Hafiz Akmal 1 CHEMISTRY FOLIO chapter 9: Manufacture Substances in industry

POLYMER
large molicule that is in the form of long chain with high RMM

POLYMER
two types:- natural polymer - syntetic polymer made up of many monomers which join together through process called polymerisation

NATURAL POLYMER

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Monomer acid amino Eg: in muscle, skin, silk, hairs, wools, and furs

Monomer glucose Eg: in starch and cellulose

Monomer isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3 diene) Eg: in latex

SYNTHETIC POLYMER & IT USES

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Synthetic polymers are polymers made in industry from chemical substances. Many of the raw materials for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum, after refining and cracking process.

Synthetic rubber
Styrene- butadlene rubber (SBR) (monomers: styrene & butadlene. eg:- shoe soles & tyres

Synthetic fibres
(long chained polymer that withstand streching)

Thermoplastic
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) (monomers: chloroethene) eg:- rain clothes, water pipes

Nylon (monomers: diamine and dicarboxylic acid) eg:- synthetic textile, string

Neoprene (monomers: chloroprene) eg:- gloves, electric wire insulator, water pipes

Terrylene (monomers: diol and dicarboxylic acid) eg:- fishing net

Polythene (monomers: ethene) eg:- battery cases, pails, plastic bags

Butyl rubber (monomers: isobutylene & isoprene) eg:- inner tubing of tyre, hoses, shoe soles

Polystytrene (monomers: phenylethene) eg:- toys, disposable cup and plates

Perspex (monomers: methyl metacrylate) eg:- spectacles, car lamps

Polypropene (monomers: propene) eg:- plastic bottles

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WHY USE SYNTETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE?

Strong & light

easily moulded or shaped & be coloured

Synthetic polymers

can be made to have special properties

able to resist corrosion

cheap

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

AIR POLLUTION - caused by burning of plastic eg: burning of PVC will produce dioxin. (dioxin will destroy human immune system, reproductive system & nervous system

SOIL POLLUTION - plastic thrown on land fill up our living spaces - destroy the beauty of environment -plastic also cause the soil not suitable for planting because plastic inhibit the growth of root

Effects of improper Disposal of Synthetic Polymer

WATER POLLUTION - plastic will stop the flow of river water and drains. this will cause flash floods. - plastic also cause the death of marine organism if they mistaken the plastic as food.

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GLASS
Glass: The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in sand.ri

Impermeable to liquid

Transparent

Electrical insulator

Properties of glass

hard but brittle

Heat insulator

Chemically inert

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TYPES, COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF GLASS

GLASS

COMPOSITION
SiO2 70% Na2O 15% CaO 10% Others 4%

PROPERTIES
Low melting point Mouldable into shapes Cheap Breakable Can withstand high heat High density and refractive index Glittering surface Soft Low melting point (600C) Resistant to high heat &chemical reaction Does not break easily Allow infra-red rays but no ultra-violet rays High melting point (1700C) Expensive Allow ultraviolet to pass through Difficult to melt or mould into shape

USES
Glass container Glass panes Mirror Lamps and bulbs Plates and bowls Bottles Containers for drinks and food Decorative glass Crystal glassware Lens for spectacles Glass apparatus in lab Cooking utensils

Soda lime glass

Lead glass (crystal)

SiO2 70% Na2O 20% PbO 10%

Borosilicate glass (Pyrex)

SiO2 80% B2O3 13% Na2O 4% Al2O3 2%

Fused silicate glass

SiO2 99% B2O3 1%

Scientific apparatus like lens on spectrometer Optical lens Lab apparatus

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CERAMICS
Ceramics: Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a kiln at a very high temperature The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic cannot be recycled. Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O32SiO22H2O.

extremely hard & strong but brittle

able to withstand and resist corrosion

Properties of ceramics

has a very high melting point

good insulator of electricity and heat

inert to chemicals

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THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF CERAMIC

GROUP
Mineral Cement material Oxide of ceramic

COMPOSITION
Quartz SiO2 Calcite CaCO3 Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium silicate Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Silicon dioxide SiO2 Magnesium oxide MgO Silicon nitride Si3N4 Silicon carbide SiC Boron nitride BN Boron carbide B4C3

Non-oxides of ceramic

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THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS AND CERAMICS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

GLASS OPTICAL FIBRE

A pure silica glass thread that conducts light. this fibres can transmit messages modulated onto light waves. used inmedical instrument, LAN

CONDUCTING GLASS
a type of glass that can conduct electricity. produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass. adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical conductor. used in the making of LCD

GLASS-CERAMIC
Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form strong material it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks

CERAMIC SUPERCONUCTOR
superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat used to make light magnet, electric motors, electrical generators

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
sensitive to light intensity the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light intensity decresase. used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control

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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
A composite material is structural material formed by combining two or more materials with different physical properties, producing a complex mixture. They are used to make various substances in daily life because of the following reasons:a) Metals corrode and are ductile and malleable b) Glass and ceramic break easily c) Metal are good conductors but have high resistant, leading to loss of electrical energy as heat. d) Plastic and glass can withstand heat to a certain level only

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COMPOSITE MATERIAL

COMPONENT
concrete

PROPERTIES OF COMPONENT
hard but brittle low tensile strengh

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
stronger higher tensile strength does not corrode easily cheaper can be moulded into shape can withstand very high applied force can support very heavy load Conducts electricity without resistance when cooled by liquid nitrogen Reduce refraction of light Control the amount of light passed through it auto. Has the ability to change colour and become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light Low material cost Reflect light rays and allow to travel along the fibre Can transmit electronic data or signal, voice and image

USES
construction of road rocket launching pads high-rise buildings

Reinforced concrete steel strong in tensile strength expensive can corrode Insulator of electricity

Superconductor

Cooper(ll) oxide Yttrium oxide Barium oxide

Glass

Transparent Not sensitive to light

Photochromic glass

Magnetically levitated train Transformer Electric cable Computer parts Information display panels Light detector device Car windshields Optical lens

Silver chloride or silver bromide

Sensitive to light

Glass with low refraction index

Transparent Does not reflect light rays

Transmit data using light waves in telecommunications

Fibre optics Glass with higher refractive index glass high density strong but brittle non-flexible light flexible inflammable elastic but weak

Fibre glass

polyester plastic

high tensile strength moulded and shaped inert to chemicals light, strong, tough non-flammable impermeable to water resilient flexible

car bodies helmets skies rackets furniture

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in the medical field: to replace organs in the form of plastic composite organ

Uses of composite material

car part now use composite material instead iron and steel. this increase the speed of the car and fuel saver sronger buildings are built by using reinforce concrete