Introduction 1.

1 Statement of the Problem The expansion of service sector facilitated the increase of women's employment by increasing the types of jobs for which employers have traditionally hired women. While the most substantial change occurred among mothers with infants and preschoolers (Hoffman, 1989).there is also a significant increase in employment of mothers with school-aged childrenthe labor force participation rate for mothers with school-aged children rose 23 percentage points to 78% from 1975 to 1999 (U. S. Department of Labor, 2000). Furthermore, with technological change and the growth of 24-hour economy, opportunities have grown for staggering couples' employment shifts. Thus, not only are the majority of married couples dual earner couples, but also there is a considerable lack of overlap in the time each partner is doing paid work (O'Presser, 2003). Empirical research has examined extensively the determinants and consequences of women's labor force participation and found mixed results on the effects of mothers employment on childrens well-being (Baum, 2004)), but these studies have focused on employment status or the number of hours worked, not the scheduling of employment time and other job characteristics. Research examining employment scheduling has also tended to focus on its effects on the workers wellbeing, such as perceived conflict between work and family roles, not on family relations (Barnett & Gareis, 2006). The growing diversity and flexibility in the temporal structure of the workplace will affect on family life, this thinking has become one of the major concerns among workers, employers, and researchers in recent years. These effects will not be simple given the nature of these changes. Increases in the labor force participation rates of married women have highlighted the connections between paid work and family life, and many scholars have challenged the fallacy that work and family are distinct nonoverlapping domains (Thompson & Walker, 1989). Job characteristics may also affect childrens well-being through the marital relationship of the parents. Various studies has linked parental marital conflict to more

hostile parent-child relationship, less warmth and more conflict among siblings, and problematic peer relationship (Papp et al. 2004). The effects of parental job characteristics on childrens well-being have not received adequate attention. Even less known are the potential long-term consequences of parental employment on childrens well-being (Dunifon et al. 2005). With less time to fulfill family responsibilities and to share activities together, the parents with demanding jobs often experience marital conflict and divorce, which lead to children maladjustment (Booth et al.1990). Loving relationships are important for any child in order to develop secure attachments and properly defined emotions. While infants have an inherited capacity to bond to their parents, these bonds translate into real attachment only when parents are warm and attentive to the child this relationship affects many other parts of the childs development as well. For example, when children have loving relationships with parents, they are happier to play with peers in the absence of their parents (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). The U.S. Department of Health and Services has found that mothers showing low levels of sensitivity during mother-child interactions are likely to have children with an increased risk of insecure attachment. This insecure attachment can lead to increased behavioral problems, slower cognitive development, and emotional instability. However, children with mothers that are warm and expressive tend to be empathetic, show higher social competence, and fewer negative social behaviors (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). When parents have demanding and less rewarding jobs, these optimal parenting practices may be compromised. A demanding job schedule which has the potential to claim much of the worker's time, such as long job hours, a schedule extended to weekends, and multiple jobs, may cause health problems for workers and leave little time for them to fulfill family responsibilities and to be with their spouse and children (Bumpus et al.1999). Having a full-time job is not just good for the children but also for the mother herself. It has been found that mothers working outside are less prone to depression and stress
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compared to the non-working mothers. They have a high level of morale which they effectively pass on to their offspring. They are more enriched with confidence and empowerment. 1.2 Literature Review The NICHD Study of Early Child Care or SECC (1991), was launched with the enrollment of a diverse sample of 1364 children at ten different locations across the United States. Phase I of the SECC study followed these children from birth through three years of age and was completed in 1994. Phase II followed the 1226 children who remained in the study from age three through second grade between 1995 and 2000. Phase III follows the remaining 1100 participating children through 2005.The SECC researchers reported in April 2001 that over 90 percent of the children enrolled in the study had spent some time in the care of people other than the mother, with 50 percent of the children spending 30 hours or more per week in the care of others. The report contained three major findings:

A small minority of children (16%) who spent 30 hours or more per week in child care settings were reported to have higher levels of problem behaviors (such as fighting) than children who spent less time in care.

The quality of non-maternal child care makes a major difference. Children who were placed in high-quality childcare settings had better language skills and social/emotional development than those who were placed in centers with poorly trained adults or a high number of children per adult caregiver. (A good childcare center should have no more than five children per adult caregiver.) The study found that the type of care (relatives versus nonrelatives) was not significant.

The U. S. Department of Commerce's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (1997), reported that one married father in four provided care for at least one child under the age of 15 while the child's mother was working. The study found that fathers who provided child care were more likely to be employed in lower-income occupations; more likely to work in service occupations (police, firefighting, maintenance, security); more likely to be military veterans; and more likely to live in the Northeast than in other parts of the United States.
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Amato & Fowler (2002), stated that Parental job characteristics may affect children through parenting practices. A large body of literature suggests that children appear to do best when parents are warm and supportive, spend generous amounts of time with children, monitor childrens behavior, and expect children to follow rules, encourage open communication, and react to misbehavior with discussion rather than harsh punishment. Shaw & Wood (2003), stressed that the interaction between parent and child extends beyond talk, play, positive and negative reinforcement, and environment to the unspoken emotional states of a parent. Mothers that are clinically depressed, for example, are less likely to speak in nurturing tones with their children. Because of this, infants are likely to miss the nonverbal learning of sensations connected with loving feelings. These children progress in life and tend to be less cooperative, have more problem behaviors in school, and score lower on school readiness, expressive language, and verbal comprehension tests. Working Mother Magazine (2004), reported that 97 percent of the companies on their list of the 100 best companies for mothers in the workforce offered compressed workweeks or job sharing opportunities. Mothers who work part-time gain more flexibility and more time with their children, as well as time to devote to their own needs. They are able to be there when their children get home from school, attend school plays and other functions, and take their children to doctor appointments without facing conflicts at work. Wall Street Journal and the New York Times (2004), reported that computer revolution makes possible yet another alternative work option for mothers seeking extra time and a more flexible schedule: telecommuting or working from home. Telecommuting was the fastest-growing type of alternative work arrangement in the United States as of 2004. It can replace either all or part of one's hours at the workplace, and a telecommuter can work either part- or full-time. Telecommuters receive and send documents via their company's computer networks and can be available, if necessary, by e-mail, voice mail, and pager. Even when a telecommuting employee is expected to adhere to fixed work hours, the arrangement still provides a significant savings in time spent dressing for work, commuting, and socializing with other employees. Experts caution, however, that a woman who works at home should not expect to
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simultaneously take care of her children. Telecommuting mothers may want to arrange for child care during their working hours and may be interested in establishing boundaries between their work and their family life. Hoffman (2010), mentioned that having a full-time job is not just good for the children but also for the mother herself. It has been found that mothers working outside are less prone to depression and stress compared to the non-working mothers. They have a high level of morale which they effectively pass on to their offspring. They are more enriched with confidence and empowerment. He also reported that more number of husbands come ahead to share a helping hand and lay shoulders to share activities in childcare and household works, if their wives are working outside. Lise Youngblade (2010), identified that working moms are more affectionate with their offspring than those who do not have full-time jobs. They say that working mothers and their children share more affection between them with more maternal hugs and more expressive verbal affection. 1.3 Objectives of the Study Broad Objectives The broad objective of this study is to know the impact of mothers profession on the health and nutrition of children living in Khulna city. Specific Objectives 1.To know about their child caring system. 2.To investigate the food and nutrition status of their children. 3.To know the health condition of their children. 4.To explor the impact of the profession on their children. 5.To evaluate the sufferings of mothers for managing dual function.

1.4 Operational definition Professional Mothers Professional mothers refer to women who are mothers and who work outside the home for income in addition to the work they perform at home in raising their children. Children Children are defined as an individual under the age of 18 years .Biologically, a child (plural: children) is generally a human between the stages of birth and puberty. Some vernacular definitions of a child include the fetus, as being an unborn child. The legal definition of "child" generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority. "Child" may also describe a relationship with a parent or authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties". Health Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person in mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain .Health in its broader sense is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Nutrition Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet.

2. Methodology of the study 2.1Nature of the Study Since this study was conducted on the health and nutrition of those children whose mothers are involved in many offices or other working sectors, the nature of the study was descriptive which finds out the core nature of the phenomena. 2.2 Method of the Study This study was conducted through survey design which aimed at comprehensive study on specific administrative unit. Data were collected from the working mothers who work in different working sectors of Khulna city. 2.3 Study Area The study area has been selected purposively on the basis of the study. Considering all the study objects the study area of this research was selected as 27 and 28 no wards of Khulna City Corporation which was selected purposively. 3.2.1: Study Area Profile: Khulna City at a Glance: Khulna is the third largest city in Bangladesh and has been known as an industrial city with a port. Khulna City is located on a natural levee of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers and characterized by Ganges tidal floodplains with low relief, criss-crossed by rivers and water channels and surrounded by tidal marshes and swamps. Khulna has a history of about one hundred years. The city originated as a market town and seat of administration. During the early days, tobacco and sugarcane were traded here and it had a shopping link with Calcutta. Khulna was declared a municipality in 1884, became a railway link in 1985, district headquarters in 1961, and a city corporation in 1984. Industrialization took place in the 1960s. (FUKUOKA CONFERENCE, 2000) 2.4 Unit of Analysis

In order to fulfill the purposes of the study data were collected from those women who are engaged in working sectors aging more than 25 years and have at least one child whose age is under 12. 2.5 Population of the Study All the women who are engaged in work sector having at least one child whose age is under 12 live in Khulna city was considered as the population of the study. 2.5 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size Determination Before sampling a census was done by the researcher to identify the respondents and according to the unit of analysis 2350 respondents were identified from the two mentioned wards of Khulna City Corporation. Data were collected from the field using of random sampling method. The whole data collection process is based on the study objectives and the respondents of the study were selected simple random sampling method as a sample size of the study. Sample size calculator software is present as a public service of creative research systems. Here we can easily determine the sample size from the population. Before using the sample size calculator, two terms are need. These are confidence interval and confidence level. Here, Confidence level is 95% Confidence interval is 12 and Total population is 2350 (Sum of two study areas) Now,

12

120 8

So, the sample size is 120. The collection of 120 respondents information is collected by simple random sampling method. The sample size is distributed randomly among the wards based proportionate allocation method. 2.6 Sources of Data There were two sources of data collection from which data were collected for this study, these sources are followingPrimary source: Primary source includes the field where the incidence occurs. Data were collected through interview schedule. Here primary sources were working mothers who live in Khulna city. Secondary sources: Secondary data are such a data, which are supplied by some institutions, organization, NGOs and other governmental agencies. For the present study secondary data were collected from some booklets, pamphlets and brochures and from the below department such as-BBS, Books, Journals and daily newspaper etc. 2.7 Instrument of Data Collection The study is prepared to modify and finalize through interview schedule, which is contained both open and close ended items. It is basically primary data, which were collected through face to face interaction. An interview schedule was incorporated in order to data collection. 3.9 Data Processing Data were processed through computer with different software like MS WORD, MS EXCEL, and SPSS. 3.10 Data Analysis and Interpretation All the primary data were collected from the respondents and for the secondary data different sources would be analyzed separately. After the collection of all the data with the help of SPSS and Microsoft office it is arranged and compiled. Again, after the cross check of all the data and compiling those data properly, it is analyzed and

processed with appropriate statistical tools. The proposed mathematical model is also estimated by using SPSS 16.

3.11 Presentation of Findings Findings are presented through written research report. A draft report is prepared and given to the supervisor for comments and suggestions. According to the suggestions the draft report was revised, finalized and submitted to the supervisor. References

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