INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE

TIJUANA

Unidad Otay

Tecnologías de la información y
comunicacion

Ingeniería en nanotecnología

Profesor: Dr. Arturo Zizumbo

Alumno: Enrique Contreras Bernabé

Tijuana B.C. 23 de Septiembre de 2008

 Study on the interface
modification of bagasse fibre and
the
mechanical properties of its
composite with PVC

Yu-Tao Zheng b,c, De-Rong Cao a,b,*,

Dong-Shan Wang b, Jiu-Ji Chen b
2
a College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou 510641, China

b LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China

c Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

100039, China

Received 15 April 2005; received in revised form 21 December 2005;

accepted 28 January 2006

3
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

Tabla de contenidos.

1. Introduction........................................................................................3

2. Experimental.........................................................................................3

2.1. Materials.........................................................................................3

2.2. Treatment of BF..............................................................................4

2.3. Preparation of the composites and samples...................................4

2.4. Mechanical properties of the composites.......................................4

3. Results and discussion..........................................................................4

3.1 Tensile strength...............................................................................5

3.2. Impact strength..............................................................................7

3.3. Elongation at break........................................................................8

3.4. Tensile modulus..............................................................................9

3.5. Analysis of the SEM pho tographs of BF/PVC................................10

4. Conclusions.........................................................................................12

Acknowledgement..................................................................................12

References..............................................................................................12

Tabla de figuras y tablas.

4
Ilustración 1..............................................................................................6

Ilustración 2..............................................................................................7

Ilustración 3..............................................................................................8

Tabla 1 ……………………………………………………………………………….
4

Tabla 2......................................................................................................5

Tabla 3......................................................................................................6

Tabla 4......................................................................................................6

5
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

 1 1.Introduction
2 In recent years, significant efforts have been directed to investigating the use of natural fibres as a
3 reinforcement

4 in thermoplastics. Natural fibres, such as wood fibre, wheat straw, jute fibre and bagasse fibre
5 have several benefits: low cost, low density, high toughness, acceptable specific strength
6 properties, enhanced energy recovery and biodegradability [1–3]. The use of natural fibres in
7 plastic matrix includes many benefits, such as low volumetric cost,

8 increase of heat deflection temperature, increase of stiffness of thermoplastics and improvement

9 of ‘‘wood’’ surface appearance. So natural fibres reinforced plastic composites have achieved
10 applications in decking, furniture components, door moldings, packing pallets and interior panels
11 of automobiles [4–6]. However, there is poor interfacial adhesion between the hydrophobic matrix
12 and the hydrophilic fibre. If no modification

13 of fibre or compatibilization of the two materials is developed, the weak interfacial adhesion
14 between fibre and

15 matrix usually results in poor mechanical properties of the composites. Obviously, improvement of
16 the compatibility between the two components is a key to success in the area. In order to
17 introduce natural fibres profitably into hydrophobic thermoplastics, such as HDPE, PP and PVC, a
18 pretreatment

19 of the fibre surface or the incorporation of interface modifiers is generally required. In order to

20 improve the compatibility of the wood fibre/polymer composites, a lot of chemicals and methods
21 have been developed, such as the different treatments [7,8] of the polymer matrices (e.g. graft
22 copolymerization or grafting fibre), coupling agents [9–11] (e.g. silanes and isocyanates) and
23 interface compatibilizer [11–14] (e.g. maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin or elastomer). In the
24 previous studies, the use of the organic carboxylic acids [15–17] (e.g. stearic acid, acetic
25 anhydride, maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride) have also drawn considerable attention, due
26 to their effectiveness in improving adhesion between natural fibre and thermoplastic matrix.
27 According to the principles of interface coupling, the hydrophilic carboxyl group of organic acid as
28 the modifier is expected to react with the hydroxyl groups of natural fibre in the surface, and the
29 hydrophobic group should react or have relatively high compatibility with the polymer matrix. The
30 combined effects of these interactions will effectively improve the fibre dispersion and resultant
31 adhesive coupling. In this work we focused on the effect of benzoic acid as the surface modifier on
32 the mechanical properties of the natural fibres/reinforced plastic composites. The surface of BF
33 was modified by benzoic acid, and then compounded with PVC resin to prepare the composite. The
34 main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the content of BF, the content of benzoic
35 acid and BF-treated temperature on the mechanical properties of BF/PVC composites by the
36 orthogonal optimal method. The processing conditions was used according to the general
37 procedure [18].
6
38 2.Experimental
39 2.1. Materials
40 PVC (LS080S, K value 84), supplied by LG Chem.; Waste BF (100-mesh); Liquid tin stabilizer (SS-
41 218, Shanghai Plastic Auxiliary Co., China); Calcium stearate and household PE wax (H110,
42 Shanghai Naduo Co., China);

43 acrylic processing aid (ACR-401, Shanghai Plastic Auxiliary Co., China).

44 2.2. Treatment of BF
45 BF (150-lm sieve) was treated with H2O2 solution under ultrasonic condition for 15 min and dried at
46 60 _C for 48 h. BF was then mixed at room temperature with the solution of benzoic acid in a small
47 quantity of ethanol. After the solvent was evaporated, BF was dried in air circulating oven at 105
48 _C for 24 h. The treated-BF was added to the rolls, heated at different temperature (140 _C, 150 _C

7
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

49 or 160 _C) and ground simultaneously for 4 min. The surface of fibre contacted and reacted with
50 benzoic acid in situ during

51 grinding.

51 Tabla 1

51 2.3. Preparation of the composites and samples

51 BF and PVC were compounded in a two-roll mill for 7 min. The temperatures of the two rolls were
52 at 150 _C

51 and 170 _C, respectively. After the addition of the matrix, the fibre was added as soon as the
52 polymer had reached a steady plastifying state which needed about 3 min. After mixing for 3–4
53 min, the resulting mixture was compressionmolded into panels to produce the specimens for
54 mechanical property test. All of the samples were performe in a preheated press at 185–190 _C
55 under a pressure of 10 MPa for 8 min, and followed by cooling to room temperature in another
56 press equipped with refrigeration

51 facilities. The dogbone-shaped specimens were made for tensile test (1.0 mm thick, 4.0 mm
52 width). Rectangular specimens were cut from the pressed sheet (80 * 10 * 4 mm) for impact

51 test. The untreated BF/PVC composite was prepared with BF (25%) and the same dosage in Table
52 1.

51 2.4. Mechanical properties of the composites

51 The tensile properties of the composites were measured in an Universal Tensile Machine at a
52 crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Three tensile properties were tested: (i) the tensile strength; (ii) the
53 tensile modulus; and (iii) the elongation at break. The unnotched Charpy impact strength was
54 measured in a Charpy Impact Test Machine. All evaluation reported were the average values of at
55 least five

51 measurements.

8
51 3. Results and discussion
52 A L9(33) three factor three-level orthogonal optimal method was chosen by Orthogonal Experiment
53 Assistant

52 II 3.1 (Sharetop Software Studio). BF content (A), content of benzoic acid (B) and fibre-
53 treated temperature (C) were the three key variables, whereas the mechanical properties were the
54 variable responses. The analysis of the data was made to identify the key factors which affected
55 the tensile and impact strength properties.

52 Table 2 presents these factors with their normalized levels. Factor A is BF content, Factor B is the
53 content of benzoic acid, and Factor C is the fibre-treatment temperature. Table 3 shows the
54 corresponding experimental units and the results of the experimental matrix. The mechanical data
55 generated by Orthogonal Experiment Assistant II 3.1 software were entered into the design matrix
56 (Table 3) and a corresponding analysis was carried out. Table 4 shows

52 Tabla 2

52 indicates that the content of BF (A) and content of benzoic acid (B) had more e ect
53 than

52 the fibre-treated temperature (C) on the tensile strength123 of the rigid BF/PVC
53 composites. Content of BF was theLevel most significant factor.Fig. 1

9
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

52 3.1 Tensile strength
53 shows the interaction graphs

53 Fig. 1. Interaction graphs of tensile strength against three variables. (n)

53 of tensile strength against the three variables, which illus-

53 BF content, (n) benzoic acid content, (.) treatment temperature.

53 trates the changes of tensile strength with di erent factors.

53 The tensile strength clearly increased as the content of BF

53 composite (38 MPa). The maximum values (52 MPa) was

53 and the content of the modifier increased. This phenome-

53 non can be explained in terms of the strong interface inter-

53 obtained with the maximum amount of fibres, and also

53 actions of BF with PVC matrix. It also indica tes that

53 the maximum amount of the modifier, which was con-

53 benzoic acid had reacted with the hydroxyl groups of BF

53 firmed by the entry 9 in

53 Table 3

10
53 Tabla 3

53 Tabla 4

11
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

53 Ilustración 1

53 3.2. Impact strength

53 of BF in PVC matrix. The improvement of the interfacial

53 adhesion made the fibre act as an agent of reinforcement

53 The e ects of the three variables on the unnotched

53 in PVC matrix. So the addition of benzoic acid brought

53 Charpy impact property are shown in

53 Table 4

53 and

53 Fig. 2

53 .

53 about an increase in tensile strength instead of decrease

53 From

53 Table 4

12
53 we can see that the content of BF was the

54 comparing to the tensile strength of untreated BF/PVC

54 Table 3

54 Ilustración 2

13
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

54 Ilustración 3

54 Results of the orthogonal optimal method

54 2

54 Composite Factors Tensile strength (MPa) Impact strength (kJ/m

54 ) Elongation at break (%) Tensile modulus (MPa)

54 ABC

54 Interaction graphs of tensile modulus against three variables. (j)

54 Level

54 BF content, (n) benzoic acid content, (.) treatment temperature.

54 Fig. 2. Interaction graphs of unnotched Charpy impact strength against

54 three variables. (j) BF content, (n) benzoic acid content, (.) treatment

54 temperature.

54 Figs. 1 and 2

54 . Thus, better result (13 kJ/m

14
54 ) was obtained

55 2

55 with the minimum content of fibre, as shown by entry 2

55 in

55 Table 3

55 3.3. Elongation at break

55 7.5

55 The e ect of three variables on the elongation at break

55 was shown in

55 Table 4

55 and

55 Fig. 3

55 .

55 Table 4

55 indicates that

55 7.0

55 the content of BF was the main factor a ecting the elonga-

55 tion at break.

15
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

55 Fig. 4

56 shows that elongation at break

56 6.5

56 decreased, as expected, as the content of fibre increased.

56 The decrease of elongation at break might be due to the

56 higher brittleness introduced by blending BF with the

56 6.0
56 PVC matrix. As in the case of the benzoic acid treatment,

56 it did enhance the elongation at break (5.8%, comparing

56 5.5

56 to the elongation at break (3.5%) of untreated BF/PVC

56 composite), as expected, though the change was small.

56 5.0

56 The fibre-treatment temperature had a less significant

56 123

56 e ect.

56 Level

56 Fig. 3. Interaction graphs of elongation at break against three variables.

56 3.4. Tensile modulus

56 (n) BF content, (n) benzoic acid content, (.) treatment temperature.

56 The analysis of the e ect of the three factors on tensile

56 main factor a ecting the impact strength.

56 Fig. 2

56 shows a

16
56 modulus for BF/PVC composites is shown in

57 Table 4

57 linear decay on impact strength of the composites as the

57 and

57 Fig. 4

57 . The treatment of benzoic acid improved the

57 content of BF increased. BF in the PVC matrix restricts

57 modulus of the composite when it increased up to 5%

57 molecular motion, imposing more resistance to deforma-

57 and then decreased. The content of BF had a strong posi-

57 tion that could absorb impact energy, which explains the

57 tive e ect on the tensile modulus. When there was a good

57 decrease of impact strength of the composites as the con-

57 dispersion of BF in PVC matrix the tensile strength was

57 tent of BF increased. Benzoic acid did not e ect the impact

57 expected to increase with the addition of fibre. This was

57 strength much as shown in

57 Fig. 2

57 . For example, the impact

17
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

57 reasonable because it demands a higher stress to su er

58 2

58 strength changed between 8.3 and 9.2 kJ/m

58 comparing to

58 some deformation as the fibre plays a reinforcing role. It

58 the impact strength of untreated BF/PVC composite

58 could be seen that as the content of BF increased the mod-

58 2

58 (7.5 kJ/m

58 ) when the content of benzoic acid changed

58 ulus increased, especially when 35% of BF was used.

58 between 3% and 10%. The tensile strength and impact

58 According to the analysis above, the maximum values of

58 strength increased as fibre-treatment temperature rose

58 modulus were obtained with the maximum content of fibre

58 firstly (lower than 150 °C), and then decreased as tempera-

58 and lowest fibre-treatment temperature (see entry 8 in

58 ture continued to rise (higher than 150 °C) as shown in

58 Table 3

58 ).

18
58

59 3.5. Analysis of the SEM pho tographs of BF/PVC

59 pellets. The samples were prepared as follows: (a) untreated

59 composites

59 BF (BF1); (b) BF with benzoic acid (5%) (BF2); (c) BF

59 with benzoic acid (5%) was ground at 160 °C for 4 min

59 The SEM micrographs of a fractured surface of the trea-

59 (BF3); (d) BF with benzoic acid (5%) was ground at

59 ted BF/PVC composites and the untreated BF/PVC com-

59 150 °C for 4 min (BF4); (e) BF with benzoic acid (5%)

59 posite are shown in

59 Fig. 5

59 . The untreated BF was pulled

59 was ground at 140 °C for 4 min (BF5).

19
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

60 Fig. 6

61 shows their

61 out of the PVC matrix with smooth and clean surfaces

61 IR spectra. The characteristics absorption band of car-

61 because of the poor interfacial adhesion as shown in

61 bonyl group of benzoic acid at 1714 cm

61 (BF2), and the

61 À1

61 Fig. 5

61 c. However, the treated BF with benzoic acid was

61 peak decreased in intensity when it was ground at 140 °C

61 pulled out of the PVC matrix with little rough surfaces

61 for 4 min (BF5) due to the partly esterification of benzoic

61 because the interfacial adhesion was better, as shown in

62 acid. The absorption band of carbonyl group of benzoic

63 Fig. 5

64 d. There were many empty spaces due to the forma-

65 acid at 1714 cm

66 disappeared when it was ground at

67 À1

68 tion of aggrega tes of fibers as shown in

69 Fig. 5

70 a. But these

71 160 °C for 4 min (BF3). A new band appeared at

20
72 empty spaces disappeared mostly in the treated BF/PVC

73 1735 cm

74 which belongs to the ester carbonyl stretching.

75 À1

76 composites as shown in

77 Fig. 5

78 b. It is evident that treated

79 It illustrated that esterification between benzoic acid and

80 BF is more compatible with PVC rather than untreated

81 bagasse fiber occurred in situ during grinding.

82 BF, which can be explained that the hydrophilic carboxyl

83 groups of benzoic acid react with the hydroxyl groups of

84 4. Conclusions
85 natural fibre in the surfa ce, and the hydrophobic group

86 has relatively high compatibility with the polymer matrix.

87 The e ect of the content of the modifier (3, 5 or 10 wt%

88 by fibre), the content of the composition (15, 25 or

89 3.6. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

21
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

 90 35 wt%), and fibre-treatment temperature (140, 150 or

91 160 °C) were studied on the mechanical properties of BF/

92 The BF treated and untreated with benzoic acid were

93 PVC composites. The following conclusions could be

94 analyzed by FTIR (Analect, model RFX-65 A) with KBr

95 drawn from the experimental results: Benzoic acid was an

96 e ective adhesion promoter for BF/PVC composites. The

97 treatment of BF with benzoic acid improved significantly

98 dispersion of BF in PVC matrix, which could be supported

99 by SEM micrographs of impact fractured BF/PVC com-

100 posites and the fact that the addition of benzoic acid

101 BF1

102 (10%) brought about an increase in tensile strength

103 (52 MPa) of the BF/PVC composite comparing to the ten-

104 BF3

105 sile strength (38 MPa) of untreated BF/PVC composite.

106 BF5

107 Acknowledgement
108 BF2

109 Funding for this project was provided by the Chinese

110 Academy of Sciences (KJCXZ-SW-04).

111 BF4

22
112 References
113 2 0 00 18 0 0 1 60 0 1 4 00 12 0 0 1 00 0 8 00 6 0 0 40 0

114 [1] Rana AK, Mandal A, et al. Short fiber-reinforced polypropylene

115 Wavenumbers (cm

116 )

117 -1

118 composites: e ect of compatibilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 1998;69:

119 Fig. 6. FTIR spectra of BF1, BF2, BF3, BF4, BF5.

120 329–38.

121

122 Y.-T. Zheng et al. / Composites: Part A 38 (2007) 20–25 25

123 [2] Mitra BC, Basak RK, Sarkar M. Studies on jute-reinforced

124 [12] Oksman K, Clemons C. Mechanical properties and morphology of

125 composites: its limitations, and some solutions through chemical

126 impact modified polypropylene–wood our composites. J Apply

127 modifications of fibers. J Apply Polym Sci 1998;67:1093–100.

128 Polym Sci 1998;67:1503–13.

129 [3] Bledzki AK, Gassan J. Composite reinforced with cellulose based

23
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

130 [13] Kazayawoko M, Balatinecz JJ, Woodhams RT. Di use re ec-

131 fibres. Prog Polym Sci 1999;24:221–74.

132 tance Fourier transform infrared spectra of wood fibers treated

133 [4] Selke SE, Wichman I. Wood fiber/polyolefin composites. Compos

134 with maleated polypropylenes. J Appl Polym Sci 1997;66:

135 Part A 2004;35:321–6.

136 1163–73.
137 [5] Clemons C. Wood-plastic composites in the United State. Forest

138 [14] Rana AK, Mandal A, Bandyopadhyay S. Short jute fiber reinforced

139 Prod J 2002;52(6):10–8.

140 polypropylene composites: e ect of compatibiliser, impact modifier

141 [6] Nabi Saheb D, Jog JP. Natural fiber polymer composites: a review.

142 and fiber loading. Compos Sci Technol 2003;63:801–6.

143 Adv Polym Technol 1999;18(4):351–63.

144 [15] Kokta BV, Maldas D, Daneault C, et al. Composites of poly(vinyl

145 [7] Shukla SR, Rao GVG, Athalye AR. Improving graft level during

146 chloride) and wood fibers. Part II: e ect of chemical treatment. Polym

147 photoinduced graft-copolymerization of styrene onto cotton cellu-

148 Compos 1990;11(2):84–9.

149 lose. J Appl Polym Sci 1993;49:1423–30.

150 [16] Mahlberg R, Paajanen L, Nurmi A, et al. E ect of chemical

151 [8] Liao B, Huang YH, Cong GM. In uence of modified wood fibers on

152 modification of wood on the mechanical and adhesion properties of

153 the mechanical properties of wood fiber-reinforced polyethylene. J

24
154 wood fiber/polypropylene fiber and polypropylene/veneer compos-

155 Appl Polym Sci 1997;66:1561–8.

156 ites. Holz als Roh–und Werksto 2001;59:319–26.

157 [9] Pickering KL, Abdalla A, Ji C, et al. The e ect of silane coupling

158 [17] Zafeiropoulos NE, Williams DR, Baillie CA, et al. Engineering and

159 agents on radiata pine fibre for use in thermoplastic matrix

160 characterisation of the interface in ax fibre/polypropylene composite

161 composites. Compos Part A 2003;34:915–26.

162 materials. Part I. Development and investigation of surface treat-

163 [10] Raj RG, Kokta BV. Reinforcing high density polyethylene with

164 ments. Compos Part A 2002;33:1083–93.

165 cellulosic fibers. I. The e ect of additives on fiber dispersion and

166 [18] Matuana LM, Kamdem DP, Zhang J. Photoaging and stabilization

167 mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci 1991;31(18):1358–62.

168 of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2001;80:

169 ` s P, et al. E ects of di erent treatments

170 [11] Colom X, Carrasco F, Page

171 1943–50.

172 on the interface of HDPE/lignocellulosic fiber composites. Compos

25
1359-835X/$ - see front matter _ 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.023

* Corresponding author. Address: LCLC, Guangzhou Institute of

Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.

Tel.: +86 20 85231666; fax: +86 20 85232903.

E-mail address: caodr@mail.gic.ac.cn (D.-R. Cao).

173 Sci Technol 2003;63:161–9.

26