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AbstractMany sensing techniques and image processing applications are characterized by random noisy, or corrupted, image data. Nonlinear Anisotropic diffusion is a popular, and theoretically well understood, technique for enhancing such images.Diffusion approaches however require the selection of an edge stopping function, the definition of which is typically adhoc. Many recent techniques for digital image enhancement and multi scale image representations are based on nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs).This paper describes in a systematic way their theoretical foundations, numerical aspects, and applications. A large number of references enable the reader to acquire an up-to-date overview of the original literature. The central emphasis is on anisotropic nonlinear diffusion filters. Their flexibility allows combine smoothing properties with image enhancement qualities. A general framework is explored covering well-posedness and scale-space results not only for the continuous, but also for the algorithmically important semi discrete and fully discrete settings. The presented examples range from applications in medical image analysis to problems in computer aided quality control. This connection leads to a new edge-stopping function estimator that preserves sharper boundaries than previous formulations and improves the automatic stopping of the diffusion, detecting the boundaries between the piecewise smooth regions in an image that has been smoothed with anisotropic diffusion. Keywords-wavelet, wavelet transform,diffusion, enhancement,Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Anisotropic diffusion is a technique aiming at reducing image random noise without removing significant parts of the image content, typically edges, lines or other details that are important for the interpretation of the image.[1][2][3] Anisotropic diffusion resembles the process that creates a scale-space [4], where an image generates a parameterized family of successively more and more blurred images based on a diffusion process. Each of the resulting images in this family are given as a convolution between the image and a 2D isotropicGaussian filter, where the width of the filter increases with the parameter. This diffusion process is a linear and space-invariant transformation of the original image. Anisotropic diffusion is a generalization of this diffusion process: it produces a family of parameterized images, but each resulting image is a combination between the original image and a filter that depends on the local content of the original image. As a consequence, anisotropic diffusion is a non-linear and space-variant transformation of the original image. In its original formulation, presented by Perona and Malik in 1987[1], the space-variant filter is in fact isotropic but depends on the image content such that it approximates an impulse function close to edges and other structures that should be preserved in the image over the different levels of the resulting scale-space. This formulation was referred to as anisotropic diffusion by Perona and Malik
even though the locally adapted filter is isotropic, but it has also been referred to as inhomogeneous and nonlinear diffusion [4] or Perona-Malik diffusion [5] by other authors. A more general formulation allows the locally adapted filter to be truly anisotropic close to linear structures such as edges or lines: it has an orientation given by the structure such that it is elongated along the structure and narrow across. Such methods are referred to as shape-adapted smoothing[6][7] or coherence enhancing diffusion[8]. Although the resulting family of images can be described as a combination between the original image and spacevariant filters, the locally adapted filter and its combination with the image do not have to be realized in practice. Anisotropic diffusion is normally implemented by means of an approximation of the generalized diffusion equation: each new image in the family is computed by applying this equation to the previous image. Consequently, anisotropic diffusion is an iterative process where a relatively simple set of computation are used to compute each successive image in the family and this process is continued until a sufficient degree of smoothing is obtained.The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section II presents discussion of procedure of anisotropic diffusion. Section III wavelets transform. Section IV implementation paper. Section V briefly reviews the experimental results. Section VI concludes the paper.
www.ijarcsse.com of point (x, y). (,) Indicates the image intensity difference between two pixels at (x,y) and (p,q) to approximate the image gradient. For the 4-nearest neighbors of point (x,y) as illustrated in Figure 1, the gradients in 4 directions can be calculated in the following way: =I(x, y-1,t) -I(x, y, t) ( , ) = I (x, y+1,t) - I(x, y, t) ( ,) = I(x+1, y ,t) -I (x, y, t) = I(x-1, y ,t) -I (x, y, t)
(,)
In this paper we introduce anisotropic diffusion for image processing, providing several alternatives for the diffusion coefficient and the diffusion PDE. The main idea behind anisotropic diffusion is the introduction of a function that inhabits smoothing at the image edge. The nonlinear PDE based anisotropic diffusion model proposed by Perona and Malik is to improve the isotropic diffusion [2]. In the continuous domain, consider the isotropic diffusion equation (the heat equation),
(,,)
(,)
(6)
= div(I)
(1)
Where div denotes the divergence operator. Smoothing an image according to the isotropic diffusion equation in the following way is equivalent to filtering the image with a Gaussian filter. I(x,y,t+1)= I(x, y, t)+div(I) (2)
The choice of the anisotropic diffusion function plays a significant role in preserving image edges. Generally, as proposed in Perona- Maliks work [2], it takes either g( ) = exp [- (
2 )
(7)
The disadvantage of the Gaussian smoothing is that it is symmetric and orientation-insensitive, which would result in blurred edges and reduced resolution. In the anisotropic diffusion, the isotropic diffusion equation is modified into
(,,)
where is the gradient magnitude defined in (6), is a threshold for the gradient magnitude, and it determines the extent to which edges are to be preserved during the anisotropic diffusion process.
N(x,y-1)
= div(g( ))
(3)
E (x+1,y)
W(x+1,y)
Where is the image gradient magnitude for edge detection, and g(I ) is the anisotropic diffusion coefficient, which is a nonnegative monotonically decreasing function of the image gradient magnitude. The function of anisotropic diffusion coefficient is defined in such a way that when I , g(I ) 0 ; and when I = 0 , g(I ) 1 . Thus the smoothing is only encouraged within homogeneous regions and is prohibited across object boundaries and edges. In terms of the anisotropic diffusion, the image smoothing is defined as following [2] I(x,y,t+1) = I(x, y, t) + div(g( )) (4)
(x,y+1) S
(,) ) (,)
(,)
(, )
(5) Where the original image is used as the initial condition, I(x,y,0), (x, y) denotes a pixel to be smoothed in the 2-D image domain, tdenotes the discrete time steps (iterations). The constant is a scalar that determines the stability, and it is usually less than 0.25. (x,y) denotes the spatial neighborhood of pixel (x,y) , and (, ) represents the number of neighbors
However, when the anisotropic diffusion model is directly applied to the noisy image (it is called the single-scale anisotropic diffusion here), its denoising performance is very susceptible to noise level. From Eq.(6), we can see that when the image I(x,y,0) contains no or a low-level noise, the high image gradient magnitudes calculated from the difference of image intensity values can surely reflect the existence of edges, and the corresponding small anisotropic diffusion coefficients are reliable. However, when the image is corrupted by a high level of noise, the numerical calculation of the image gradients is very sensitive to noise. In addition to edges, noise may also exhibit high gradients. As a result, for the single scale anisotropic diffusion, a large gradient magnitude no longer surely corresponds to a true edge and the anisotropic diffusion coefficients are not reliable, resulting in the discounted denoising performance. So far, much research has been devoted to improving PeronaMaliks anisotropic diffusion method [9-13]. For example, Catte et al. [2] proposed the following anisotropic diffusion equation:
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www.ijarcsse.com composition, we applied the two-level wavelet transformation to separate an image into three frequency components: high, medium, and low, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The original image was processed through a secondarylevel wavelet transformation analysis, as illustrated in Fig.2(a), where the highlighted image in the uppermost left hand corner is represented by the section LL2 illustrated in Fig. 2(b). Where analysis is concerned, the components of the overall image composition are all taken into consideration. This procedure can also be utilized as preliminary image analysis. The four components LL2, LH2, LH2, and HH2 are then processed through reversed wavelet transformations to heighten the resolution of the image.
= div(g( ( ))
(8)
The gradients for determining the anisotropic diffusion coefficients are calculated from a regularized or smoothed image, which is obtained by filtering the noisy image at each time (iteration) with a Gaussian filter. Similarly, TorkamaniAzar et al. [10] proposed to replace the Gaussian filter with a symmetric exponential filter and the diffusion coefficient is calculated from the convolved image. Although these improvements can convert the ill-posed problem [14] in the Perona-Malik anisotropic diffusion into a well-posed one, their reported denoising performance can be further improved. The problem is that a typical image has a wide variety of edges and it is difficult for one filter to select an optimal scale parameter so as to be adapted to all these edges. Black et al. [11] improved Perona-Maliks anisotropic diffusion from another direction. A different monotonically decreasing function is chosen to determine the anisotropic diffusion coefficient through robust statistics. Compared with the Perona-Malik method [2], the robust anisotropic diffusion demonstrates improved automatic stopping of the diffusion process with preservation of sharp boundaries and better continuity of edges [11]. The new edgestopping function is defined as:
1 2
(a) (b) Fig.2 Results of the wavelet transformation analysis derived from various layers of a given image (a) 2-Level DWT image (b) 2-Level DWT Resolution
g( , ) =
[1-( / 2 ) ]2 III.
(9)
0 WAVELET For the wavelet transform, the coefficients at the course level represent a larger time interval but a narrower band of frequencies. This feature of the wavelet transform is very important for image coding. In the active areas, the image data is more localized in the spatial domain, while in the smooth areas, the image data is more localized in the frequency domain. With traditional transform coding, it is very hard to reach a good compromise. The target region (damaged or lost data or object to be removed) information of the image can be divided into two kinds of conditions. The first class, the distribution of the target information of the image is the local and concentration. Wavelet transform has been used for various image analysis problems due to its nice multi-resolution properties and decoupling characteristics. The proposed algorithm utilizes the advantages of wavelet transforms for image Enhancement. Wavelet transform has been used as a good image representation and analysis tool mainly due to its multi-resolution analysis, data reparability, and compaction and sparsely features in addition to statistical properties [23]. A wavelet function (t) is a small wave, which must be oscillatory in some way to discriminate between different frequencies. The wavelet [15][16][20]contains both the analysing shape and the window. In order to observe the degree of influence of image textural on the reconstructed
A. Discrete Wavelet Transform Filters are one of the most widely used signal processing functions. Wavelets [17][18][19] can be realized by iteration of filters with rescaling. The resolution of the signal, which is a measure of the amount of detail information in the signal, is determined by the filtering operations, and the scale is determined by up sampling and down sampling (sub sampling) operations [21]. The DWT is computed by successive low pass and high pass filtering of the discrete time-domain signal as shown in figure 3This is called the Mallat algorithm or Mallat-tree decomposition. Its significance is in the manner it connects the continuous time mutiresolution to discrete-time filters. In the figure, the signal is denoted by the sequence x[n], where n is an integer. The low pass filter is denoted by G while the
0
filter produces detail information d[n], while the low pass filter associated with scaling function produces coarse approximations, a[n].
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Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012 A highest frequency of , which requires a sampling frequency of 2 radians, then it now has a highest frequency of /2 radians. It can now be sampled at a frequency of radians thus discarding half the samples with no loss of information. This decimation by 2 halves the time resolution as the entire signal is now represented by only half the number of samples. Thus, while the half band low pass filtering removes half of the frequencies and thus halves the resolution, the decimation by 2 doubles the scale.
www.ijarcsse.com synthesis filters, G1 and H1.Then the filters have to satisfy the following two conditions as given in [22]. G (-z) G (z) + H (-z). H (z) = 0
0 1 0 1
(10)
-d
(11)
IV.
IMPLEMENTATION
Steps for the image enhancement by nonlinear diffusion with wavelet are carried out as below. i. ii. iii. Take input blur image. Set up finite difference parameters. Stick image into vector. Smooth the image and calculate gradient. Precomputed the diffusion tensor D image. Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion iterative algorithm a. Initialize iteration. b. Calculate incremental change. c. Apply update. Do wavelet transform of post process output image. Apply the soft thresholding of wavelet output image. Take inverse wavelet transform. Output enhanced image. Calculate PSNR for the evaluation of the algorithm.
iv.
v. vi.
Fig .4Three-level wavelet reconstruction tree.
Figure 4 shows the reconstruction of the original signal from the wavelet coefficients. Basically, the reconstruction is the reverse process of decomposition. The approximation and detail coefficients at every level are up sampled by two, passed through the low pass and high pass synthesis filters and then added. This process is continued through the same number of levels as in the decomposition process to obtain and H the original signal. The Mallat algorithm works equally well if the analysis filters, G0 and H0, are exchanged with the V.
RESULTS
In experimenting result, we try the different experiment to prove the superiority of proposed method. The experimental processes are conducted: it shows enhancement images. We use the several different characteristic of the images, prove that our anisotropic diffusion with wavelet be used provides better results than other existing technique. In order to test the quality of our proposed image enhancement method, we used various images, including photos, scenery, and artistic compositions. Also we have used different wavelet transforms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig.5 a) Input Lena image. b) Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion Lena image t=10,Alpha=0.5 c) Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion Lena image t=100,Alpha=0.5 d)Wavelet enhanced Lena image.
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TABLE 1 The PSNR (dB) results of the nonlinear anisotropic diffusion image enhancement by wavelet.
Different Wavelet Name Sym4 Sym1 Sym2 Db2 Db8 Coif2 Harr Dmey
Nonlinear Anisotropic Diffusion Image PSNR(db) 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393 15.3393
Wavelet Image PSNR(db) 19.7828 19.5136 20.2560 20.2560 19.8273 19.5595 19.5114 19.5495
VI.
CONCLUSION
9]
To preserve the local image structures when enhancement, we prove that while diffusion based approaches work well, they can be time consuming. Like many other techniques, they require the setting of several parameters. We use additional studies to better understand the sensitivity of the techniques to these parameters. As a consequence, the resulting images preserve linear structures while at the same time smoothing is made along these structures. Both these cases can be described by a generalization of the usual diffusion equation where the diffusion coefficient, instead of being a constant scalar, is a function of image position and assumes a matrix value. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I specially thanks to Mr. Somnath Jagtap and Mr. Vijay Shinde for valuable guidance during coding of this work.
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REFERENCES
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