Ciliophora

Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Ciliophora Paramecium Binary Fission ( divides body to two ) Cilia - hair like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove Gullet - forms food vacuoles Macronucleus - larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions Micronucleus - smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division. Contractile Vacuole - contracts and forces extra water out of the cell Food Vacuole - storage pocket for food 1. The micronucleus of each enters meiosis I. 2. Meiosis II follow result in 4 haploid micronuclei. 3. In each cell, 1 haploid micronucleus stays intact; other 3 degenerate. 4. Each haploid micronucleus divides. 5. Each cell swap a daughter micronucleus with its partner. 6. 2 micronuclei in each cell fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. 7. Each cell now contains genetic material from each other. 8. The micronucleus of each divides. 9. The macronucleus of each cell degenerate. 10. Each cell 4 micronuclei, 2 develop into macronuclei. 1. Each daughter cell contains 1 micronucleus and 1 macronucleus. -

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Cnidaria
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Cnidaria Hydra Budding Haemephrodite ( most ) Bisexual ( least ) One One Internal Fertilization Oviparity Medusa - a form of cnidarian in which the body is shaped like an umbrella. Polyps - approximately cylindrical in shape and elongated at the axis of the body. Nematocysts - to sting their prey and any threatening enemy. 1. Sperms and egg cells from interstitial cells which aggregate locally in the body wall to form testis and ovaries. 2. Testis contains sperms. Eggs in ovary mature one at a time and fertilized by sperms when released into the water. 3. Fertilization produces zygote ( 2n ) subsequently develops into an blastula. 4. Blastula further develops into a gastrula. Gastrula is enclosed in a protective capsule and released into the water. 1. A young Hydra develops in each capsule. 2. When condition are suitable, the gastrula will be escape from the capsule and develops into a mature hydra. Testis water ovum of another Hydra fertilize with Ovum Ovaries fertilize with only one sperm from another Hydra 1. From one Hydra to another Hydra. 2. The zygote protected by cyst.

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Annelida
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Annelida Scientific Name : Pheretime Local Name : Earthworm Haemephrodite One pair Two pairs External Fertilization Oviparity Clitelum - secrete mucus cocoon Cocoon - closes off and a few eggs hatch Seminal vesicle - store own sperm Seminal receptacles - receive and temporary store the sperm 1. The male and female sex organs can produce sperm and egg respectively in each earthworm. 2. It need a mate to reproduce. 3. During mating, two worms line up inverted from each other so sperm can be exchanged by the mucus secreted by clitellum. 4. The earthworms each have two male openings and two sperm receptacles, which take in the sperm from another mate. 5. The earthworms have a pair of ovaries that produce eggs. 6. The clitellum will form a slime tube around it, which will fill with an albuminous fluid. 7. The earthworm will move forward out of the slime tube. 1. As the earthworm passes through the slime tube, the tube will pass over the female pore picking up eggs. 2.The tube will continue to move down the earthworm and pass over the male pore called the spermatheca which has the stored sperm called the spermatozoa. 3. The eggs will fertilize and the slime tube will close off as the worm moves completely out of the tube. 4. The slime tube will form an egg cocoon and be put into the soil. The fertilized eggs will develop and become young worms. Testes seminal vesicle seminal receptacles sperm duct Ovaries egg sac cocoon Protected by cocoon

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Arthropoda
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Arthropoda Scientific Name : Periplaneta Local Name : cockroach Separate sexes One pair ( 16 ovarioles ) One pair Internal Fertilization Oviparity Accessory glands ( male ) secrete fluid to mix with sperms before ejaculation Accessory glands ( female ) secrete a shell to cover the eggs Pheromone one type of hormone release by female body to attract males Ootheca egg case Gonapophyses to shape the ootheca Seminal Vesicle store sperms 1. During mating, it produces pheromone to attract males, 2. The male will release sperm though penis into the female body by the fluid secrete from accessory glands. 1. Sperms are collected and stored in spermatheca. 2. Eggs from ovary are carried in the oviducts into the genital chamber. 3. Sperms stored in spermatheca are then released to fertilize the eggs. 4. Fertilised eggs cemented together by the female in a sausageshape egg case known as ootheca. 5. Ootheca drop by mother in dark place. 6. Nymphs emerge from the eggs. Testis vas deferens seminal vesicle ejaculatory duct spermatheca Ovaries calyx lateral oviduct common oviduct gonopore Protected by ootheca

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Amphibia
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Process Occur During Copulation Amphibia Scientific Name : Rana Local Name : Frogs Some spcies Separate sexes One pair One pair External Fertilization Oviparity Cloaca orifice shared by the urinary, genital and intestinal tracts of a frog. 1. In males body, sperms are produced in testes and stored in the seminal vesicle. 2. In females body, matured oocytes in the ovary are released into the oviduct and deposited in ovisac until it release during mating season. 3. Eggs moving through the oviduct are covered in jelly-like skin secreted by oviduct walls. 4. During mating season, vocal calls of a male frog would attract the female frog to mate with it. 5. The male will climb onto the females back and squeezes. 6. The female will releases the eggs into water, sperm ejaculated into water, simultaneously to fertilize the eggs. 1. Fertilized eggs would develop into tadpoles and then young Frogs. Testes vasa efferentia wolffian duct seminal vesicle cloaca Ovaries oviducts cloaca 1. In water. 2. The eggs covered in thick jelly-like skin which is a mucoprotein that will absorb large quantities of water and expands to avoid overcrowding of eggs.

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Reptilia
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Process Occur During Copulation Reptilia Scientific Name : Naja Local Name : Snakes Separate sexes One pair One pair Internal Fertilization Oviparity ( lay eggs ) Hemipenis transfer sperm into female cloaca 1. In male body, has a penis like organ ( hemipenes ), stored inverted in the males tail. 2. To deliver sperms into females cloaca. 3. The hemipenes are often grooved, hooked, or spined in order grip the walls of the females cloaca. 1. Sperms can be retained in the female body for years, can fertilize subsequent cluthes of eggs without additional contact by a male. 2. The process begins with the ovaries, where eggs are stored and developed. 3. Each follicle is composed of a tiny egg and a sac filled with yolk. 4. The follicle then detach and move into the oviducts where the egg white is added, and then a shell is placed around the yolk and white. 5. The fertilized egg goes out of mothers body, incubate until hatch. Testes vasa effentia vas deferens seminal vesicle cloaca Ovaries oviducts cloaca Protected by leathery shell which are amniotic. Amniotic : consist 4 extra membrane layer i. Amnion amniotic fluid ii. Chorion gas exchange iii. Yolk sac nourishment iv. Allantois store nitrogenous waste

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Osteichthyes
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Process Occur During Copulation Osteichthyes Scientific Name : Tilapia Local Name : Fishes Separate sexes One pair One pair External Fertilization Oviparity 1. Testes produce sperms and channeled out via vas efferens to seminal vesicle then into cloaca then out to water. 2. For internal fertilization, the male ejaculate sperms into the cloaca of the female. 3. Ova released by ovaries are collected by oviducts. Oviducal gland maybe be present to secret mucous to cover the eggs. Ova released into water. 4. Male and female paired before the female release eggs into water. The male secrete sperms to fertilize the eggs. 1. Sperm independently fertilize the ovum to form zygote. Testes vasa effentia vas deferens seminal vesicle cloaca Ovaries oviducts cloaca 1. Eggs are released into water to fertilized with sperms. 2. The eggs covered by mucous which is secreted by oviducal gland.

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Aves
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Process Occur During Copulation Aves Scientific Name : Columba Local Name : Birds Separate sexes One One pair Internal Fertilization Oviparity Testes reduce in size during non-mating season. 1. When oocyte mature, it breaks out of the ovary and enters the oviduct that opens into the cloaca. 2.During mating, male pigeon mouths on the female and presses its cloaca opening on the cloaca opening of the female. 3. Sperms are ejaculated into the cloaca of the female. 1. Sperms swim from the cloaca into the oviduct to fertilize the eggs . 2. The fertilized egg coated with hard shell, goes out of mothers body, incubate until hatch. Testes vasa effentia vas deferens seminal vesicle cloaca Ovaries oviducts cloaca 1. Fertilized egg is covered in egg yolk and albumin before being enclosed within hard shell. 2. Protected by calcareous shell which are amniotic. Amniotic : consist 4 extra membrane layer v. Amnion amniotic fluid vi. Chorion gas exchange vii. Yolk sac nourishment viii. Allantois store nitrogenous waste

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Mammalia
Phylum Example Asexual Sex Amount of Ovary Amount of Testis Fertilization Zygotes Development Special Structures Mammalia Scientific Name : Rattus Local Name : Rat Separate sexes One pairs One pair Internal Fertilization Viviparity ( Majority ) Oviparity ( porcupine & platypus ) Oviducts fertilization of egg and sperm Uterus implantation of zygote Vagina passage of unfertilize eggs to outside environment passage of baby out of mothers baby 1. Sperms produced in the seminiferous tubules of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and channeled into the epididymis to be stored. 2. From the epididymis, sperms will be delivered by vas deferens into the urethra. 3. Sperms will activated by seminal fluid secreted from prostate gland. 4. During mating, male penis is used to introduce sperms in the vagina. 1. Sperms will swim to the Fallopian tube to fertize ovum. Testes vasa efferentia vas deferens seminal vesicle penis Ovaries oviducts / fallopian tube uterus In the females body

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