1 A Project report On

SOLAR TOWER TECHNOLOGY

GUIDED BYMR. S.S.SABL Submitted by-

Niraj S. Ujainwal Jaykishan V. Naidu Kiran S. Pawar Dhananjay P. Pandey

Electrical Power System Department

B. L. Patil Polytechnic, Khopoli Acadmic year 2011-12

K.T.S.P. Mandals

B. L. Patil Polytechnic, Khopoli

Electrical Power System Department

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that Niraj S. Ujainwal Jaykishan V. Naidu Kiran S. Pawar Dhananjay P. Pandey has completed the project work titled SOLAR TOWER TECHNOLOGY under my guidenes as partial fulfillment of final year diploma in electric power system of Maharashtra state board of technical education Mumbai in acadmic year 2011-12

(S.S.Sable ) Project guide

( M.M.Dixit) H.O.D.

( B.N.Deshmukh ) Principle

Extrenal examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Mr. S.S.SABLE for stimulating my interest in the subject. His involvement right from conceptualization of the study through its execution and meticulous perusal of the manuscript ensured its timely completion. I would also like to thank my internal guide and Head Of Department Mr. M.M.DIXIT for his thought provoking comments, valuable suggestions constant motivation encouragement and support. I would also like to thank all our teachers for contributing to my overall training. Heartfelt thanks to our family for their unconditional support and last but not the least our friends and colleagues for their help and co-operation

Submitted by-

Niraj S. Ujainwal Jaykishan V. Naidu Kiran S. Pawar Dhananjay P. Pandey

ABSTRCT
The solar updraft tower is a proposed type of energy power plant. It combines three old and proven technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Air is heated by sunshine and contained in a very large greenhouse-like structure around the base of a tall chimney, and the resulting convection causes air to rise up the updraft tower. This airflow drives turbines, which produce electricity. A research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s, and many modelling studies have bee published as to optimization, scale, and economic feasibility. The reinforced concrete chimney will cover approximately one foot at its base and will be surrounded by a "greenhouse", polycarbonate and polymer. The tower is hollow in the middle like a chimney. This large body of hot air moves at 15 meters per second towards the cold air at the top of the tower which is located in centre of the canopy. The heated air mass moves as a powerful updraft, forcing air through large turbines to generate electricity. A solar thermal power station using Solar Tower technology will create the conditions to cause hot wind to flow continuously through its turbines to generate electricity. According to model calculations, a simple updraft power plant with an output of 200 MW would need a collector 7 kilometers in diameter (total area of about 38 km) and a 1000-metre-high chimney. One 200MW power station will provide enough electricity for around 200,000 typical households and will abate over 900,000 tons of greenhouse producing gases from entering the environment annually. The 38 km collecting area is expected to extract about 0.5 percent, or 5 W/m of 1 kW/m, of the solar power that falls upon it. Note that in comparison, concentrating thermal (CSP) or photovoltaic (CPV) solar power plants have an efficiency ranging from 2040%. Because no data is available to test these models on a large-scale updraft tower there remains uncertainty about the reliability of these calculations.

INDEX
1 Introduction 2 History 3 - WHY PROJECT IS IMPORTANT 4 - MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM & PHOTOGRAPHS 5 COMPONENT USED 6- electronic component 7 testing & result 8 Advantages & disadvantages 9 future scope 10 estimation & coasting 11 conclusion 12 reference

INTRODUCTION
Chapter-1

Introduction:

The solar updraft tower is a proposed type of renewable-energy power plant. It combines three
old and proven technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Air is heated by sunshine and contained in a very large greenhouse-like structure around the base of a tall chimney, and the resulting convection causes air to rise up the updraft tower. This airflow drives turbines, which produce electricity. A research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s, and many modelling studies have been published as to optimization, scale, and economic feasibility. A technological review is available

History
Chapter-2

HISTORY:
In 1903, Spanish Colonel of the Spanish army Isidoro Cabanyes first proposed a solar chimney power plant in the magazine La energa elctrica.of the earliest descriptions of a solar chimney power plant was written in 1931 by a German author, Hanns Gnther.[6] Beginning in 1975, Robert E. Lucier applied for patents on a solar chimney electric power generator; between 1978 and 1981 these patents (since expired) were granted in Australia, Canada, Israel,[ and the USA]Prototype in Spain In 1982, a small-scale experimental model of a solar chimney power plant was built under the direction of German engineer Jrg Schlaich in Manzanares, Ciudad Real, 150 km south of Madrid, Spain; the project was funded by the German government The chimney had a height of 195 metres and a diameter of 10 metres with a collection area (greenhouse) of 46,000 m (about 11 acres, or 244 m diameter) obtaining a maximum power output of about 50 kW. However, this was an experimental setup that was not intended for power generation. Instead, different materials were used for testing such as single or double glazing or plastic (which turned out not to be durable enough), and one section was used as an actual greenhouse, growing plants under the glass. During its operation, optimization data was collected on a second-by-second basis with 180 sensors measuring inside and outside temperature, humidity and wind speed For the choice of materials, it was taken into consideration that such an inefficient but cheap plant would be ideal for third world countries with lots of space - the method is inefficient for land use but very efficient economically because of the low operating cost. So cheap materials were used on purpose to see how they would perform, such as a chimney built with iron plating only 1.25 mm thin and held up with guy ropes. For a commercial plant, a reinforced concrete tower would be a better choice. This pilot power plant operated for approximately eight years but the chimney guy rods were not protected against corrosion and not expected to last longer than the intended test period of three years. So, not surprisingly, after eight years they had rusted through and broke in a storm, causing the tower to fall over. The plant was decommissioned in 1986 Based on the test results, it was estimated that a 100 MW plant would require a 1000 m tower and a greenhouse of 20 km2. Because the costs lie mainly in construction and not in operation (free 'fuel', little maintenance and only 7 personnel), the cost per energy is largely determined by interest rates and years of operation, varying from 5 eurocent per kWh for 4% and 20 years to 15 eurocent per kWh for 12% and 40 yearsCiudad Real Torre Solar

10 There is a proposal to construct a solar updraft tower in Ciudad Real, Spain entitled Ciudad Real Torre Solar. If built, it would be the first of its kind in the European Union and would stand 750 metres tall nearly twice as tall as the current tallest structure in the EU, the covering an area of 350 hectares. It is expected to output 40 MW of electricity.

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WHY PROJECT IS IMPORTANT

Chapter-3

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WHY PROJECT IS IMPORTANT

The design is based on three well-known and robust thermal principles: 1. The use of the suns radiation to heat a large body of air (greenhouse effect lets light in, direct and diffuse, but does not let heat out); . Hot air rises (as through a chimney); and . Movement of air as energy source to drive large turbines to generate electricity (basic engine). The reinforced concrete chimney will cover approximately one feet at its base and will be surrounded by a "greenhouse", polycarbonate and polymer. The tower is hollow in the middle like a chimney. This large body of hot air moves at 15 metres per second towards the cold air at the top of the tower which is located in centre of the canopy. The heated air mass moves as a powerful updraft, forcing air through large turbines to generate electricity. A solar thermal power station using Solar Tower technology will create the conditions to cause hot wind to flow continuously through its turbines to generate electricity. The generating ability of a solar updraft power plant depends primarily on two factors: the size of the collector area and chimney height. With a larger collector area, a greater volume of air is warmed to flow up the chimney; collector areas diameter have been considered. With a larger chimney height, the pressure difference increases the stack effect; chimneys as tall as 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) have been considered. Heat can be stored inside the collector area greenhouse to be used to warm the air later on. Water, with its relatively high specific heat capacity, can be filled in tubes placed under the collector increasing the energy storage as needed.[2] Turbines can be installed in a ring around the base of the tower, with a horizontal axis, as planned for the Australian project and seen in the diagram above; oras in the prototype in Spaina single vertical axis turbine can be installed inside the chimney. Carbon dioxide is emitted only negligibly while operating, but is emitted more significantly during manufacture of its construction materials, particularly cement. Net energy payback is estimated to be 23 years.[2] A solar updraft tower power station would consume a significant area of land if it were designed to generate as much electricity as is produced by modern power stations using conventional technology. Construction would be most likely in hot areas with large amounts of very low-value land, such as deserts, or otherwise degraded land. A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing countries.[3][4] The relatively low-tech approach could allow local resources and labour to be used for its construction and maintenance

13 The solar updraft tower has power conversion rate considerably lower than many other designs in the (high temperature) solar thermal group of collectors. The low conversion rate of the Solar Tower is balanced to some extent by the low investment cost per square metre of solar collection.
[30]

The performance of an updraft tower may be degraded by factors such as atmospheric winds, by drag induced by bracings used for supporting the chimney, and by reflection off the top of the greenhouse canopy. Location is also a factor. A Solar updraft power plant located at high latitudes such as in Canada, could produce up to 85 per cent of the output of a similar plant located closer to the equator, but only if the collection area is sloped significantly southward.[35] It is possible to combine the land use of a solar updraft tower with other uses, in order to make it more cost effective, and in some cases, to increase its total power output. Examples are the positioning of solar collectors or Photovoltaics underneath the updraft tower collector.[36] This could be combined with agricultural use.

Salient features : Can generate electricity Easy to maintain Low cost at bulk production It has no ecological harm. It is renewable source of energy.

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MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM & PHOTOGRAPHS

Chapter-4

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MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM & PHOTOGRAPHS

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COMPONENT USED
Chapter-5

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COMPONENT USED:

1- DYN AMO 12V 500M 2 - TURBINE 3 - CHIMNEY MDULE 4- DC TO DC CONVERTER 5 -HEAT GENERATOR 6 -WOODEN BASE 7-HAIR DRYER 8- LODE (LEDS)

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Electronic componants
Chapter-6

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Electronic componants

Diodes Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on the negative leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The postive end is called the anode. LED Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment. LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20 mA) to 0.04 Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative leg just like regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal inside the LED. It may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the LED. Another way of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the negative side. When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to limit the current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it. Resistors Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages and currents. A very high resistance allows very little current to flow. Air has very high resistance. Current almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of current flow through air. The light is created as the current burns parts of the air.) A low resistance allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They allow current to flow from one point to another point without any resistance. Wires are usually covered with rubber or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming in contact with other wires and creating short circuits. High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of plastic to make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line breaks and the wire is exposed and is no longer separated from other things by insulation.

20 Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who played with electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common resistor values are from 100 ohms to 100,000 ohms. Each resistor is marked with colored stripes to indicate its resistance. To learn how to calculate the value of a resistor by looking at the stripes on the resistor, go to Resistor Values which includes more information about resistors.

Variable Resistors Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you to change the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down. Making the resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable resistor is given as its highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor may also be called a potentiometer (pot for short). Switches Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position of the switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through the switch, lights light up and people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there is an open circuit (no current flows, lights go out and people settle down. This effect on people is used by some teachers to gain control of loud classes.) When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the switch is OFF there is no connection.

The Capacitor If you already understand capacitors you can skip this part.

21 The picture above on the left shows two typical capacitors. Capacitors usually have two legs. One leg is the positive leg and the other is the negative leg. The positive leg is the one that is longer. The picture on the right is the symbol used for capacitors in circuit drawings (schematics). When you put one in a circuit, you must make sure the positive leg and the negative leg go in the right place. Capacitors do not always have a positive leg and a negative leg. The smallest capacitors in this kit do not. It does not matter which way you put them in a circuit. A capacitor is similar to a rechargable battery in the way it works. The difference is that a capacitor can only hold a small fraction of the energy that a battery can. (Except for really big capacitors like the ones found in old TVs. These can hold a lot of charge. Even if a TV has been disconnected from the wall for a long time, these capacitors can still make lots of sparks and hurt people.) As with a rechargable battery, it takes a while for the capacitor to charge. So if we have a 12 volt supply and start charging the capacitor, it will start with 0 volts and go from 0 volts to 12 volts. Below is a graph of the voltage in the capacitor while it is charging.

The same idea is true when the capacitor is discharging. If the capacitor has been charged to 12 volts and then we connect both legs to ground, the capacitor will start discharging but it will take some time for the voltage to go to 0 volts. Below is a graph of what the voltage is in the capacitor while it is discharging.

We can control the speed of the capacitor's charging and discharging using resistors. Capacitors are given values based on how much electricity they can store. Larger capacitors can store more energy and take more time to charge and discharge. The values are given in Farads but a Farad is a really large unit of measure for common capacitors. In this kit we have 2 33pf

22 capacitors, 2 10uf capacitors and 2 220uF capacitors. Pf means picofarad and uf means microfarad. A picofarad is 0.000000000001 Farads. So the 33pf capacitor has a value of 33 picofarads or 0.000000000033 Farads. A microfarad is 0.000001 Farads. So the 10uf capacitor is 0.00001 Farads and the 220uF capacitor is 0.000220 Farads. If you do any calculations using the value of the capacitor you have to use the Farad value rather than the picofarad or microfarad value. Capacitors are also rated by the maximum voltage they can take. This value is always written on the larger can shaped capacitors. For example, the 220uF capacitors in this kit have a maximum voltage rating of 25 volts. If you apply more than 25 volts to them they will die. We dont have to worry about that with this kit because our power supply can only put out 12 volts.

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testing & results

Chapter-7

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fsfff

testing & results

How to test resistors? Read the indicated color code value then select the OHM-scale within but not way below the indicated value. A resistor is good if its resistance is close to the indicated. Tolerance should be considered with the ohmmeter reading. While, no resistance reading at all on the ohmmeter scale settings, the resistor is open. A zero resistance reading on all ohmmeter scale settings, resistor is shorted. How to test capacitors? In most cases, a capacitor fails due to the deterioration of the dielectric material between its plate. Defective capacitors can have an internal shorted terminals, excessive leakage and degradation of capacitance meter. Momentarily, short the terminal of the electrolytic capacitor to discharge it. To test a capacitor, set the multi-tester to Rx 10 or Rx1K scale. Connect the tester negative probe to the capacitor positive terminal, the positive probe to the negative terminal. A good indication for electrolytic capacitor shows the meter needle deflecting towards zero and moves back again to infinite resistance position. For ceramic, Mylar and other capacitor with a capacitance with less than 1.0 uF, the meter will not deflect at all. A defective indication for an electrolytic capacitor shows that the meter will rest on zero and remain stationary at a point which is an indication that the capacitor is shorted. How to test diodes? Set the multi-tester knob to any of the resistance position (x1, x10, x1K or 10K ohm ). Connect the positive probe to the anode and the negative probe to the cathode. Then connect the positive probe to the cathode and the negative probe to the anode of the diode. A good indication in the first procedure will show the meter deflected very little or may not deflect at all. And in the second procedure, the meter will deflect towards zero. The actual resistance reading is the forward resistance of the diode. A defective indication shows that the meter wont deflect at all even when the probes are reversed. Or the meter deflects at the same time or almost the same resistance reading for both steps. How to test LED?

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Advantages & disadvantages

Chapter-8

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Advantages
1- It is a renewable source of energy. The as an energy source is unlimited. 2- it has no ecological harm. 3- it does not require any fuel for generation. 4- It is operation cost is very less.

Disadvantages
1 High capital cost. 2 large land requirment. 3 High energy cost compared to conventional source of power.

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FUTURE SCOPE
Chapter-9

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FUTURE SCOPE

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ESTIMATION & COASTING

Chapter-10

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ESTIMATION & COASTING

Material Quantity Rate/per unit Total

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CONCLUSION
Chapter-11

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CONCLUSION
The previous literature review about SCPP presents an outstanding technological development enlightening considerable advances in its construction, operation, including its technical economical and ecological relevant facets. In contrast with other solar facilities, SCPPs can be used above and beyond power production. Very relevant byproducts are distilled water extracted from ocean water or ground water. Under certain conditions, agribusiness may be appropriate under the solar collector. It can involve fruits and vegetables, medicinal and aromatic essential oils from herbs and flowers, seaweeds and planktons, blue-green algae, ethanol and methane, biodiesel and all manner of vegetable and plant derivatives, etc. Besides, remaining biomass is useful creating additional heat during composting. The insertion of SCPP in the power generation market requires scalability and base, shoulder and peak load electricity generation. Further developments should meet such localized requirements.

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REFFERANCE
Chapter-11

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REFFERANCE
http://www.sunfrost.com/vaccine_refrigerators.html This site is where we gathered pictures of competition as well as some basic information http://www.batterystuff.com/tutorial_battery.html All of the information regarding electric components in our design was deduced from here Dictionary For The Electrician with Formulas. Tom Henry. Copyright 1997. Definitions for electricity and further research on electrical components Williams,J.R.(1977).Technology and applications;Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. A brief history of solar chimney.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from; http://www.visionengineer.com/env/solar_flue.shtml Taylor,R.H.(1983).Alternative energy Sources;Adam Hilger Ltd,p.292. Solar Chimney-Technology.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from; http://www.sbp.de./de/html/projects/solar/aufwind/pages_auf/techno.htm