SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted to: HR Training PIA Engineering

MOHAMMAD TAHA ABDULLAH AHMED SHAHZAIB MAQSOOD

Submitted by: 2008-EE-256 2008-EE-298 2008-EE260

SAAD-UZ-ZAMAN SIDDIQI 2008-EE-258 MOHSIN HASHMI 2008-EE-307

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY ROAD, KARACHI-75300

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Submitted to:.........................................................................................................................................1 Submitted by:........................................................................................................................................1 TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................3 PROLOGUE.........................................................................................................................................4 HISTORY, A PRIDE............................................................................................................................5 Birth of a Nation, Birth of an Airline...............................................................................................5 AIRCRAFTS.........................................................................................................................................6 WIDE BODY (ISPAHANI) HANGAR...............................................................................................7 AVIONICS OVERHAUL....................................................................................................................8 Electric Overhaul Shop:-..................................................................................................................8 Generator Control Panel:..............................................................................................................8 Ignition exciter box:.....................................................................................................................8 Fuel Trim Actuator:......................................................................................................................8 Aileron Lockout Actuator:...........................................................................................................9 Instrument Overhaul Shop:-.............................................................................................................9 Airspeed indicator:.......................................................................................................................9 Radar altimeter :.........................................................................................................................10 Vertical Velocity Indicator (Variometer) :.................................................................................11 Glass cockpit:.............................................................................................................................11 Radio Overhaul Shop:-...................................................................................................................12 Distance Measuring Equipment:................................................................................................12 Traffic Collision Avoidance System:.........................................................................................12 Instrument landing system:........................................................................................................13 Maintenance Section...........................................................................................................................13 BASE MAINTENANCE:..............................................................................................................14 LINE MAINTENANCE:................................................................................................................14 LINE MAINTENANCE I :.....................................................................................................15 LINE MAINTENANCE II :....................................................................................................15 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................16

PROLOGUE
This detailed report describes our internship which we successfully completed. The report discusses the whole practices throughout the internship in detail, its goals, objectives, scope, theoretical background, methodology, design, implementation, and behavior and performance issues. This report is divided into four chapters. The first chapter gives the introduction and the history of PIAC. It also contains the motivation behind the project, its overview and goals and off course the theoretical background. It also describes briefly the areas which came under WIDE BODY (ISPAHANI HANGAR) The second chapter is a detailed literature of all the surveyed areas which came under Avionics overhaul shop. The equipments used in these over hauling areas. The third chapter describes the overall operation of the line maintenance sections. The last and final chapter concludes the report. The future enhancements are also marked.

HISTORY, A PRIDE
Birth of a Nation, Birth of an Airline

Air transport has probably never been more important to the development of a new nation than in the case of Pakistan. In June 1946, when Pakistan was still in the offing, Mr. Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of the upcoming nation, instructed Mr. M.A. Ispahani, a leading industrialist, to set up a national airline, on a priority basis. With his singular vision and foresight, Mr. Jinnah realized that with the formation of the two wings of Pakistan, separated by 1100 miles, a swift and efficient mode of transport was imperative. On 23rd October 1946, a new airline was born. Initially registered as a pilot project in Calcutta, Orient Airways Ltd. had at its helm Mr. M.A. Ispahani as Chairman and Air Vice Marshal O.K. Carter as General Manager. The new carrier's base remained in Calcutta and an operating license was obtained in May 1947. Four Douglas DC-3s were purchased from Tempo of Texas in February 1947 and operations commenced on 4th June 1947. The designated route for Orient Airways was Calcutta-Akyab-Rangoon, which also happened to be the first post-war international sector to be flown by an airline registered in India. Within two months of Orient Airways' operational beginnings, Pakistan was born. The birth of a new nation generated one of the largest transfers of population in the history of mankind. The year 1955 also marked the inauguration of the fledgling airline's first scheduled international service - to the glittering, glitzy capital city of London, via Cairo and Rome. Initially, there was much criticism, as the public could not comprehend or justify the need to operate an international route when, in their opinion, other projects vital for a developing country should have been given a higher priority. However, PIA's focus was, and continues to be, to serve the Pakistani community at large. The provision of transportation to expatriates has remained one of the foremost priorities of the national airline.
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AIRCRAFTS

Aircraft

Passengers Total (Business/Economy Haul Plus/Economy) A31012 7 184 (12/40/132) Short 205 (18/43/144) medium 205 (18/45/142) 48 (0/8/40) Short and and

Comments

Airbus 300 ATR 42

6 leased from Airbus Management

Boeing 737-300 6

118 (0/24/94) Short 119 (0/27/92) medium 468 (0/0/468) Medium

Boeing 747-200 1

Converted from Combi to Full Economy seating for Hajj operations

Boeing 747-300 5 Boeing 200ER Boeing 200LR Boeing 300ER Total 7777777774 2 3 40

468 (0/20/448)

Short, medium and long and 1 Leased from ILFC

320 (35/45/240) Medium 329 (35/54/240) long 310 (35/60/215) 393 (35/54/304) Ultra long Long

During the internship in PIAC, I was privileged to be allowed to visit the WIDE BODY HANGAR, Avionics Overhaul & Line maintenance sections PIA Engineering. The avionics overhaul comprises of three shops: 1. 2. 3. 4. Electrical Overhaul Section. Electronic Standard Lab Instrument Overhaul Section. Radio Overhaul Section.

WIDE BODY (ISPAHANI) HANGAR

This is a place where all types of tests are done to the aircrafts The tests are: TEST A TEST B TEST C TEST D

These tests are in ascending order as per the required depths of testing which is regarded with the hours of flight of a plane. We also visited ENGINE OVER HAUL SHOP. Engine overhauling means a general term for major engine work that usually requires removing the engine from the vehicle, and rebuilding or replacing internal components (e.g. pistons, connecting rods, valves). In electrical overhaul section the overhauling of electrical equipments of the aircraft are done. In Instrument Overhaul Section each instrument in the cockpit except radio & radar are overhauled.

AVIONICS OVERHAUL
Electric Overhaul Shop:The electric overhaul shop deals with overhauling of all electrical Power & electronic components used in aircrafts.

Generator Control Panel:

A component called the generator control panel (GCP) is used in the aircraft for the purpose of voltage regulation at the output of generator. It was used for the dc generators of Fokker. It also performs the function of line control switch. Normally the voltage is maintained at 28v. Different test procedures are checked on a panel where a compound dc generator controlled by it. The prime mover for generator was an induction motor, running the generator at different speeds. Being done before its installation by running it at different loads generator speeds.
Ignition exciter box:

Ignition means spark producer. The ignition exciter is discharge type unit providing ignition for guarantee power unit APU engines. It provides an output voltage of 18kv nominal through a single output connector. There are two tests leakage test & electrical test. It is tested on its own test bench.
Fuel Trim Actuator:

Another component was the fuel trim actuator. It is an electrically powered linear actuator, driven by a split field, series wound dc motor. The actuator is enclosed by sealed covers & plunger stroke is controlled, within preset limits, by internal micro switches. The motor incorporates an electromechanical brake to minimize overrun. It is used in Fokker. Its purpose is to cut down fuel supply in emergency case or to shut down the engine.

Aileron Lockout Actuator:

The outboard Aileron lockout actuator was another electromechanical component, composed of a motor, gears, jackscrews & nut tube that converts the electrical energy supplied to the actuator assembly into controlled linear motion. This linear motion is limited by switches mounted within the actuator assembly. The actuator assembly is used to change the position of the outboard aileron lockout mechanism on the model 747 airplane.

Instrument Overhaul Shop:Instrument overhaul shop deals with maintenance of every equipments present in the cockpit other than the communication System.
Airspeed indicator:

Airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the crafts speed. The airspeed indicator is used by the pilot during all phases of flight, from take-off, climb, cruise, descent and landing in order to maintain airspeeds specific to the aircraft type and operating conditions as specified in the Operating Manual.
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During instrument flight, the airspeed indicator is used in addition to the Artificial horizon as an instrument of reference for pitch control during climbs, descents and turns. Airspeed indicator markings use a set of standardized colored bands and lines on the face of the instrument. The white range is the normal range of operating speeds for the aircraft with the flaps extended as for landing or takeoff. The green range is the normal range of operating speeds for the aircraft without flaps extended. The yellow range is the ranges in which the aircraft may be operated in smooth air, and then only with caution to avoid abrupt control movement. A redline mark indicates VNE, or velocity (never exceed). This is the maximum demonstrated safe airspeed that the aircraft must not exceed under any circumstances. The red line is preceded by a yellow band which is the caution area, which runs from VNO (maximum structural cruise speed) to VNE. A green band runs from VS1 to VNO. VS1 is the stall speed with flaps and landing gear retracted. A white band runs from VSO to VFE. VSO is the minimum steady flight speed with flaps extended, and VFE is the highest speed at which flaps can be extended. Airspeed indicators in multi-engine aircraft show a short radial red line near to the bottom of green arc for Vmc, the minimum indicated airspeed at which the aircraft can be controlled with the critical engine inoperative and a blue line for VYSE, the speed for best rate of climb with the critical engine inoperative. Radar altimeter : A radar altimeter, radio altimeter, low range (LRRA) simply RA measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft or spacecraft. This type of altimeter provides the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it, as opposed to a barometric altimeter which provides the distance above a pre-determined datum, usually sea level. radio altimeter

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Vertical Velocity Indicator (Variometer) : A variometer (also known as a rate-of-climb indicator,a vertical speed indicator (VSI),[1] or a vertical velocity indicator (VVI)) is an instrument in an aircraft used to inform the pilot of the instantaneous (rather than averaged) rate of descent or climb. It can be calibrated in knots, feet per minute (101.333 ft/min = 1 km) or meters per second, depending on country and type of aircraft. In powered flight the pilot makes frequent use of the VSI to ascertain that level flight is being maintained, especially during turning man oeuvres. In gliding, the instrument is used almost continuously during normal flight, often with an audible output, to inform the pilot of rising or sinking air. The instrument is of little interest during launching and landing, with the exception of aero tow, where the pilot will usually want to avoid releasing in sink. Glass cockpit: A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. Where a traditional cockpit relies on numerous mechanical gauges to display information, a glass cockpit uses several displays driven by flight management systems that can be adjusted to display flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most pertinent information. They are also popular with airline companies as they usually eliminate the need for a flight engineer. In recent years the technology has become widely available in small aircraft.

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Radio Overhaul Shop:Radio shop deals with the overhauling of radar and radio through which airborne contact with other aircraft and ground.

Distance Measuring Equipment:

Distance measuring equipment (DME), used by many pilots because of its convenience during flight, consists of airborne and ground equipment usually co-located. The DME provides distance (and in some systems groundspeed) information only from the ground facility. DME (P) is precision DME used in conjunction with MLS. DME operates in the UHF frequency band however its frequency can be "paired" with VOR or ILS or localizer (LOC) frequencies. The receiving equipment in most aircraft provide for automatic DME selection through a coupled VOR/lLS receiver. Selection of the appropriate VOR or ILS frequency automatically tunes the DME. DME information can also be received from a TACAN station by tuning in the "paired" frequency. This VHF frequency will be found in the navigation data box for the ground facility listed on the en route IFR chart. The DME operates in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band and therefore is restricted to line-of-sight transmission. With adequate altitude, the pilot can receive en route DME.

Traffic Collision Avoidance System:

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The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (or TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which may present a threat of mid- collision air (MAC). It is an implementation of the Airborne Collision Avoidance System mandated by International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with MTOM (maximum take-off mass) over 5700 kg (12,586 lbs) or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers. In modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the Navigation Display (ND); in older glass cockpit aircraft and those with mechanical instrumentation, such an integrated TCAS display may replace the mechanical Vertical Speed Indicator. Instrument landing system: An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow. Instrument Approach Procedure charts (or approach plates) are published for each ILS approach, providing pilots with the needed information to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, including the radio frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids and the minimum visibility requirements prescribed for the specific approach.

Maintenance Section
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Maintenance Section is further divided into two sections. 1. Base Maintenance 2. Line Maintenance

BASE MAINTENANCE:
It is known as ISPHAHANI Hanger. It is for higher check than class-A check. It is consisting of three categories: Bay-I, Bay-II, Bay-III. In these classes such as b, C and D checks of aircraft are performed. In this hanger at a time three aircraft are placed for performing checks on them. Each check has its own specified time that after how many hours the check is performed.

LINE MAINTENANCE:
There are two manufacturers namely Boeing and Airbus. 1. Line Maintenance I 2. Line Maintenance II

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LINE MAINTENANCE I : Line maintenance I is for class A check. In LM-1 the checking of B737, B-747 and B-777 is being done. The engineer signed a text log book. A routine check also performed in LM-I and make surety that the aircraft is airworthy and replace the defective parts. LM-I engineers forward the defective parts to their respective shops.

LINE MAINTENANCE II : LINE MAINTENANCE II Is for A-310 and A-300. The routine check and class A check is performed. In this check engineers signed a text book and make surety that the aircraft is airworthy and replace defective parts.

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CONCLUSION

This is a very short summary of our one month visit to PIA, if the complete experience is put in to words, it will take an infinite amount of paper space. My last word, a tribute to all the heads, engineers, and all the staff that has took and is taking part to put this big organization in such an inspiring and motivating form and who have put all their efforts in its making, building, and prosperity.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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