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Trigonometry
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that uses
triangles to help you solve problems.
Review
Periodic functions and graphs
Basic identities
Proving identities part 1
Addition laws
Half angle and double angle
Proving identities part 2
Exact value calculation
Application of addition laws
Sumand product formulae
Inverse trigonometric functions
Solving trigonometric equations
REVIEW
2 Ways of Measuring Angles
Angles can be measured by degreesthere
are 360 degrees in a circle
Angles can also be measured by radiansit is
the r at i o of t he ar c l engt h of t he angl e
compar ed t o t he l engt h of t he r adi us of the
circle.
360 2 radians =

90

180

270

0
2

=
radians
radians =
3
r a d i a n s
2

=
When changing to degrees,
multiply by
180
/
p
When changing to radians,
multiply by
p
/
180
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Examples:
Change to radian:
45
o
=
p
/
4
60
o
=
p
/
3
135
o
=
3p
/
4
144
o
=
4p
/
5
180
o
=
p
30
o
=
p
/
6
31
o
=
31p
/
180
=0.541
Examples:
Change to degrees:
p
/
4
=45
o
p
/
7
=25.71
o
1.047rad
=59.99= 60
o
Right Triangles
A
B
C
hypotenuse
opposite
adjacent

s i n
c o s
t a n
o p p
h y p
a d j
h y p
o p p
a d j

=
=
=
Sine function
One period
2
0 3 2 2
sin

sin
0 0
/2 1
0
3/2 1
2 0
Amplitude=1
Periodic functions and graphs
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The cosine function
90 180 270 0
360
I V
I
cos
0 1
/2 0
1
3/2 0
2 1
cos

Maximum and minimum

tan
/2
/4 1
0 0
/4 1
/2
0

tan
/2 /2
One period:
3/2 3/2
Graph of Tangent Function: Periodic
Sketch y= - 2sin x
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Sketch y = -2cos x
A = amplitude
360/B or = period (how many cycles)
Shift along x- axis by solving
Shift along y axis given by k (+ up, - down)
sin
cos
( ) = y A Bx C k
( ) 0 = Bx C
2 / B
Example
Shift along x- axis :
No shift along y axis as k=0
0
2 2
+ = = x x

Firstly sketch a sine curve with amplitude =2 and period
(length of a cycle) = 2. Then shift the points.
90 180 270 360
2
-2
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Finally
90 180 270 360 x
-2
y
2
Example
First expand and write as:
Shift along x- axis :
shift along y axis: 1 units up
0
2 0 2 or 45
2 2 4
x x x

= = =
0
2
2
or 180
2
=
= =
A
P


2sin(2 ) 1
2
= + y x

90 180 270 360
2
-2
3
1
-1
2sin(2 ) 1
2
= + y x

Basic Trigonometric Identities
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RECI PROCAL I DENTI TI ES

sin
1
cosec =

cos
1
sec =

tan
1
cot =
QUOTI ENT I DENTI TI ES

cos
sin
tan =

sin
cos
cot =

2 2
sec 1 tan = +

2 2
cosec cot 1 = +
PYTHAGOREAN I DENTI TI ES
1 cos sin
2 2
= +
EVEN-ODD I DENTI TI ES
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

cot cot sec sec cosec cosec
tan tan cos cos sin sin
= = =
= = =
x
x
x
Secx
x
x
tan
1
cot
cos
1
sin
1
csc
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x
x
sin
cos
cot
cos
sin
tan
=
=
x x
x x
x x
tan ) tan(
) cos( ) cos(
sin ) sin(
=
=
=
x x
x x
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
cos sin 1
=
=
1 ) ( cos ) ( sin
2 2
= + A A
A
B
C

r
x
y
sin =
x
r

cos =
y
r

2 2 2
+ = x y r
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
1
s i n c o s
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= +
= +
+
=
=
=
+
x y
r r
x y
r r
x y
r
r
r

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Proving
Example: prove
x x x cos sin cot =
LHS cot sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
x x
x
x
x
x RHS
=
=
= =
suggestions
Start with the more complicated side
Try substituting basic identities
Try algebra: factor, multiply, add, simplify, split up fractions

2 2
sin cos cosec sin = Prove
2
sin cosec cos Lhs =
2
1
sin cos
sin

| |

|
\ .
2
2
1 cos
sin

cos 1
sin
cot cosec
+
= Prove
Lhs= cosec cot
1 cos
sin sin

=
2
sin sin cos
sin

=
( )
2
sin 1 cos
sin

=
1 c o s
s i n

=
2 2
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos sin
.
sin 1 cos sin (1 cos ) sin (1 cos )


+
= =
+ + +
=
sin
1 cos

=
+
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sin
cosec cot
1 cos

=
+
Prove
cosec cot
1 cos
sin sin
1 cos
sin
Lhs

=
=

=
2 2
sin
1 cos
sin
1 cos 1 cos
sin (1 cos ) sin (1 cos ) 1 cos
1 cos sin sin
rhs

=
+
| | | |
=
| |
+
\ . \ .

= = =

30
Example
Prove tan x cos x = sin x
tan cos
sin
cos
cos
sin
LHS x x
x
x
x
x
RHS
=
=
=
=
31
Example
Prove tan
tan sin cos
x
x x x
+ =
1 1
1
tan
tan
LHS x
x
= +
sin 1
sin cos
cos
x
x x
x
= +
sin cos
cos sin
x x
x x
= +
sin sin cos cos
cos sin
x x x x
x x
+
=
2 2
sin cos
cos sin
x x
x x
+
=
1
cos sin x x
=
32
Example
Prove
sin
cos
cos
2
1
1
x
x
x

= +
2
2
sin
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos
(1 cos )(1 cos )
(1 cos )
1 cos
x
Lhs
x
x
x
x x
x
x
rhs
=

+
=

= +
=
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Example, prove
1
sec tan
sec tan


= +

2 2
1
sec tan
1 sec tan
sec tan sec tan
sec tan
sec tan
sec tan
1
sec tan
=

+
=
+
+
=

+
=
= +
LHS







Example, prove
cos sin tan = sec
2
2
sec cos
1
cos
cos
1 cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin . sin tan
cos
=
=

=
=
= =
LHS

Exact values using

Special Right Triangles
30 30
45
60
45
2
11
3
1
1
2
3
cos(30 )
2
1
sin(30 )
2
1
tan(30 )
3
=
=
=

3 ) 60 tan(
2
3
) 60 sin(
2
1
) 60 cos(
=
=
=

1
cos(45 )
2
1
sin(45 )
2
tan(45 ) 1
=
=
=

Addition laws
sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( )sin( )
cos( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( )sin( )
tan( ) tan( )
tan( )
1 tan( ) tan( )
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B
A B
A B
=
=

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examples
0
sin(270 ) sin 270cos cos 270sin
( 1) cos (0) sin
cos
=
=
=
A A A
A A
A
0 0 0 0 0 0
sin(45 60 ) sin 45 cos 60 cos 45 sin 60
1 1 1 3
.
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2
+ = +
= +
= +
+
=
Exercise
Expand and simplify:
0
cos(180 )
0
cos(180 ) cos180cos sin180sin
1cos 0.sin
cos
solution

=
=
=
Double Angle Formulas
2 2 2 2
2
cos sin 1 2s
sin2 2sin cos
2 i cos2
2tan
tan2
1
n
t n
cos
a
1 A
A A A
A
A
A
A A A
A

=
= =

=
=
Identities using double angle
Prove
Solution:
cot tan 2cot 2 =
2 2
c o t t a n
c o s s i n
s i n c o s
c o s s i n
s i n c o s
c o s 2
0 . 5 s i n 2
2 c o s 2
s i n 2
2 c o t 2
L h s

=
=

=
=
=
=
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Prove
2
2 tan
sin 2
1 tan

=
+
2
2
2
:
2 t a n
1 t a n
s i n 1
2
c o s s e c
s i n
2 c o s
c o s
2 s i n c o s
s i n 2
S o l u t i o n
L h s

=
+
=
=
=
=
Half Angle Formulas
(derivations in tutorial)
1 cos( )
sin
2 2
1 cos( )
cos
2 2
A A
A A
| |
=
|
\ .
+ | |
=
|
\ .
Recall---Exact values using
Special Right Triangles
30 30
45
60
45
2
11
3
1
1
2
3
cos(30 )
2
1
sin(30 )
2
1
tan(30 )
3
=
=
=

3 ) 60 tan(
2
3
) 60 sin(
2
1
) 60 cos(
=
=
=

1
cos(45 )
2
1
sin(45 )
2
tan(45 ) 1
=
=
=

using calculator
Cos 90 =0 Sin 90 =1
Tan 90 = undefined Cos 180 = -1
Sin 180 = 0 Tan 180= 0
Sin 360= 0 Cos 360 =1
Tan 360= 0 Sin 270 =-1
Cos 270 =0 Tan 270 =undefined
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Ex. Find the exact value of
We know that 75=30+45 , therefore
0
sin 75
sin75 sin(30 45)
sin30cos45 cos30sin 45
1 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2
= +
= +
| |
| | | | | |
= +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .
\ .
= +
+
=
Since 105=60+45, we have
Ex. Find the exact value of
0
tan105
tan105 tan(60 45)
tan60 tan45
1 tan60tan45
3 1
1 3
= +
+
=

+
=

Ex. Find exact value of

This time we will use double angle formula and
half angle formula.
0
cos15
0
cos15 cos(45 30)
cos45cos30 sin45sin30
1 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 1
2 2 2 2
3 1
2 2
=
= +
= +
= +
+
=
0
1 cos( )
cos
2 2
1 cos(30)
cos 15
2
3 2 3
1
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
4 2
or
A A + | |
=
|
\ .
+
=
+
+
= =
+ +
= =
Application of
addition (compound) laws
Quad II
Quad I
Quad III Quad IV
All Sin
Tan Cos
Recal l
180
180 360
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Example 1.
Let
Express y in the form
3cos 4sin . y = +
cos( ). r
2 2
3 4 5
cos( ) (cos cos sin sin ) 5cos cos 5sin sin
5cos 3 5sin =4
r
r r
compare


= + =
= + = +
=
3 4
cos sin
5 5
= =

0 0
0
53.1 53.1
,
3cos 4sin 5cos( 53.1 )
hence


= =
+ =
Example 2
Let
(i) Express y in the form
3cos 5sin . y = +
sin( ). R
2 2
3 5 34
sin( ) (sin cos cos sin ) 34sin cos 34cos sin
34sin 3 34cos =5
R
R R
compare


= + =
= =
=
3 5
sin cos
34 34

= =

0 0
0 0
30.96 30.96
,
3cos 5sin 34 sin( 30.96 ) 34 sin( 30.96 )
hence


= =
+ = = +
(ii) Sketch the graph of the function y
in the interval
Solution: Sketch y in the simple form i.e.
0 2 s s
0
34 sin( 30.96 ) +
90 180 270 360
34
34
3
Sum and product formulae
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Product to Sum Formulas
)] sin( ) [sin(
2
1
sin cos
)] sin( ) [sin(
2
1
cos sin
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos cos
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
sin sin
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
Example
express 2cos 2 cos 6 as a sum or difference
1
2cos6 cos 2 [cos( ) cos( )]
2
1
= [cos(6 2 ) cos(6 2 )]
2
1
[cos(4 ) cos(8 ]
2
solution
A B A B


= + +
+ +
= +
Sum-to-Product Formulas
2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos
2
cos
2
cos 2 cos cos
2
cos
2
sin 2 sin sin
2
cos
2
sin 2 sin sin
B A B A
B A
B A B A
B A
B A B A
B A
B A B A
B A
+
=
+
= +
+
=
+
= +
Example
0 0
express sin 50 sin 20 as a product
0 0
0 0
50 20 50 20
sin50 sin 20 2sin cos
2 2
2sin15 cos35
solution
+
=
=
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
) arctan( ) ( tan
1
x x y = =

) arcsin( ) ( sin
1
x x y = =

) arccos( ) ( cos
1
x x y = =

: 0
2
range y

s s
: 1 1 s s domain x
: 1 1 s s domain x
: e domain x R
:
2 2
range x

s s
:
2 2
range y

s s
Some Calculations using calculator
1 0
1 1
arcsin sin 45
2 2

= =
0
arcsin cos 30
3
| |
=
|
\ .

0
arctan( 3) 60 =
Example 1:
Solutions of Trigonometric of equations
0
1
: cos for 0 360
2
= s s solve x x
1 0
1
cos
2
1
cos 60
2

=
= =
x

0
0
60
360 60 300
x
x
=
= =
{ }
0 0
60 , 300 e x
0
Solve for , 2sin 3 0 for 0 360 + = s s x x x
2sin 3 0 x + =
2sin 3 x =
3
sin
2
x =
A S
C T

is in quadrant 3 and 4 x
1 0
3
sin 60
2

| |
= =
|
\ .

180 60 and 360 60 x = +

0 0
240 , 300 =
Example 2:
{ }
0 0
240 ,300 e x
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2 0
Solve tan 3 for 0 360 = s s x x
2
tan 3 x =
tan 3 x =
A S
C T

1
tan 3

=
0
60 =
60,
180 60,
180 60
360 60
=
=
= +
=
x
x
x
x { }
0 0 0 0
60 , 120 , 240 , 300 = x
Example 3: 0
Solve 2sin 2 3 0 for 0 360 + = s s x x
2sin 2 3 0 + = x
2sin2 3 = x
3
sin 2
2
= x
A S
C T

is in quadrant 3 and 4 x
1 0
3
sin 60
2

| |
= =
|
\ .

2 180 60
2 240
120
= +
=
=
x
x
x
0 0 0 0
120 , 150 , 300 , 330 . = x
2 360 60
2 300
150
=
=
=
x
x
x
360 2 360 60
2 660
330
+ =
=
=
x
x
x
360 2 180 60
2 600
300
+ = +
=
=
x
x
x
Example 4:
2 0
Solve 3sin 4sin 1 0 for 0 360 + = s s x x x
2
3sin 4sin 1 0 x x + =
(3sin 1)(sin 1) 0 x x =
3sin 1 0 x =
sin 1 0 x =
3sin 1 x =
1
sin
3
x =
A S
C T

1 0
1
sin 19.47
3
| |
= =
|
\ .

0
0
19.47 ,
180 19.47 160.53
=
= =
x
x
sin 1 x =
0
90 x =
0 0 0
19.47 , 90 , 160.53 = x
Example 5:
Solve 5cos 2 0.72 for 0 2 = s s x x
5cos 2 0.72 x =
5cos 1.28 x =
cos 0.256 x =
A S
C T

1
cos 0.256

= 1.312 radians =
1.312 rads,
2 1.312 rads
=
=
x
x
1.312rads, 4.971 rads x =
Example 6: