.2 Post monsoon: The depth to water level range from 0.00 to 14.64 m bgl. In general the water levels are between 2 and 10 m bgl during the post monsoon period (Fig 5). The area under < 2 m bgl occurs in the northeastern and eastern parts of the district, Water level of more than 10 m bgl is seen only in a very small isolated patch in the northwestern part. The water levels are between 2 and 5 m bgl in the central part from south to north and it varies from 5 to 10 m bgl all along the weatern part. In general the water levels are deep in the western part and shallow in eastern parts of the district.

14

15

16

3.1.5.3 Water Level Fluctuation: The rise in water level between pre and post monsoon period of 2005 is more than 4 m in the entire district except in small pockets where it is between 2-4 m (Fig 6).

3.1.5.4 Long Term Water Levels: On analysis of observation well data of Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Department for the period 1995 to 2005 and having a minimum of 10 records show that 39% of the wells are showing rising trends varying from 0.05 to 0.79 m/yr and the rest 41% of the wells are showing falling trends varying from 0.002 to 1.81 m/yr. Hydrographs of selected wells are presented in Fig.7.

Premonsoon trend analysis indicate that 19% of the wells are showing rising trends varying from 0.005 to 0.13 m/yr and the rest 81% wells show a declining trend varying from 0.013 to 1.8 m/yr.

Post monsoon trend analysis indicate that 46% of the wells having rising trends ranging from 0.018 to 1.37 m/yr and the rest of the 54% wells show a declining trend ranging from 0.007 to 1.4 m/yr.

3.2 GROUND WATER RESOURCES Based on the Ground Water Estimation Committee (GEC-97) norms ground water assessment was done in 2004. The mandal wise details are present in Table 3. Ground water resource available is 4418 MCM in command area and 508 MCM in non-command area of the district. Ground water utilization is 2358 MCM and 408 MCM in command and non-command areas respectively. The ground water balance is 2060 MCM and 100 MCM in command and non command areas respectively. Based on the stage of ground water development

17

18

19

Table 3: MANDAL WISE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE 2004

WARANGAL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

Area in the basin ha
S.No

Mandal
C NC T

Ground water availability Ha.m.

C NC Total

Ground water utilisation Ha.m.

C NC Total

Groundwater Balance Ha.m.

C NC Total

Stage of development %
C NC Total

Category
C NC Total

5 = ( 3-4 )

6 = {(4/3) * 100 }

1 Atmakur 2 Bachanapet 3 Bhupalpally 4 Chennaraopet 5 Cherial 6 Chityal 7 Devaruppla 8 Dharmasagar 9 Dornakal 10 Duggondi 11 Eturnagaram 12 Geesugonda 13 Govindraopet 14 Gudur 15 Hanamkonda 16 Hasanparthy 17 Jangoan 18 Kesamudram

22342.31 0 12903.1 0 25801.4 0 16178.26 6846.12 0 4008 0

0 22342.31 4791 19646.16 19646.16 0 4240 20290 0

0 2077 2486 0 3273 504 1517 2860 0 710 6090 1705 3488 3958 0 1681 0

4791 2077 2879 3145 3273 6029 1517 2860 3273 2231 6090 2536 3488 4572 3958 3884 1681 4701

1935 0 163 1650 0 2904 0 0 2298 931 0 623 0 720 0 2528 0 2466

0 2722 1067 0 3294 211 1802 3161 0 1109 637 1580 614 1156 2582 0 2523 0

1935 2722 1229 1650 3294 3115 1802 3161 2298 2039 637 2203 614 1875 2582 2528 2523 2466

2856 0 230 1495 0 2621 0 0 975 590 0 208 0 0 1356 0 2236

0 -646 1420 0 -21 293 -285 -301 0 -399 5454 125 2874 1376 0 -842 0

2856 -646 1650 1495 -21 2914 -285 -301 975 191 5454 333 2874 2697 1376 1356 -842 2236

40 NA 41 52 NA 53 NA NA 70 61 NA 75 NA 34 NA 65 NA 52

NA 131 43 NA 101 42 119 111 NA 156 10 93 18 48 65 NA 150 NA

40 131 43 52 101 52 119 111 70 91 10 87 18 41 65 65 150 52

Safe NA Safe NA OE OE Safe Safe Safe Safe NA Safe NA OE OE Safe Safe Safe NA OE OE NA OE OE SC NA SC Safe OE Cri NA Safe Safe SC Cri SC NA Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe NA Safe Safe Safe NA Safe NA OE OE Safe NA Safe

2788.69 23070.43 25859.12 393 12903.1 3145 0 0 0 30041.4 5525 20290 27100.88 27100.88

0 25988.78 25988.78

0 16178.26 3273 4935.55 11781.67 1521 57752.31357752.313 11925 33117.94533117.945 0 0 0 0 15933 831

8727.83 16228.74 24956.57 2147 2426 0 31093.56 31093.56 15656.43 0 20044.93 18067.36 18067.36 0 15656.43 3884 0 20044.93 4701

1427 1270

20

19 Khanapur 20 Kodakandla 21 Korivi 22 Kothaguda 23 Lingala ghanpur 24 Maddur 25 Mahabubabad 26 Mangapet 27 Maripeda 28 Mogullapally 29 Mulug 30 MulugGhanpur 31 Nallabelly 32 Narmetta 33 Narsampet 34 Narsimhulapet 35 Nekkonda 36 Nellikudur 37 Palakurthy 38 Parkal 39 Parvathagiri 40 Raghunathpally 41 Rayaparthy 42 Regonda 43 Sangem 44 Shayampet 45 St Ghanpur 0 0 0 0 0

0 11224.75 11224.75 18935.81 18935.81 66888.24966888.249 18232.98 18232.98 16838.43 16838.43 3280.09 41394.64 41394.64

0 0 0 0 0 0

1731 1715 0 3125 1597 1532 508 4452 0 1337 699 2053 237 1907 259 143 2330 0 359 2115 2201 405 0 3697

1731 1715 5968 3125 1597 1532 4926 4452 3482 3206 5501 1337 2238 2053 1671 2340 4174 5073 2330 4079 3422 2115 2201 4251 3290 2606 3697

0 0 3040 0 0 0 2358 0 712 2197 762 0 937 0 844 236 2702 3094 0 2000 1887 0 0 2223 1419 0

1080 2109 0 588 1948 2513 408 1026 2276 0 782 841 399 2559 232 2059 215 188 3147 0 399 3071 3070 455 0 5071

1080 2109 3040 588 1948 2513 2765 1026 2988 2197 1544 841 1337 2559 1076 2295 2917 3282 3147 2000 2286 3071 3070 2678 2445 1419 5071

0 0 2928 0 0 0 2060 0 777 1009 0 601 0 590 197 1213 1836 0 2079 1176 0 0 1623 564 1187 0

651 -394 0 2537 -351 -981 100 3426 -284 0 496 300 -506 5 -152 44 -44 -817 0 -40 -955 -868 -50 282 0

651 -394 2928 2537 -351 -981 2161 3426 493 1009 3957 496 901 -506 595 45 1257 1791 -817 2079 1136 -955 -868 1573 846 1187

NA NA 51 NA NA NA 53 NA 48 69 39 NA 61 NA 59 55 69 63 NA 49 62 NA NA 58 67 54 NA

62 123 NA 19 122 164 80 23 114 NA 22 63 57 125 98 108 83 131 135 NA 111 145 139 112 82 NA 137

62 123 51 19 122 164 56 23 86 69 28 63 60 125 64 98 70 65 135 49 67 145 139 63 74 54 137

NA Safe Safe NA OE OE Safe NA Safe NA Safe Safe NA OE OE NA OE OE Safe SC Safe NA Safe Safe Safe OE SC Safe NA Safe Safe Safe Safe NA Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe NA OE OE Safe Cri Safe Safe OE Cri Safe SC Safe Safe OE Safe NA OE OE Safe NA Safe Safe OE Safe NA OE OE NA OE OE Safe OE Safe Safe SC SC Safe NA Safe NA OE OE

26040.17 0.000001 26040.17 5968

19094.91 0 12806.84

22375 4418

5989.7 22503.59 28493.29 1490 1992 0 12806.84 3206 0 0 9769.29 32092.96 41862.25 1935 3566 0 11900.15 11900.15 7551.4 7431.22 15581 20653.33 0 17912.24 0 0 19721.88 7768 12105.33 0 22844.78 22844.78 1838.08 2548 6781.74 14333.14 1539 9269.3 1434 18129 3915 0

1173 2785

1711.81 19430.13 21141.94 432 1331.82 21985.15 4930 25595.92 25595.92 0 17912.24 4079 25338.31 25338.31 21497.21 21497.21 10598 0 0

3620 11898.23 15518.23 3063

3767 23488.88 3846 0 12105.33 2606 32863.64 32863.64 0

18366 1697 1593

1133 1311

-1374 -1374

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46 Tadvai 47 Thorrur 48 Venkatapur 49 Wardhannapet 50 Zaffergadh Total

0 0 0 5048 0

60869.23360869.233 21076.29 21076.29 24308.05 24308.05 16573.82 16573.82

0 0 0 0

3682 2223 2742 1576

3682 2223 2742 3586 1576

0 0 0 0

823 2997 866 2304

823 2997 866 3831 2304

0 0 0 434 0

2859 -774 1877 -679 -728

2859 -774 1877 -245 -728

NA NA NA 71 NA 56

22 135 32 133 146 80

22 135 32 107 146 69

NA Safe Safe NA OE OE NA Safe Safe SC OE OE NA OE OE Safe SC Safe

20153.99 25201.99 1514 2072

1080 2751

328102.2 866062.6

1194165 76284 84625 160908 42841 67943 110784 33442 16682 50124

Note: OE = Over exploited; Cri = Critical; SC = Semi critical; C = command; NC = Non command; NA = Not applicable

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and water level trend the villages and ground water assessment units are categorized as described below. Overall, the district falls under Safe category with a stage of development at 56%. The stage of development in command area is 53% and that in non-command is 80% showing that the non-command area is falling in Semi-critical category. Based on the stage of development 28 mandals are categorized as Safe, 4 Semi-critical, 2 Critical and 16 Over Exploited (Fig 8). The minimum stage of development is 10% in Eturnagaram mandal and the maximum stage of deveopment of 164% is in Maddur mandal. On classification it is seen that in command area except Wardhannapet mandal which is categorised as semi critical all other mandals fall under Safe category and in non-command area only 14 mandals are falling in Safe category, 3 in Semi critical, 2 Critical and 22 mandals fall in Over exploited category. 3.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY The ground water in the district is in general suitable for both domestic and irrigation purpose. The electrical conductivity ranges from 467 to 4270 micro Siemens/cm at 250C. Nitrate pollution is observed in many parts of the district 35% of the samples analysed show nitrates beyond permissible limits. High salinity is observed in Ingurthi, Mallampally and Ippagudem, the high salinity at Ingurthi is due to local contamination where most of the parameters are above the permissible limits. A total of 39 villages are affected by high fluoride problem particularly in Chennaroapet and Parvathagiri mandals. 3.4 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT Ground water development in the district is through bore well of 60 to 100 m depth in the non-command areas and through dug wells and shallow bore wells in the command area. In the sedimentary terrain ground water development is through deep tube wells tapping the Gondwana sandstones. Alluvial aquifers are

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developed through filter point wells of 10 to 20 depth.The district is mainly dependant on ground water for its irrigation and domestic needs. 87% of the irrigated area is dependant on ground water and to cater to this need 196007 ground water extraction structures exist. 98.5% of the drinking water needs are met from ground water sources. To meet the domestic water needs of the 1003 habitations 2459 ground water extraction structures are constructed. The details of the drinking water facilities are presented in Table 4. Large diameter dug wells piercing the weathered rock exist in the area for irrigation purpose; they are either in rectangular or circular shape. The sides of the rectangular wells are usually between 4 to 10 m, similarly the diameter of the circular wells is between 6 to 10 m. The depth of the dug wells varies from 6 to 15 m bgl in crystalline areas and between 8 to 13 m in sedimentary terrain. Most of the wells in the non-command dry up in summer. The wells have 1-2 m of water column and sustain pumping by 5 HP motors for 2 to 5 hrs in two spells in a day. The yields of the wells vary from 20 to 60 m3/day in crystalline rocks and 15 to 40 m3/day in sedimentary rocks.

The fractured aquifers in crystalline rocks are tapped by bore wells of 100 to 159 mm dia with a depth range of 60 to 100 m bgl in general. The discharge of the bore wells varies from 0.5 to 4 lps. The sedimentary aquifers are tapped by tube wells, the discharges of the sedimentary formation vary widely ranging from 56.5 to 3896.6 m3/day.

4.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The ground water management strategy should be such that there is optimal utilisation of ground water resource and it should also take into consideration the well spacing norms. Based on the well spacing of 250 m on an average for shallow bore wells in hard rocks and sedimentary rocks, the optimal

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Table 4.

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well density per sq.km comes to 16, where as presently the well density in the district is 19 per sq. km leaving little scope for further development of the ground water (Table 5). A perusal of the table shows that the well density is lowest, 1 well/sq.km in Eturnagaram mandal and is highest in Chennaraopet mandal 43 wells/sq. km. Based on the above norm ground water development is only possible in 14 mandals of the district which are falling either in sedimentary terrain or safe mandals from ground water point of view and only one mandal i.e Devaruppal is categorised as critical mandal hence no further development is possible.

The district is having limited command area and the entire command area is falling under safe category with a balance resource of 2060 MCM available for development. In view of this situation conjunctive use of surface and ground water is the only alternative available. Ground water development in the command area through construction of dug wells/bore wells may be taken up for utilisation of ground water resource available and use it in conjunction with surface water to increase the irrigation potential.

The western part of the district is highly over developed and all the 16 over exploited mandals are located in this area. It is necessary to augument the ground water resource by taking up artificial recharge to ground water on a large scale to sustain the existing ground water extraction structures. Further construction of bore wells needs to be stopped by strictly implementing APWALTA act. There is an urgent need in this area to motivate the farmers for changing the cropping pattern. Less water consuming crops and modern irrigation methods are to be encouraged in the are in lieu of the present practice of double crop of paddy and flood irrigation.

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Table 5.

28

4.1 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT Ground water development should be restricted to the command area and sedimentary terrain. In command area dug wells of 10 to 15 m depth having a radius of 5 m may be constructed in areas having water levels below 5 m bgl or shallow bore wells of 165 mm dia up to a depth of 40 m may be constructed. The selection of bore well sites should be done based on the geophysical and hydrogeological studies. The unit cost of each dug well will be around Rs 44,500 and that of bore well Rs 12,500 to 15000 (Source NABARD).

Deeper aquifers in the Gondwana formations has good potential, which can be developed by deep tube wells up to a depth of 60 to 450 m bgl. Tube wells with 254 mm housing, 152 mm casing with slotted pipes again the productive aquifer zones may be constructed. The selection of bore well sites should be done based on the geophysical and hydrogeological studies. The tube well construction and maintenance may be takenup by Government agencies and irrigation may be taken up on co-operative basis. The approximate cost of each tube well will be between 2 to 2.5 lakhs as per market rate.

4.2 WATER CONSERVATION & ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE Ground water conservation and artificial recharge works have been taken up on a large scale in the district since 2002 under Neeru-Meeru, Water shed, RIDF and other programmes. So far 1791 number of structures have been constructed. The structures constructed under these schemes are percolation tanks, check dams and farm ponds. Apart from these structures contour trenching has been done by the Forest department in number of places.

Artificial recharge works in the district should be taken up on priority basis in the 16 over exploited mandals of the district(Fig-9). Artificial recharge works should be avoided in command area and sedimentary terrain.

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most ideally suited artificial recharge structure in the area is the percolation tank. Further modifying the percolation tank with construction of recharge bore will help very much as the weathered thickness is high and the water levels are very deep. Desilting of all the existing tanks in OE mandals need to be taken up. Apart from this check dams/gully plugs may be taken up where the slope is considerable. All the works have to be taken up on water shed basis and after careful assessment of the available surface run off and after meeting the needs of the existing structures. Rooftop harvesting both in urban and rural areas should be made mandatory to enhance the ground water recharge.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The distress situation among the farmers is spread uniformly in the entire district both in command and non-command areas and irrespective of stage of ground water development. The reasons for farmers suicide are many, the first is related to crop failure due to high input costs, wrong selection of crops, spurious seeds, market rate fluctuation for farm produce etc leading to crop failure and accumulated loans. The problem needs to be addressed by Governmental interference by way of subsidies, market regulation, timely advise regarding suitable cropping pattern taking in to consideration the soil suitability, water availability and anticipated market demand. Awareness has to be created regarding the need for adopting less water intensive and less cost intensive cropping pattern even if the profits are not high but assured.

The second is related to high percentage of non-workers due to lack of opportunities and they constitute 51.75% of the total population. This problem can be remedied by development of rural industries and cottage industries based on the rich forest resources and by establishing agro based industries in the district.

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The third is failure of bore wells due to the vagaries of monsoon and scanty rainfall and over development leading to deepening of water levels and further investments in new bores where the rate of failure of wells is high. Further construction of very deep bores beyond 80-100 m in hard rocks where the success rate is very limited leads to high cost investments and loan burdens. This can be addressed by restriction of further ground water development in the non-command area and over exploited mandals by strict implementation of APWALTA act.

Another important factor is related to socio-medical reason particularly in families having migratory labourers. In such cases proper awareness has to be created regarding use of protective methods while having relationship with unknown partners and the others way of transmission of the disease. This problem is reported to be frequent in some parts of the district as the migratory population is quite high

The strategies for ground water management have to be different for different areas in the district. In Command area conjunctive use practice has to be adopted by developing ground water through dug wells/shallow bore wells and using it in conjunction with surface water to increase the irrigation potential with in the command area.

In sedimentary terrain by construction of tube wells of 60450 m depth to tap the potential Gondwana sandstone. As the cost of the tube wells is quite high the development has to be undertaken by Government agencies and cooperative farming adopted by involving the stakeholders.

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In over exploited areas large scale artificial recharge needs to be encouraged on water shed basis. Care has to be taken in assessing the source water availability and the needs of the existing structures. Site selection need to be done on scientific lines. Annual maintenance of the artificial recharge structure is very essential for its effective functioning. A corpus fund has to be created for the maintenance of the structure at the time of construction from the cost of the structure or contribution from the beneficiaries. Involvement of the stakeholders in the maintenance of the structure has to be made mandatory.

Devadula Lift Irrigation project under construction needs to be completed as early as possible. The project contemplates to irrigate through filling up of existing tanks and construction of balancing reservoirs reroute these structures will help in recharging the ground water. The scheme may be extended so that all the over developed mandals so that most of the ground water problems in these areas can be addressed.

Acknowledgements: The data provided by the State Ground Water Department, Panchayat Raj Department, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, District Water Management Agency and Directorate of Economics & Stastistics, Govt.of Andhra Pradesh, for preparation of the report, is gratefully acknowledged.

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