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60

H. B. Fine
Princeton College Algebra

Lagrange

Fiboncci

1932

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energy

1970

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19 HallKnightSmith

1971

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1948

40

Princeton

Napoleon

14
baba se kiu
sekiubaba

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n
Maxwell

6 9
5

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M. Kac
M.
Kac

Cardan

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iii

01

2 04

16

02

6 05

18

03

11

24 15

50

12

30 16

53

13

35 17

69

14

43

21

78 26

Vieta 96

22

80 27

103

23

86 28

112

24

Vieta Pascal 87 29

117

25

Newton 90

31

122 33

32

129

Horner

134

41

142 43

DeMoivre

42

Euler 145 44

Cardano 154

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150

(
45

163 46

169

51

180 55

205

52

Taylor 185 56

211

53

188 57

Sturm 220

54

195 58

225

231
247

61

254 65

Pascal 288

62

: 274 66

302

63

( ) : 277 67

308

64

279

71 Gibbs 320 75

365

72

324 76

370

73

330 77

376

74

355

81

386 85

442

82

401 86

449

83

416 87

472

84

432

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91

488 95

510

92

492 96

521

93

Markov Chebyshev 501 97

531

94

503 98

541

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alpha

beta
gamma

epsilon

zeta

eta

iota

kappa

omicron
pi

rho
sigma

theta
I

nu
xi

delta
E

tau

upsilon

phi
X

chi

lambda

psi

mu

omega

P R
alphabet
a z
, , , m, n , , x, y, z , , a, b, c

r C = C = Combination.
Cov = Covariance
nC T = n

E = Expectation
nP r = n

r P = P = Permutation

r H Ha
V = Variance
nH r = n

M = Mean
sd = standard deviation

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01
02
03

p.2

4.3-4.6

p.6

4.8

04
05

p.16
p.18

p.9

p.171-174
3.5, 3.8
3.6

=
=
=
=

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N N0 Z
Q R C
system
u

Nu

field

u
Qu

a < b
[a..b] a b (a..b) a b

[a..b]a

(a..b)a < x < b

(a..b) a

(a..)a < x

x b

01

a x2 + b x + c = 0
abc a

(1)

0 a = 1monic

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01

ax2 + bx + c = a x2 +

b
a

x+

( 2ab ) )+ b

4ac
;
4a

(2)

x=

b b2
2a

4ac

(3)

=
D = b2

4ac discriminant =

a, b, c D < 0
D > 0 D = 0

a, b, c D

Vieta
ax2 + bx + c = 0
= + =

b
;
a

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c
;
a

(4)

ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,
ax2 + bx + c = a x

a x

(5)

Newton
+ = p,

= q
2

= p2

2
+
2

2q;

= p3

4p2q + 2q2;

= p4

3pq;

(6)

Newton
x + y = p, x y = qx, y f x, y = f y, x
p, q
f x, y = F p, q = F x + y, x y

(7)

f x, y = ci, j xiyi

f x, y =
n=0

fn x, y ,

(8)

fn x, y =

cn

j=0

n j j
y
j, j x

(9)

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01

f x, y = f y, x fn x, y = fn y, x
ci, j = cj, i fn x, y
k

fn x, y =

j=0

cn

j, j

xn j y j + xj yn

k = floor

( n2 );

(10)

floor floor (x) x

i, j, (xiyi + xjyj)
p, q
i > 0j > 0 k = min (i, j) xkyk = qk
x i y j + x j y i = qk
i

kj

xi kyj k+xj kyi

k 0
Sm = xm + ym

(11)

p q

61
m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
(m > 4) S0 , S1 , , Sm 1 p q

Sj x, y = gj p, q , j = 0, 1, , m

1;

(12)

Sm p q
Sm = xm + ym = (x + y)
= p gm

p, q

(xm
q gm

+ ym 1)

xy

(xm

+ ym 2)

(13)

p, q .

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f x, y

3x7y3 + 8x5y

7x4y4 6x4y2 + 3x3y7 + 9x3y3

2x3y2

6x2y4 2x2y3 + 8xy5

02

i
i2 = 1;

(1)

1 a, b
= a + b i;

(2)

a b b = 0 = a
a = 0 = bi

= =

a, b a + bi, a

bi conjugate

(a + bi) + (a

bi) = 2a(a + bi)

(a

bi) = a2 + b2;

(3)

a2 + b2 = a ib a ib absolute value

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02

norma2 + b2 = a ib 2 a ib a + bi

0 > 0

1
a bi
;
=
a + bi a2 + b2

(4)

2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 D = b2

4ac < 0

=
D

b
c
=
a
a

D
;
a2

(5)

A + i B A, B
B = 0 A > 0

A A

> 0 A = A x2 = A
A

A A

A < 0B = 03i
x2 = 3 3i 3i

x2 = A + iB A + iB = 0
B

0 x =
x2 =

+2

+ i x2 = A + i B
i = A + i B;

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2 2

2 2

+4
2

2 2

= A2

= B;

= A2 + B2;

A2 + B2 + A
;
2

A2 + B2
2

= A2 + B2,

A
,

(6)

0 ,

( , )

ax2 + bx + c = 0(a
b b2
2a

x=
b2

4ac b2

0)

4ac

4ac

= 0
1
x3 = 1 1
,

1 3i
2

(7)

A + iB x3 = A + iB

A = 0 = B

i
i

1 3i
2

i =

i 3
.
2

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03

03

(i)3x + 5y = 25;
(ii)4x

7y = 6;

x y
x x y y

3,

4,

35 20 55

3,
4,

5
=3
7

5 4 = 41.

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10

x=

; y=

25,

= 25
6,
7
3, 25
=
=3 6
4,
6

5 6 = 205;

25 4 = 82;

x=

205
= 5y =
41

82
= 2;
41

a x + c y = e,

(1)

b x+d y= f,

Cramer
x=

e d
a d

c f
a f
; y=
b c
a d

b e
;
b c

a,
b,

c
x
d

e,
f,

c
y
d

a,
b,

e
f

(2)

x y

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03

=d

a d x+d c y

= d e;

=c

c b x+c d y

=c

a d

=d e

c b

y x

2.3 (p.44)

f
c

f;

= 0

0 x

3 x + 2 y = 11,
9 x + 6 y = 14,

=3 6

2 9 = 0,

2 1 3
0 x + 0 y = 14

33 = 19;

inconsistent

5 x

2 y = 11,

20 x

8 y = 88,

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11

12

=5

20 = 0,

1 8 2

mutually dependent

a x+d y+g z= ,
b x + e y + h z = m,
c x+ f

(3)

y + k z = n;

Cramer

Sarrus

a,

d,

b,

e,

c,

f,

a e n+d m c+g b f

g e c

d b k

a h f;
(4)

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03

d,

= m, e, h ;
n, f , k

13

(5)

= e k

= h c
= b

a+ f

d k

b+ d h

e g

c;

b k

d+ q k

c g

e+ g b

a h

f;

c e

g+ c d

h+ a e

b d

k;

e g

x
e k

+ fg

d k

+ d h

y
h c

b k

+ q k

c g

+ g b

a h

+ a e

b d

z
b

c e

+ c d

03.1

determinant
Sarrus

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14

transpose
a,

c,

a,

b,

(6)

alternating
= 0
a,
c,

b
=
d

b,
d,

a
.
d

(7)

a,
d,

b,
e,

x,

y,

c
b,
f =x
e,
z
=

c
f
x+

a,

d,

y+

+z

a,

d,

(8)

z;

a,
d,

x = 0 = z

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03

a,

b,

d,
0,

e,
y,

a,
f = y
d,
0

c
f

15

tij i j
det (Tij )
det T =

i+y

det Tij .

(9)

linearity
x, y, z
x, y, z

homogeneity
t

a,

b,

d,

e,

t x,

a,

b,

=t

d,
x,

e,
y,

f
z

c
a,
f = d,
x 1,
z1 + z2

b,
e,

t y,

t z

(10)

additivity

a,
d,

b,
e,

x1 + x2,

y1 + y2,

c
a,
f + d,
y1, z1 x2,

b,
e,
y2,

c
f ;
z2

(11)

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16

a,
d + t x,
x,

b,
c a,
e + t y, f + t z = d,
y,
z x,

b,
e,

c
f.

y,

(12)

(3) 0 = =
m = n
det A = 0
Vandermonde

1,

1,

a,

b,

c = a

a,

b,

b b

c c

a.

(13)

a2b

04

X 2 = X2 + 2

X Y;

(1)

= +

X + Y 3 = X 3 + 3 X 2 Y + 3 X Y 2+ Y 3
X + Y 4 = X 4 + 4 X 3 Y + 6 X 2 Y 2+ 4 X Y 3 + Y 4

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04

17

X + Y 5 = X 5 + 5 X 4 Y + 10 X 3 Y 2+ 10 X 2 Y 3 + 5 X Y 4 + Y 5

X + Y n = X n+ + nCm X n

Y m + + Y n

(2)

Pascal p.216365.
n Cm =

n n

1
m

n 2
m 1

m n m + 1

m 2 1

(3)

X2

Y2 = X

X+Y

(4)

X3

Y3 = X

X2 + X Y + Y2

X4

Y4 = X

X3 + X2 Y + X Y2 + Y3

X5

Y5 = X

X 4 + X 3 Y + X 2Y 2 + X Y 3 + Y 4

(5)

X 3 + Y 3 = (X + Y )

(X 2

X Y + Y 2);

X 5 + Y 5 = (X + Y )

(X 4

X 3 Y + X 2Y 2

X Y 3 + Y 4);

(6)

X 4 + X 2Y 2 + Y 4

= X 4 + 2X 2Y 2 + Y 4

X 2Y 2 = (X 2 + Y 2) 2

X 4 + X 2Y 2 + Y 4 = (X 2 + Y 2

X Y)

(X Y ) 2
(X 2 + Y 2 + X Y ).

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(7)

18

X 3+Y 3+Z3

3XYZ = (X + Y + Z)(X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2

XY

YZ

ZX ).

(8)

05
pp.53-55.

N, b

N q r
b = a q + r; q

N0 ; r

N0 , 0

r < a.

(1)

q b a r b a

a, b hcf (a, b) = hcf b, a

hcf (a, 0) a
a = bhcf (a, a) = a
b > a a = r1 b = r0
q(!) r2
r2 = 0 a hcf
r2 > 0 r2 r1 = a r3

r3 r2

r0

r1 > r2 > > rm > rm+1 = 0

m m
hcf (a, b) = rm

(2)
m

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05

hcf (72, 157)

r0 = 157, r1 = 72, 157 = 2 72 + 13, q1 = 2, r2 = 13; 72 = 5 13 + 7, q2 = 5, r3 = 7;
13 = 1 7 + 6, q3 = 1, r4 = 6; 7 = 1 6 + 1, q4 = 1, r5 = 1; r6 = 0.
hcf (72, 157) = 1

r0 = 2 r1 + r2;
r1 = 5 r2 + r3;
r2 = 1 r3 + r4;
r3 = 1 r4 + r5;
r4 = 6 r5 + 0; r5 = hcf (r0, r1)

r5 = r3

1 r4; (1')

r4 = r2

1 r3; (2')

r3 = r1

5 r2; (3')

r2 = r0

2 r1; (4')

(1') r4(2')
r5 = r3

1 r4 = r3

(r2

r3) = 2 r3

r2 ;

r3(3')
r 5 = 2 r3

r2 = 2

(r1

5 r2)

r2 = 2 r1

11 r2;

r2 (4')
1 = r5 = 2 r1

11 r2 = 2 r1

11

(r0

2 r1) = 24 r1

11 r0;

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19

20

a, b c = hcf (a, b)
c = p a + q b, p

Z, q

(3)

rj

rj + rj+1, j = 1, 2, , m.

1 = qj

r0

j m

rj+1 = rj

qj rj; j = m

r1 > r2 > > rm = c > rm+1 = 0.

2 2

1, m

1, m

2, , 2;

rm = c rm 1, rm 2
rm 2, rm 3
rm 3, rm 4
r0 = b, r1 = a

hcf (3546, 2268) = 18 r0 = 3546, r1 = 2268

Pascal n

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7
8

21

35

1
5

15
35

70
126

10
20

56
84

1
3

10
15

28
36

2
3

5
6

6
21

56
126

1
1
7
28

84

1
8

36

1
9

n r 0

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. , .
., 2012.04

I S B N 978-957-11-6622-3
1. 2. 3.
524.32

101005214

5Q25

(313.5)

106 339 4

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