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PERGAMON
Mathematical
and Computer
Modelling
A Strain-Hardening Elastoplastic Model for Sand-Structure Interface under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading
M. BOULON UniversitZ: Joseph Fourier de Grenoble BP 53-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France marc.boulon(Dhmg.inpg.fr V. N. GHIONNA AND G. MORTARA Faculty of Engineering, University of Reggio Calabria Via Graziella, Feo di Vito, 89060 Reggio Calabria, Italy <ghionna><mortara>@ing.unirc.it
Abstract--Frictional interaction between granular materials and solid surfaces is encountered in many geotechnical applications. Such an interaction develops through a very thin layer of soil called interface. This paper deals with the formulation of a nonassociated elastoplastic model for interface behaviour under monotonic and cyclic conditions. Two plastic surfaces are employed: an external surface subjected to isotropic hardening and an internal one subjected to a purely kinematic rotational hardening. Flow rule is similar to that used in Cam Clay model but differs if hardening or softening conditions are involved. @ 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords-I+iction,
1. INTRODUCTION
The study tures of the frictional characteristics of the interfaces the behaviour between granular materials works. and strucThis interacis fundamental for understanding of many geotechnical
tion develops inside a thin layer of sand called interface whose behaviour sand characteristics and roughness of the inclusion surface. Furthermore, different when static or cyclic conditions are examined. These features can be observed through experimental tests performed
box apparatus, that allows one to perform tests at constant constant normal stiffness (CNS). In the latter tests the stress the shear according surface is allowed to vary (linearly) with to a constant stiffness coefficient
normal load (CNL) and tests acting in the direction normal normal
the displacement
to the interface,
K,
where on and u are the stress and the displacement normal to the interface, way, the volumetric behaviour of the interface defines the sliding resistance
0895-7177/03/$ - see front matter @ 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: SO895-7177(03)00056-6
decisive ciated
manner. constitutive
model that defines the aforementioned the mechanical model behaviour explain behaviour under static two surface based on isotropic
1 [I!
of the interface
interface
the increase
and decrease
Traction t
\ <
sz
-a*-
initial state
Figure 1. Restraining effect of the soil on the interface
strained state
dilation [I].
Boulon and,
between
triaxial
and direct
shear
tests
on sand that
as a consequence
an elastoplastic
model
was previously formulated for the triaxial behaviour of sands [3], substituting opportunely the variables involved in the model. The present work follows this approach and is formulated in terms of normal and shear stresses and displacements, that is cn, r, u, and w.
2. PLASTIC
The isotropic placement plastic
FUNCTIONS
function of the model [4]
wn =
AND
is based
HARDENING
on the definition
LAWS
of the normalized dis-
w, defined
by the equation
J t
(2)
is the ratio between the plastic shear displacement rate tip and the plastic to the peak value of the stress ratio np, wpr corresponding ti,=--. tip
WP
From definition (2) it follows that the locus of the stresses at failure corresponds function for w, = 1 (Figure 2). The equation of the family of the plastic functions is f = 0 - Q1un = 0,
Strain-Hardening
Elsstoplastic
Model
625
0
0
I 200
I 400
I 600
where different
displacement
that
defines
and for to
of the plastic
CYrepresents
experimental is described
cr values
cr(w,)
where
conditions
a(w, = 1) =
In (6), or, is the maximum conditions is obtained
CQ,
&(w_ 1) = = 7l
function. subjected
0.
to cyclic hardening
by inserting
a cyclic surface
1.0
0.8
g ._ I! 12 8
0.6
1.0
2.0 w.
3.0
4.0
normalized displacement
Figure 3. Comparison between experimental
M. BOULON et ~11.
*
normal stress 4
Figure 4. Plastic
surfaces
of the tiodel.
inside surface
plastic
surface.
Figure
surfaces
of the model.
Cyclic (7)
by equation f(J = v@
Stresses
8,
(7) rotated
by
to axis T = 0, 8,
=c~cos~+Ts~~I~, -o,sine+7.c0se. (8)
7 =
Constant
and is assumed
as a constant
proportion
of
the maximum
(9)
where C, is a parameter
c
of the model.
modulus
surface
which is formally
and Popov
model
where H,
is the hardening
modulus
relative
the
(12)
displacement. displacement,
where y, b, n, and Xh are parameters of the model while se is an arbitrary reference Function (12) includes the dependency of the hardening modulus on normalized densification of sand, and relative position of the two surfaces. Quantity Rae is R ae = 2(arctancr - arctanac)
e TO
(13)
Strain-Hardening
Elastoplaetic
Model
627
of tests that
with
unsymmetric
cycles
and condition
Rae # 1
if reloading
without
the external
surface
is activated
in the previous
THE
PLASTIC
the components
of the plastic
is given by ~P=j(-_-
aff, 7
ag
,P=ia9
a71
the relation between the stress
(14
and i is the plastic ratio 77
where UP and tip are the plastic multiplier. and dilatancy The plastic potential
through
Figure
relation
for an interface
test.
the flow in
rule can be considered as bilinear but is not unique Figure 5 can be described for hardening and softening
(16)
0.8
t5 ;s :
0
G
0.6
0.4
0.2 0 *
0 *0
<A
*0
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
dilatancy d=ip/);p
Figure 5. Flow rule of an interface test (data from Mortara [4])
(16) differ from the Cam Clay flow rule only by the choice of the slopes al and a2 -1. Flow rules (16) converge vp = at the peak of the direct
mc =
shear test
(w, = 1)
aldmax+
4max +
rlc,
(17)
is to
where rip and Q are the stress ratios for peak and ultimate conditions, respectively, and d,,, the maximum value of dilatancy. The parameter p is the ratio between the stress ratios relative
628
M. BOULON
et al.
_ _ __ __ __ __ __ _
sof&ning
expi
r o
I. A
*AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
300 200
6 (mm)
10
shear displacement
Figure 7. Comparison between monotonic experimental data and model predico and rough aluminium plate, K = tion for CNS tests. Toyoura sand (DR = 859') 1000kPa/mm (data from Mortara [4]).
and softening
phases.
The plastic
potential
obtained
by integrating
pdP-
Aun
[l+a($l+a) =o, a]
(18)
where a and b are the generic slope and intercept of the flow rule in the v--d diagram and uC is the value of the normal stress for d = 0. Plastic potential (18) is formally the same of the Nova and Wood model and is shown in Figure 6 for failure conditions. When subjected to cyclic loading, the interface exhibits a progressive densification that, in constant normal stiffness tests, determines For increasing numbers of cycles, the cyclic the cyclic degradation of the inclusion resistance. flow rule undergoes a progressive comparison to the static one variation that can be schematized as a parallel translation in
q=ad+b+Ab=ad+b+Xb*
UP
so
(19)
where Xb is a parameter of the model. The direction of the incremental plastic displacement still remains to be defined when an inversion of load occurs. The hypothesis made is similar to that made by Pastor et al. [6] and consists of changing the sign of the deviatoric component of
Strain-Hardening
Elastoplastic
Model
629
-80 -, 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 shear displacement (mm) aluminium (b) Toyoura sand (DR plate K = 500 kPa/mm. 160 / 4 120 = 85%)-rough aluminium
shear displacement (mm) (a) Toyoura sand (DR plate, K = 500 kPa/mm. 160 120 = 85%)-rough
-80 0
I I x I I
40 80 120 160 normal stress (kPa)
I
200
-80 0
I 40
I 80
I 120
I 160
-I 200
Cc)
Figure 8. Comparison from Vita [7]).
(4
between cyclic experimental tests and model predictions (data
of the plastic
potential.
Under
general d
conditions,
therefore,
the gradient
v of the
potential
1
. normal load stress stiffnesses tests. and shear elastic
(201
4. MODEL
The parameters elastic data behaviour and model to be K; of the model is assumed predictions are derived as linear,
PREDICTIONS
only from constant The are identified
= lO Pa/m
Figure 7 shows the comparison between experimental CNS tests K = 1000 kPa/mm) with different initial
normal stresses g,-,c. Figure 8 shows instead the comparison between experimental data and model predictions for two cyclic CNS tests. Stress paths in Figure 8 evidences the importance of shear stress degradation for interface behaviour during cyclic loading (first part of the test) a remaining capacity of dilatancy resulting from monotonic shearing (end of the test). and
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has dealt with the formulation of a sand-structure interface model. The model is based on isotropic and kinematic hardening and utilizes a flow rule different according to whether hardening or softening conditions are involved. The model is able to predict interface behaviour
630
M. BO~JLONet al.
under both static and cyclic conditions, and comparisons with experimental tests show a good accuracy level.
REFERENCES
1. E. Wernick, Skin friction of cylindrical anchors in non-cohesive soils, In Symposzum on Soil Reinforcing and Stab&sing Techniques in Engineering Practice, Sydney, Australia, October 16-19, 1978, pp. 201-219. 2. M. Boulon and R. Nova, Modelling of soil-structure interface behaviour, a comparison between elastoplastic and rate type laws, Computers and Geotechnics 9 (l/2), 21-46, (1990). 3. R. Nova and D.M. Wood, A constitutive model for sand in triaxial compression, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (3), 255-278, (1979). interface behaviour under monotonic and cyclic 4. G. Mortara, An elastoplastic model for sand-structures loading, Ph.D. Thesis, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, (2001). 5. Y.F. Dafalias and E.P. Popov, Plastic internal variables formalism of cyclic plasticity, ASME, Journal of Applied Mechanics 43 (4), 645-651, (1976). 6. M. Pastor, O.C. Zienkiewicx and K.H. Leung, Simple model for transient soil loading in earthquake analysis. II. Non-associative model for sands, InternationaE Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (5), 477-498, (1985). 7. G.P. Vita, Comportamento delle interfacce tra terreni sabbiosi ed inclusioni solide in campo dinamico, Degree Thesis, Dipartimento di Meccanica e Materiali, Universit& di Reggio Calabria, (1998).