Pordis HardardoIIir

Dynamic LighI eIreaI,

!or human visuaI com!orI in
Iiving spaces
S1H K1H 1he LighIihg LaboraIory,
ALD ARCHl1EC1URAL LlCH1lNC DESlCN 2009
WiIh people spehdihg mosI o! Iheir Iime ihdoors, ah ever ihcreasihg
demahd !or ehergy savihgs has placed Ihe advahIages oh access o!
rehewable ehergy sources. 1his 1hesis, aIIempIs Io de!ihe a meIhodology
!or susIaihable lighIihg desigh. Sihce Ihere exisIs a commoh
misihIerpreIaIioh o! de!ihihg susIaihabiliIy due Io arIi!icial lighIihg ehergy
cohsumpIioh ohly, a couhIer acIioh is heeded Io preserve Ihe susIaihabiliIy
o! lumihous ehvirohmehIs. 1hus, Ihe e!!orI o! Ihis work is meahI Io
explore Ihe criIeria o! susIaihabiliIy ih order Io reveal Ihe greaIer cohIexI
lighIihg o! spaces perIaihs, Ihah placihg !luorescehI !ixIures Io ceilihgs ahd
claim susIaihabiliIy. Day lighIihg has become ah emergihg !eaIure o!
buildihg desigh process, while Ihe required ehergy e!!iciehcy o! arIi!icial
lighI sources has bahhed Ihe ihcahdescehI lighI bulb. LEDs are emergihg
oh Ihe markeI oh a lighI-wave speed. 1he issue a!!ecIs a large rahge o!
pro!essiohals ahd Iheir decisioh makihg process !or urbah plahhihg,
ihcludihg Ihe buildihg desigh pro!essiohs, buildihg mahagemehI ihdusIries
ahd commuhiIies.
Pordis HardardoIIir
Pordis HardardoIIir Iraihed as ihdusIrial desigher
!rom OCAD 1orohIo wiIh a MSc. ArchiIecIural
LighIihg Desigh !rom K1H SIockholm, has pracIiced
lighIihg desigh sihce 2004 ih Reyk|avik, lcelahd.
Previously dra!Iihg household producIs !or Umbra
lId., currehIly pracIicihg lighIihg plahhihg ahd
lecIurihg oh lighIihg !or susIaihable archiIecIure.
978-3-8454-4244-0
Pordis HardardoIIir
Dynamic LighI eIreaI, !or human visuaI com!orI in Iiving spaces
Pordis HardardoIIir
Dynamic LighI eIreaI, !or human
visuaI com!orI in Iiving spaces
51H K1H 1he LighIing LaboraIory, ALD
ACHI1FC1UAL LIGH1ING DF5IGN 2009
LAP LAMF1 Academic PubIishing
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Verlag: LAP LAM8ER1 Academic Publishihg CmbH & Co. KC
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HersIelluhg ih DeuIschlahd:
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8ooks oh Demahd CmbH, NordersIedI
Reha CmbH, Saarbrckeh
Amazoh DisIribuIioh CmbH, Leipzig
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I5N: 978-3-8454-4244-0
CopyrighI 2011 by Ihe auIhor ahd LAP LAM8ER1 Academic Publishihg CmbH & Co. KC
ahd licehsors
All righIs reserved. Saarbrckeh 2011
1
STH KTH Tbe Llgbtlng Laboratory
ALD ARCHIYECYURAL LIGHYING DE5IGN 2008- 2009
Master Tbesls
Porols Ros Haroaroottlr 2009
JSVLYQERZMWYEPGSQJSVXMRPMZMRKWTEGIW
oynamlc llgbt retreat
ACKNOWLLDGLMLNTS
To my busbano [on Gunnar tor all bls love ano support
To Helena ano Anorl tor staylng out ot trouble
To [an Ljbeo tor glvlng me courage
To Merete Maosen tor pusblng tbe content
To all tbe llgbtlng entbuslasts wbo contrlbute to better llt envlronments
Tbank you tor your attentlon, horols Ros Hararoottlr

|NDLX
?[L]A L|GHT AS NOUR|SHMLNT
|ntroouctlon
?FYXA TOX|CS
Problems ot tbe llt envlronment
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD
Concept / Dynamlc llgbt retreat

THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT
Dayllgbt as llgbt source
Dlrect oayllgbt / Sunpatb
Llgbt levels ot olttuseo oayllgbt / Dayllgbt Factor
Dlstrlbutlon ot olttuseo oayllgbt / Llgbt Zones
Colour / colour temperature ot oayllgbt
Mooelllng wltb oayllgbt
Case stuoy 1
LNHANC|NG DAYL|GHT W|TH ART|F|C|AL L|GHT|NG
Applylng tbe supplements to oayllgbt cbaracter
THL CHARACTLR OF ART|F|C|AL L|GHT
%VXMGMEPPMKLXEWPMKLXWSYVGI
Case stuoy 2
?[LIRA FULLL|NG THL SOUL W|TH DYNAM|C L|GHT RLTRLAT
Tbe course ot tbe oay
Concluslon
Reterences
oynamlc llgbt VIXVIEX
JSVLYQERZMWYEPGSQJSVXMRPMZMRKWTEGIW

Tbe pbyslcal colour ot our worlo as eperlenceo ln oayllgbt

cbanges ln tbe pbase ot tbe oay, trom mornlng to nlgbt, tbrougb-
out tbe year. Tbe cbanges are a part ot our eperlence, we
compensate automatlcally, a wblte wall appears a wblte wall even
lt ln tbe evenlng lt may appear warmer ln tone, or lt ls coloureo
by sunllgbt, or altereo by clouo tormatlons.
(IVIO4LMPPMTW
[wby] L|GHT AS NOUR|SHMLNT
|t you are llke me, a stress aoolct, wbo bas torgotten bow to eat, sleep ano breatbe properly, work-
lng overtlme altbougb you know you speno more tban 90 ot your tlme lnooors, tben you know
lt ls tlme tor cbange. 8ecause otberwlse, betore you know, you look ln tbe mlrror ano reallse tbat,
you really are no longer tbe person you tbougbt you were. Your lmmunlty system starts talllng, you
bave sleeplng olsoroers ano your skln teels llke you bave a constant scrub on.
|t ls tlme tor cbange, because your booy ano soul requlres lt. You start browslng tbe web tor a
retreat, otters on spa trlps to somewbere eotlc, yet you know tbat lt ls only a oream tbat wlll not
last. You coulo start a new olet, but tbat requlres a new cookbook ano all tbe sbopplng lnvolveo.
-2863(9'8-32
?[L]A L|GHT AS NOUR|SHMLNT
|mage ret.: Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2

?[L]A L|GHT AS NOUR|SHMLNT

Tbere ls a problem ano you know lt, just llke | know lt.
Accorolng to recent stuoles conoucteo ln tbe USA, 50 ot otce bullolngs cause symptoms ot S8S
attectlng bealtb ot lnolvlouals, oescrlbeo as allergy ano astbma symptoms, lrrltateo eyes, tbroat or
slnus. Tbe lnolvlouals wbo sutter trom S8S report tbat tbe symptoms occur wben tbey speno tlme
lnooors, partlcularly ln otce bullolngs (Levln, 1989, Menoell, 1993). Lvloence tor tbe bypotbesls
tbat bullolng cbaracterlstlcs ano resultant lnooor envlronmental quallty attects bealtb outcomes
contlnues to accumulate, lnNuenclng rate ot absence, work pertormance ano bealtb care costs.
19
Tbe connotatlon ot tbe wblte wall ln our bullt envlronment, reveals lntormatlon on tbe surrouno-
lngs. Tbe wblte wall transmlts vlsual lntormatlon reNecteo on lts surtace, toucblng our emotlons
towaros tbe cbanglng appearance ot tbe space. Tbere ls a olrectlonal quallty ot sunllgbt projectlng
blgber contrasts ano patterns ot sbaoows unoer clear sky conoltlons ourlng certaln tlme ot tbe
oay. Tbls pattern can be loentleo as an ettect ot vlsual pleasure, but tbere ls also tbe posslblllty ot
loentltylng problems ot sun glare.
Can tbe soul be teo wltb llgbt as nourlsbment? |t ls salo tbat ln many rellglons ano parts ot pbllos-
opby, tbe soul ls tbe lmmaterlal part ot a person. |t ls usually tbougbt to conslst ot one's tbougbts
ano personallty, ano can be synonymous wltb tbe splrlt, mlno or selt.
Arlstotle tollowlng Plato oeneo tbe soul as tbe core essence ot a belng, but argueo agalnst lts
bavlng a separate elstence. Arlstotle also belleveo tbat tbere were tour parts (unoerstooo as
powers) ot tbe soul. Tbe tour sectlons are tbe calculatlve part ano tbe sclentlc part on tbe ratlonal
sloe, tbese are useo tor maklng oeclslons. Tbe oesloeratlve part ano tbe vegetatlve part on tbe lr-
ratlonal sloe, responslble tor loentltylng our neeos.
20
Arlstotles oenltlon can be oescrlbeo as tbe core problem tbe llgbtlng oeslgner taces. On one
bano we oeslgn tor tbe ratlonal sloe baseo on tbe calculatlve, or ln ettect, tbe llgbt levels otten
resultlng ln tbe lack ot solutlons tor tbe lrratlonal sloe, wblcb be oenes as our buman neeo.
Artbur Zajonc takes us on a llgbt wave ln bls book Catcblng tbe llgbt, wbere be epresses bls
convlctlon, reterrlng to Hermes, tbe Greek goo ot communlcatlon Tbe cbanglng nature ot two
llgbts, tbe outer llgbt ot nature but also tbe lnner llgbt ot tbe mlno, tbat tbe two are lnseparable.
Our cultures are entwlneo wltb tales tbat lnvolve our eperlences ot tbe olvlne state ot llgbt ano
tbe surprlslng tactors ot llgbt lncloences.
3

Tbls tbesls analyses tbe cbaracterlstlcs ot natural oayllgbt, lnteractlng wltb surtaces, wltbln llvlng
spaces. Tbe metbooology tor tbls tbesls tocuses on evaluatlng tbe llgbtlng conoltlon accorolng
to locatlon ot tbe arcbltecture wltb regaro to tbe buman neeo tor sense ot orlentatlon, tlme ano
rbytbm. |t may appear as cbanges ot contrast, as patterns ot sbaoow or a subtle cbange ot colour,
tbere may even be an lncloence ot glare. Tbus, an outllne ot tbree categorles can be oeneo as tbe
rbytbmlc cbanges ot oayllgbt reNecteo lnto llvlng spaces as cbanges ln olrectlonal lntenslty, cbanges
ln brlgbtness lntenslty ano cbanges ln colour.
Tbe perceptual capacltles seem to tunctlon ln sucb a manner as
to proouce raplo reactlon to cbange, wbereas ln an uncbanglng
envlronment tbey may cease to operate ettectlvely. Wben we
bave no speclc actlvlty to occupy our attentlon, tbe monltorlng
ot blologlcal lntormatlon may become our conclous actlvlty.
1':IVRSR

[but] TOX|CS
Most ot us bave eperlenceo ano relate to tbe symptoms oescrlbeo as lrrltatlon ln eyes, tbroat,
nose or slnus. Symptoms tbat are now oeneo as bealtb problems closely relateo to lnooor envl-
ronmental quallty ot otce bullolngs. Llgbtlng oeslgners torm one part ot tbe group responslble tor
tbe bullolng plannlng ano neeo to react ln oenlng tbe source ot tbe problem relateo to tbe llgbtlng
plannlng ano tbe vlsual quallty otces make tbrougbout tbe oay, ano tbe year.
8ut bow oo we oeslgn llgbtlng? Ot course we coulo just put a bulb ln tbe mloole ot tbe room ano
we can see, anyone can oo tbat. 8ut tbe trutb ls tbat lt llgbt ls placeo wltbln a bo wltb no surtaces
tor tbe llgbt to reNect on, tben tbe llgbt wlll not be vlslble. Llke tbe oarkness ot tbe outer space,
we only see tbe surtaces tbat can reNect tbe llgbt. Tberetore, lt ls lmportant to loentlty tbe sur-
taces ot tbe space ano tbelr reNectlng propertles. Also, lt tlme ls spent ln a space wltb a slngle bare
463&0)173*8,)0-8)2:-6321)28
Darkness ot tbe outer space, reveallng reNectances trom some stars.
|mage ret. Gbetty lmages
A bare llgbt bulb attracts tbe eye, but ooes not stlmulate tbe vlslon.
|mage ret. Gbetty lmages
?FYXA TOX|CS
8
llgbt source, we get tlreo trom tbe glare tbat tbe slngle llgbt polnt makes, attractlng our attentlon
to tbat polnt, away trom our lntenoeo task surtace.
Tben bow oo we oeslgn responslble llgbt plannlng? Tbe regulatlons on llgbtlng oeslgn can be a
supportlve tool tor tbe oeslgner ln applylng mlnlmum values ot llgbtlng crlterla. 8ut tbere are more
values to llvlng spaces tbat neeo to be aooresseo, as oescrlbeo by 8aker ln tbe Luropean Reter-
ence 8ook on Dayllgbtlng ln Arcbltecture, tbe lumlnous comtort must be lnterpreteo as tbe clear
receptlon ot vlsual messages trom tbe vlsual envlronment. Traoltlonally, vlsual comtort ln work-
places bas been assoclateo wltb provlolng lllumlnance levels aoequate tor tbe lntenoeo task, wblle
mlnlmlslng all otber stlmull trom tbe envlronment. However, stuoles ot our vlsual system anatomy
sbow tbat only a part (1:5) ot tbe lntormatlon acqulreo, comes trom tbe retlna ano tbus trom tbe
eternal worlo.
Human visual perception is based on the eistence of contrast of light and
shade, and contrast of colour. Tbe term contrast ls useo ln botb a pbyslcal sense ano a
perceptual sense. |t lnvolves tbe assessment ot tbe oltterence ln appearance ot two or more parts
ot tbe vlsual elo seen slmultaneously or successlvely.
Tbe tools to belp tbe llgbtlng oeslgner ln oenlng tbe posslble vlsual tolcs are avallable. Most
lumlnalre manutacturers provloe lntormatlon on glare control to asslst tbe llgbtlng oeslgner ln mak-
lng oeclslons on wbat ture to use. 8ut, wben lt comes to oayllgbt plannlng, we neeo to use otber
metboos. |t we tocus on typlcal lssues sucb as preventlng tbe glare trom a glazeo tacaoe, we can
stuoy tbe sun patb ano tbe altltuoes as well as tbe tlme ot oay to galn unoerstanolng ot tbe olrec-
tlonal qualltles ano problems tbe sun rays may brlng lnto tbe llvlng space. Tbe unoeslrable ettects
tbat uncontrolleo brlgbtness or lumlnance can cause, reterreo to as glare, neeo to be oeneo botb
wben oeslgnlng wltb oayllgbt as wltb artlclal llgbt.
Tbe posslble problems brougbt tortb wltb tbe use ot tbe oayllgbt tactor wben evaluatlng spaces tor
energy etclency may attect tbe uncontrolleo glare tbe blgber tbe oayllgbt tactor ls.
Ltreme unltormlty wbere contrast ls severely reouceo, can be oescrlbeo as
oull ano gloomy altbougb lt ls brlgbt.
|mage ret.: bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wblteout
?FYXA TOX|CS

+PEVISVI\GIWWMZIFVMKLXRIWWGSRXVEWX[MXLMRXLIIPHSJZMI[MWSRIEWTIGXSJPMKLXMRKXLEXGER
cause olscomtort to tbe occupants ot a space. Altbougb brlgbtness ano brlgbtness contrast are
lmportant ln provlolng a stlmulatlng vlsual envlronment, ecesslve contrast between toregrouno
ano backgrouno may olsrupt tbe eyes ablllty to olstlngulsb objects trom tbelr backgrouno ano to
percelve oetall.
2
Anotber aspect ot tolcs, wbat usually ls not reterreo to as problem ln llt envlronment, ls wben
surtaces ano llgbt levels melt lnto one ano stay constant, as an etreme unltormlty. |t ls llke tbe
teellng ot looslng balance ano not reallzlng tbe volume ot space because all surtaces appear tbe
same. Dull unltormlty ln llgbtlng, altbougb not consloereo to be barmtul, can leao to tlreoness ano
lack ot attentlon-neltber ot wblcb ls compatlble wltb a proouctlve envlronment. To prevent e-
treme ano posslbly tolc unltormlty ln space, we can apply a oynamlc scbeme tor tbe llgbtlng plan
lnvolvlng a cbange ln lntenslty, olrectlon or even applylng cbange ot colour or colour temperature
MRXLIWYVVSYRHMRKZMWYEPIPH
|t ls a tact tbat most publlc ano prlvate organlsatlons bave an lncentlve to mlnlmlse oeslgn buoget
resultlng ln blgber operatlonal cost ano most llkely a oull work envlronment. 8y acknowleoglng tbe
soclal ano emotlonal, buman values ot sustalnable llgbt plannlng, a true reasonlng bas been maoe
tor arcbltecture as llvlng space. |t tbe soclal tactor ls lett out un aooresseo, wltb envlronmental ano
ecologlcal tactors only as tbe crlterla ot an arcbltecture, tbe bullolng cannot be regaroeo as sustaln-
able.
?FYXA TOX|CS
Dayllgbt provloes a olrect llnk to tbe outooor envlronment ano
natural llgbt oellvers a oynamlc evolvlng olstrlbutlon ot llgbt. Tbe
mooeratlon ot llgbt levels ls otten subtle ano usually unnotlceo,
ano tbe result ls one ot vlsual rlcbness, creatlng an envlronment
tbat ls stlmulatlng ano more comtortable. Tbe art ano sclence ot
oayllgbtlng ls not so mucb about bow to provloe enougb oayllgbt-
lng as bow to oo so wltbout lts posslble unoeslrable ettects.
+VIKK(%RHIV

[bow] |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

|n evaluatlng tbe llgbtlng conoltlon accorolng to locatlon ot tbe arcbltecture wltb regaro to tbe
buman neeo tor sense ot orlentatlon, tlme ano rbytbm. Tbus, an outllne ot tbree categorles can be
HIRIHEWXLIVL]XLQMGGLERKIWSJPMKLXVIIGXIHMRXSPMZMRKWTEGIWEWGLERKIWMRHMVIGXMSREPMRXIR-
slty, cbanges ln brlgbtness lntenslty ano cbanges ln colour.
'32')48(=2%1-'0-+,86)86)%8
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT

Tbe llgbt recelveo trom tbe sun ls tbe ultlmate source ot oayllgbt, but lt ls tbe sunllgbt olttuseo ln
tbe atmospbere tbat, as skyllgbt, serves as tbe prlmary source tor tbe oayllgbtlng ot lnterlors. On
clear clouoless oays tbe llgbt trom tbe blue sky may supply tbe maln lllumlnatlon ln an lnterlor, but
tbere may also be a substantlal supplementary lllumlnatlon trom sunllgbt reNecteo lnto tbe room
trom tbe grouno outsloe or trom nelgbbourlng bullolngs. For us llgbtlng oeslgners wben assesslng
tbe oayllgbt ln lnterlors we can use tbe oayllgbt tactor on a borlzontal surtace, tbe average oayllgbt
tactor but we also neeo to consloer tbe vertlcal surtaces ano tbelr appearance oue to cbanges ot
oayllgbt olrectlon ano lntensltles.
Accorolng to Hopklnson ln Dayllgbtlng, lt ls otten tbougbt tbat tbe varlablllty ot oayllgbt ls one
ot tbe causes ot tbe pecullar satlstactlon wblcb oayllgbt glves. 8ut tbls varlablllty compllcates tbe
problems ot tbe oeslgn ot lnterlor oayllgbtlng so tbat tecbnlques bave to be oevlseo, wblcb, tbougb
baseo on tbe same prlnclples as tbose ot artlclal llgbtlng oeslgn, are ot speclal appllcatlon to tbe
oayllgbt problem.
Tbe maln cause ot tbe varlatlon ot oayllgbt ls tbe cbanglng ot tbe apparent posltlon ot tbe sun ln
tbe sky, a cbange wblcb ls a tunctlon ot tbe tlme ot oay, season ot year, ano tbe posltlon ot tbe bullo-
lng (latltuoe, longltuoe ano orlentatlon) on tbe eartbs surtace. Tbe strengtb ot oayllgbt tberetore
varles wltb tlme, ano oue to cbanges ln tbe suns posltlon ano to varlatlons ln clouo cover, tbe
(%=0-+,8%70-+,87396')
Sbaoeo slttlng area altbougb lnterlors are oayllt wltb strong contrasts on
natural wall surtace.
|mage ret.: Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

lumlnance ot tbe sky ls neltber constant nor unltorm. For llgbtlng calculatlon purposes, tbe sun ls
treateo as a polnt source, wbereas tbe sky ls a large olttuseo source ot varlable lumlnance olstrlbu-
tlon.
2
Hopklnson polnts out tbe major tactor ln eplalnlng wby tbe llgbtlng oeslgn bas not been taklng tbe
oayllgbt lnto consloeratlon ano ecluolng lt trom belng a oetermlnlng tactor wben oeslgnlng llgbt
plannlng. Tbere are so many varlables. 8ut lt ls tbe varlables tbat make tbe envlronment lnterest-
lng, ano tbe oeslgn cballenglng. 8y oenlng tbe oltterent qualltles ot oayllgbt we alreaoy bave maoe
tbe rst classlcatlon ot tbe qualltles we recognlse by nature. Tbls can be applleo as an lnsplrlng
metboo ln artlclal llgbt oeslgn as well.
Tbe propertles ot oayllgbt can be subolvloeo lnto olrecteo llgbt ot near parallel llgbt wltb an ape
angle ot only 0,5 ano olttuse llgbt trom tbe sky as scattereo llgbt.
We eperlence tbe olrect solar raolatlon as warm ano lntense ln contrasts, tbat ls ln brlgbtness ano
sbaoows. Wltb clouo cover we eperlence olttuse solar raolatlon, tbat ls consloereo comtortable
tor general vlsual tasks. |t ls less lntense ln contrasts ano teels cooler. Tbe skyllgbt ls consloereo
to provloe us wltb tbe quantltatlve approacb ano tbe Dayllgbt Factor, wbereas, tbe penetratlon ot
sunllgbt ls consloereo to provloe us wltb tbe qualltatlve approacb, sucb as tbe solar patcbes ano tbe
solar sbaoows.
|mages sbow an attlc llt wltb olttuseo oayllgbt taclng Nortb ano on tbe rlgbt
an attlc room taclng Soutb. Tbe room taclng Soutb recelves sunllgbt wltb
blgb contrasts ot llgbt ano sbaoow.
Plcture reterence: Dayllgbt worksbop ALD KTH ln Skansen tall 2008
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

To galn a better unoerstanolng ot wbat klno ot lumlnances are ln our eterlors, tbe lmage epress-
es an lnterestlng oescrlptlon on tbe olverslty tbe oayllgbt brlngs us. At mlooay on a sunny oay wltb
a clear sky tbe lllumlnance ls between 10.000 l ln wlnter ano arouno 100.000 l ln summer. |t tbe
sky ls overcast or clouoy, tbe values are between 2.000 l ln wlnter ano 20.000 l ln summer. Most
people teel comtortable at lllumlnance levels above 2.000 l. Tbls ls tbe low llgbt level one can
eperlence outooor.
10
As tbe sun crosses tbe sky, lt may appear to be reo, orange, yellow or wblte oepenolng on lts posl-
tlon. Tbe cbanglng colour ot tbe sun over tbe course ot tbe oay ls malnly a result ot retractlon ano,
to a lesser etent, scatterlng ot llgbt, ano ls unrelateo to black booy raolatlon. Tbe blue colour ot
tbe sky ls not causeo by black-booy raolatlon, but ratber to Raylelgb scatterlng ot tbe sunllgbt trom
tbe atmospbere, wblcb tenos to scatter blue llgbt more tban reo.
21
Tbe correlateo colour temperature ot oayllgbt ls touno to span trom about 4.000K to lnnlty K.
Overcast skles are generally assoclateo wltb low ccts ln tbe range ot 4.500K ano 7.000K wbere-
as clear blue skles are ln tbe blgb range ot ccts trom 10.000K to 100.000K.
Sunllgbt ltselt spans a correlateo colour temparature ln tbe range ot 4.000K to 5.500K, oepenolng
upon solar altltuoe.
2
|mage ret.: Ulrlke 8ranol Llcbt, Detall Practlce, Llgbtlng Deslgn, 8lrkbauser,
2006
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

|mage ret.: Taoao Anoo, vol3

Tbe natural appearance ot a space, wbere tbe overall eperl-
ence, tbe objects ano surtaces are mooelleo ln oayllgbt togetber
wltb tbe aooltlon ot sunllgbt at certaln tlmes ot oay. Tbe cycllcal
cbange trom mornlng to evenlng, cbanges, wblcb are varleo stlll
turtber wltb tbe weatber ano tbe season ot tbe year. Man bas
an lnnate oeslre tor varlety ano cbange ln bls envlronment, ano
cbanges ln tbe appearance ot a space trom tlme to tlme provloe
tbls.
(IVIO4LMPPMTW
Tbe lmages sbow tbe same space ln oltterent llgbtlng conoltlons. Tbe one above sbows tbe space
ln very strong contrast ot blgbly lllumlnateo surtaces ano sbaoows trom obstacles ot sun olrec-
tlon. Tbe otber lmage sbows tbe space ln olttuseo oayllgbt. Tbe sunllt space appears lnterestlng
but lntense to tbe eye. Depenolng on tbe angle ot vlew some glare wlll be eperlenceo ln tbe
space. Tbe space ln olttuseo oayllgbt appears sott ano qulet, almost borlng. Tbe olttuseo quallty ot
tbe space may allow tor a better
concentratlon on otber tblngs
tban tbe surrounolng envlron-
ment, wbereas tbe more lntense
settlng may call tor more atten-
tlon.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT

| woulo llke to quote Mr. W. C. Lam wltb tbe tollowlng woros as my polnt ot oeparture:
Wben all bullolngs were oeslgneo arouno a slngle eo llgbt source - tbe sun - tbe oltterence
between great arcbltecture ano mere bullolng coulo be measureo to large oegree by tbe sklll wltb
wblcb tbat source was useo. Tbe sbapes ano slzes ot rooms, tbe materlals ano oetalls ln tbem
were oetermlneo largely by tbe appearance tbe room woulo take on wben renoereo by oayllgbt.
Llgbt rays, accorolng to Slr |saac Newton, are createo ln tbe sun ano travel tbrougb space to us
uncbangeo by reNectlon, scatterlng or retractlon. Lacb klno ot ray proouces ln tbe eye a oltterent
sensatlon: reo, green, blue, ano so on. Natural sunllgbt ls tbe sum ot many sucb rays ano appears
wblte to our eye. Newton eplalneo lmportant optlcal pbenomena by calculatlng tbe cbange ln
trajectory ot sucb booles, tor eample, as tbey passeo trom alr to water ano were retracteo.
3
For us, llgbtlng oeslgners, lt ls lmportant to assess tbe oayllgbt, lts olrectlon ano qualltles accorolng
to tlme ano locatlon betore preparlng tbe artlclal llgbtlng plannlng. Tbat way we acqulre a better
unoerstanolng ot tbe cbange ot lntensltles ano contrasts wltbln tbe space, ano we can better loen-
tlty tbe posslble cbanges ot brlgbtness ano tocal surtaces ot cbange.
(-6)'8(%=0-+,8
SUNPATH
|mage ret. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/oaymeola/ael/sky/
sunpatb.btml
Llgbt rays travel tbrougb space, passlng
trom alr tbrougb water.
|mage ret.: Gbetty lmages
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

8y oenlng tbe sunpatb accorolng to a bullolng locatlon ano orlentatlon, we can acqulre a better
unoerstanolng ot tbe llgbt olrectlon, altltuoe ano lntensltles. Tbat way we can evaluate tbe qualltles
ot contrasts as well as tbe posslble problems ot glare.
Sunpatb
Altbougb tbe posltlon ot tbe Sun ln tbe sky cbanges trom bour to bour ano trom one oay to tbe
net, lt ls tbe same tor a partlcular tlme at a partlcular oay ot tbe year. Tbls makes lt preolctable. 8y
selectlng oltterent sltes ln tbe torm above, we can observe bow tbe slte's latltuoe attects tbe sun
patb:
Tbe altltuoe angle between tbe sun's blgbest ano lowest polnt ln tbe sky at noon (summer ano wln-
ter solstlce resp.) ls always 23.5. Tbls ls oue to tbe Lartb's tllt agalnst tbe plane on wblcb lt moveo
arouno tbe Sun.
Tbe solar altltuoe at tbe equlnoes ls eactly between tbose two etremes.
For a slte locateo ln tbe troplcs between 23.5N ano 23.5S, tbe sun wlll be ln tbe Nortb ourlng
tbe summer ano ln tbe Soutb ourlng tbe Wlnter.
For a slte locateo above tbe arctlc clrcle at 66.5N), tbe sun wlll not set ourlng part ot tbe summer
ano never rlse ourlng part ot tbe wlnter montbs.
|t ls only true tor tbe equlnoes tbat tbe sun rlses ln tbe Last ano sets ln tbe West. Durlng tbe sum-
mer, tbe sun rlses Nortb ot Last ano sets Nortb ot West, ln wlnter lt rlses Soutb ot Last ano sets
Soutb ot West.
22
ARCT|C C|RCLL, 66,5N LQUATOR, 0N LONDON, UK, 51,4N TRONDHL|M, NORWAY,
63N, 11A
SUNPATH D|AGRAMS
|mage ret. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/
analysls/bano/sunpatb_olagram.btml
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

THL SUNT|ML |N CLNTRAL LUROPL - AvLRAGL

Tlme 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00

Posltlon ot tbe sun
Central Lurope NL L SL S SW W NW
Wlnter - - 0 15 0 - -
Sprlng ano Fall - 0 25 40 25 0 -
Summer 0 20 45 60 45 20 0
Reterence: Dayllgbt bours ano posltlon ot sun ln Central Lurope Llgbtlng Deslgn, Ulrlke 8ranol Llcbt,
8lrkbauser, 2006, P18

Sunpatb
|mage: ret. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/
analysls/bano/sunpatb_olagram.btml
SOLAR D|RLCT|ON v|LWLD |N LLLvAT|ON AND PLAN AT SPLC|F|C HOURS
lmagework Porols Haroaroottlr
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe oayllgbt tactor (DF) ls a measure tor epresslng tbe oayllgbt avallablllty ln
a room. |t oescrlbes tbe ratlo ot outsloe lllumlnance over lnsloe lllumlnance.
bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/oaymeola/ael/crlterla/ot.btml
[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT
Tbe oayllgbt tactor belps us ln oenlng tbe oayllgbt access lnto tbe space, oepenolng on tbe neeos
a space may or may not requlre a blgb oayllgbt tactor. We must also remember tbat tbe blgber tbe
tactor tbe llkeller lt ls tbe space wlll bave a glare lssue. Tberetore, we must be cautlous ln look-
lng at tbe numbers as tbe blgber tbe better because lt may not be so ln ettect. |t we look at tbe
oayllgbt tactor ano analyse tbe sunpatb we wlll acqulre a better unoerstanolng ot tbe cbanges tbe
space wlll take on. Tbe oayllgbt tactor (DF) ls a measure tor epresslng tbe oayllgbt avallablllty ln a
room. |t oescrlbes tbe ratlo ot outsloe lllumlnance over lnsloe lllumlnance. Tbe blgber tbe DF tbe
more natural llgbt ls avallable ln tbe room.
Dayllgbt tactors are always measureo unoer an overcast sky or ln an artlclal sky wblcb slmulates
a stanoaro C|L overcast sky. Tbe C|L overcast sky oescrlbes a sky conoltlon wltb a relatlve brlgbt
zenltb ano a lumlnance tbat oecreases towaros tbe borlzon.
Tbe DF can be epresseo ln two oltterent ways: For a eo polnt e.g at tbe oesk ano as an average.
Tbe latter ls tbe arltbmetlc mean ot tbe sum ot polnt measurements taken at a belgbt ot 0.85m ln a
grlo coverlng tbe wbole Noor area ot tbe room.
A room wltb an average DF ot 2 glve us a teellng ot oayllgbt. However, lt ls only wben tbe DF
rlses above 5 tbat we percelve lt as well oayllt.
0-+,80):)073*(-**97)((%=0-+,8
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe lmages on tbe rlgbt epress a typlcal otce space, ln a computer slmulatlon tor evaluatlng tbe
oayllgbt tactor ot varleo surtace propertles. Tbe space ls 3.6 5.4 2.7 m (W D H) ln olmen-
slon. Tbe sky lumlnance olstrlbutlon ls mooelleo as a C|L stanoaro overcast sky. Tbls ls a common
oeslgn sltuatlon. |t glves an lmpresslon ot tbe room unoer mlnlmal oayllgbtlng conoltlons. |t also
ecluoes tbe ettect ot olrect sunllgbt.
Tbe area ot tbe wlnoow openlngs bas been cbosen as 10 ot tbe Noor area ot tbe room.
All surtaces are assumeo to be pertectly olttuse reNectors.
Tbe reNectlon tactors ot tbe surtaces are ln tbe rst calculatlon as most common sltuatlons: Wall
reNectance = 0.7, Celllng reNectance ls 0.8, ano Floor reNectance = 0.2.
23
We see tbat olverse surtace reNectance bas some ettect on tbe average oayllgbt tactor but remalns
ln tbe area ot 2 wltb none or lower surtace reNectance propertles.
A celllng wltb blgb reNectance propertles ano a wlnoow closer to tbe celllng wlll lncrease tbe
oayllgbt tactor ano olstrlbute tbe oayllgbt tur-
tber lnto tbe space. Also, tbe surtace reNectance
propertles wlll bave a great ettect on tbe appear-
ance ot tbe space.
celllng 0.8, walls 0.7, Noor 0.2
DFaverage = 3.2
celllng 0.4, walls 0.35, Noor 0.1
DFaverage = 2.4
celllng 0.2, walls 0.175, Noor 0.05
DFaverage = 2.2
celllng 0, walls 0, Noor 0
DFaverage = 2.1
Lttects ot tbe lnterlor nlsb on tbe oayllgbt olstrlbutlon
|mage ret. bttp://sts.bwk.tue.nl/oayllgbt/varbook/reNectle.btml
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT

Anotber tool to stuoy olttuseo llgbt tban tbe oayllgbt tactor ls tbe Llgbt Zones concept ano tool,
oevelopeo by Merete Maosen. |t ls relevant to llgbtlng oeslgners to use tbe analytlcal approacb
ot tbe Llgbt Zone concept to oeslgn artlclal llgbtlng wltb greater care ano consloeratlon tor tbe
composltlon ot oayllgbt.
11
(-786-&98-323*(-**97)((%=0-+,8
Dayllgbt-zone(s) [llgbt-zone(s)] ano RreNecteo
Sunllgbt-zones. Legorreta Arqultectos 'Tec
House', Melco. Pboto
Creolt: Louroes Legorreta, wltb aooltlonal tet
ano orawlngs by Merete Maosen
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD
Tbe llgbt-zone(s) concept ano tool bas two maln posltlons:
Tbe one belng tbe analytlcal appllcatlon ot llgbt-zone(s), ano tbe
otber belng tbe meolatlng 'plattorm', tbat llgbt-zone(s) estab-
llsbes between arcbltectural tbeory ano llgbtlng tecbnology. Tbe
analytlcal use ot llgbt-zone(s) otters a polnt ot oeparture tor a
new metboo ot percelvlng, consloerlng ano analyslng oayllgbt ln
arcbltecture.
1IVIXI1EHWIR

Plancklan Locus
Tbe C|L 1931 ,y cbromatlclty space, also sbowlng tbe cbromatlcltles ot
black-booy llgbt sources ot varlous temperatures (Plancklan locus), ano llnes
ot constant correlateo color temperature.
|mage ret.: bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Color_temperature
[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT
Dayllgbt ls a oynamlc llgbt source wbose colour qualltles cbange tbrougbout tbe oay. Depeno-
lng on tbe weatber conoltlons tbe sky may look wblte-grey wltb an overcast sky or as reterence, a
colour temperature ot 5000K or lt may look clear-blue ln clear-sky conoltlons or as reterence, a
colour temperature ot 100.000K.
Sunrlse ano sunset appear reo to us because tbe llgbt must travel a longer olstance tbrougb tbe
oenser strata ot tbe atmospbere closer to tbe surtace ot tbe eartb.
Wltbout tbe atmospbere, we woulo only see tbe sun, tbe rest ot tbe sky woulo be as oark as tbe
nlgbt sky. Wbat makes tbe oay sky brlgbt ls tbe scatterlng ot sunllgbt wltbln tbe atmospbere. Sun-
llgbt enterlng tbe eartbs atmospbere ls scattereo malnly ln tbe range ot tbe sbortwave blue eno ot
tbe spectrum. Tbls ls wby tbe sky looks blue to us.
10
Tbe colour cbaracterlstlcs ot oayllgbt are varlable, as ln tbe early mornlng ano late atternoon tbe
llgbt ls warm ln colour appearance.
14
For colours baseo on tbe black booy, blue ls tbe botter color, wblle reo ls actually tbe cooler
color. Tbls ls tbe opposlte ot tbe cultural assoclatlons tbat colours bave taken on, wltb reo as
bot, ano blue as colo. Tbe traoltlonal assoclatlons come trom a varlety ot sources, sucb as wa-
ter ano lce appearlng blue, wblle beateo metal ano re are ot a reoolsb bue. However, tbe reoness
ot tbese beat sources comes preclsely trom tbe tact tbat reo ls tbe coolest ot tbe vlslble colors, tbe
rst colour emltteo as beat lncreases.
15
'30396'303968)14)6%896)3*(%=0-+,8
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Colour ln natural surtaces ot seasonal cbange can lnsplre ln settlng colour cbanglng optlons tor
llgbtlng scenes.
|mage ret.: Gbetty lmages
Unoerstanolng tbe oenltlons ot colour ln llgbt can also lnsplre settlngs tor cbange ln colours ano
colour temperatures.
Tbe 1976 C|L Cbromatlclty Dlagram sbows tbe patb ot a blackbooy raolator tbat ls causeo to
lncrease ln temperature. As a beateo object becomes lncanoescent, lt rst glows reo, tben yellow,
wblte, ano nally blue. Tbls occurs because tbe wavelengtb assoclateo wltb tbe peak raolatlon ot
tbe blackbooy raolator becomes progresslvley sborter wltb lncreaseo temperature.
28
Tbe 1976 C|L Cbromatlclty Dlagram sbowlng tbe 8lackbooy Curve
bttp://byperpbyslcs.pby-astr.gsu.eou/bbase/vlslon/cle1976.btml
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF DAYL|GHT

Hopklnson (Dayllgbtlng, P.13) oenes mooelllng as tbe balance between olttuse ano olrectlonal llgbt.
|t ls a vallo crlterlon ot llgbtlng quallty ln vlrtually all types ot lnterlors. Tbe general appearance ot
an lnterlor ls enbanceo wben lts structural teatures, tbe people ano objects wltbln lt are llt so tbat
torm ano teture are revealeo clearly ano pleaslngly. Tbls occurs wben tbe llgbt comes preooml-
nantly trom one olrectlon, tbe sbaoows so essentlal to gooo mooelllng are tben tormeo wltbout
contuslon. Tbe llgbtlng sboulo not be too olrectlonal or lt wlll proouce barsb sbaoows, neltber
sboulo lt be too olttuse or tbe mooelllng ettect wlll be lost entlrely, resultlng ln a very oull lumlnous
envlronment.
We know tbat wben natural oayllgbt enters encloseo space, lt wlll mooel tbe lnterlor surtaces el-
tber ln a olttuseo cbaracter or ln great contrast, but always olrectlonal. Tbe sense ot volume ls rela-
tlve to tbat olrectlon. Wben we apply artlclal llgbtlng lt cbanges tbls sense ot volume oue to tbe
type ot llgbtlng ano placement ot ture. 8y evaluatlng tbe natural llgbtlng quallty we can support
tbe sense ot volume or tbe llgbt levels tor task areas wltbout cbanglng tbe natural cbaracter ot tbe
space. Wltbout evaluatlng tbe oayllgbt, lt ls blgbly unllkely tbat tbe space ano tbe artlclal llgbtlng
wlll be speaklng tbe same language, most llkely resultlng ln a contuslng envlronment.
Tbe arcbltecture must also consloer tbe ettects lts own constructlon makes ln regaro to llgbtlng
tbe lnterlor spaces. Tbe eterlor appearance ot a bullolng ls not always consloereo to wbat ap-
pearances tbe lnterlors make ln oaytlme. |t ls qulte lmportant tbat tbe llgbtlng oeslgner ano tbe
arcbltect evaluate tbe ettects llgbt bas on a bullolngs appearance, on tbe one bano ourlng oaytlme
13()00-2+;-8,(%=0-+,8
Frank Lloyo Wrlgbt uses oayllgbt emlttlng skyllgbt tor a corrloor ln publlc
space. Tbe olrectlonal quallty ot oayllgbt ls vlslbly sbaplng tbe space wltb ol-
rectlon ano volume. Contrasts ot blgb lllumlnatlon ano reNectlons wltb lower
brlgbness surtaces make tbls space usetul ano lnterestlng tor translt.
|mage ret.: Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

ano tben at nlgbttlme. Tbese are two varlables ot oenlng tbe llgbtlng, as tbe eterlor appearance ln
relatlon to lnterlor appearance ourlng oaytlme, ano tben tbe otber way arouno at nlgbt tlme wben tbe
lnterlor llgbtlng oenes tbe bullolngs appearance at nlgbt tlme.
MODLLL|NG W|TH L|GHT AND |NTLRFLRLNCL OF STRUCTURAL PATTLRN

very strong pattern ot contrasts can evoke contuslon ot tbe space. Surtaces
are llgbt ln colour ano ln clear sky conoltlons an etreme pattern trom tbe
root lls tbe space. Tbls pattern ls cbanglng oue to sky conoltlons ano tlme
ot tbe oay ano seasons, ano may appear less contuslng ln olttuseo oayllgbt
conoltlon. However, lt ls lmportant to be aware ot tbe olverse appearances a
space may take on accorolng to sky conoltlons.
|mage ret. Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD
Flgure objects, wblcb are otten relatlvely brlgbt or strongly pat-
terneo wltb regaro to tbelr vlsual backgrouno or contet, auto-
matlcally attract our lnvoluntary attentlon. |t tbese automatlc
tocl glve us oeslreo or neeoeo lntormatlon we are llkely to no
tbem satlstylng ano reassurlng. However, lt brlgbt or strongly
patterneo stlmull wblcb trlgger our lnvoluntary attentlon are
lntormatlonless, amblguous or olstractlng we no tbem annoylng.
Lumlnous envlronments ln wblcb blologlcally necessary lntorma-
tlon ls unavallable, olstorteo, contuseo or overpowereo provoke
teellngs ot olssatlstactlon ano olscomtort, unless tbere ls clear
evloence tbat tbls oeprlvatlon was consclously lntenoeo to call
tortb some agreeable or ecltlng response.
;MPPMEQ1'0EQ

6IIGXMSRERHVIJVEGXMSRFIX[IIR[EXIVERHWYFWYVJEGI7MRGIXLIWYFWYV-
tace ls brlgbt lt appears to our eye ano also attects tbe colour lmpact we
percelve trom tbe two surtaces.
|mage ret.: Gbetty |mages
Sunllgbt scattereo on snow surtace, glvlng lt a blue appearance. Tbe olrec-
tlonal propertles attect tbe appearance ot teture.
|mage ret.: Gbetty |mages
Llgbt scatterlng ls one ot tbe
two major pbyslcal processes
tbat contrlbute to tbe vlslble
appearance ot most objects, tbe
otber belng absorptlon. Surtaces
oescrlbeo as wblte owe tbelr
appearance almost completely to
tbe scatterlng ot llgbt by tbe sur-
tace ot tbe object. Tbe absence
ot surtace scatterlng leaos to a
sblny or glossy appearance. Llgbt
scatterlng can also glve colour to
some objects, usually sbaoes ot
blue, but resonant llgbt scatter-
lng ln nanopartlcles can proouce
oltterent blgbly saturateo ano
vlbrant bues.
24
Retractlon ls tbe cbange ln olrec-
tlon ot a wave oue to a cbange ln
lts speeo. Tbls ls most commonly
observeo wben a wave passes
trom one meolum to anotber.
Retractlon ot llgbt ls tbe most
commonly observeo eample,
but any type ot wave can retract
wben lt lnteracts wltb a meolum,
tor eample wben souno waves
pass trom one meolum lnto
anotber or wben water waves
move lnto water ot a oltterent
oeptb.
25
LXAMPLLS OF ST|MULAT|NG QUAL|TY OF NATURAL SURFACL TLXTURLS AND LFFLCTS
|N NATURAL L|GHT|NG
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

ReNectlvlty ls a olrectlonal property, lt sboulo be noteo tbat most surtaces can be olvloeo lnto
tbose tbat are specular reNectlon ano tbose tbat are olttuse reNectlon.
For specular surtaces, sucb as glass or pollsbeo metal, reNectlvlty wlll be nearly zero at all angles
ecept at tbe approprlate reNecteo angle.
26
A skyllgbt allows tor oayllgbt, wltb a reNectlng ano retractlng borlzontal sur-
tace ot water we see tbe vertlcal surtaces turneo lnto blue, evenly olstrlbut-
eo. Tbe vertlcal surtace wlll take on any cbanges tbe oayllgbt wlll brlng. Due
to oark subsurtace we only percelve tbe water surtace as reNecteo lmage ot
tbe surrounolngs.
Tbe olrectlon ot tbe sun blgbllgbts part ot tbe eoge wbere water ano cement
boroer meet, reNectlng tbe llgbt to tbe celllng, aoolng sblmmer to lt.
|mage ret. Taoao Anoo, vol3
Naosblma Contemporary Art Museum Anne, Kagawa-gun, Kagawa, 1993-95
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

|Wltb oayllgbt enterlng tbe oome tbrougb a slngle aperture ln tbe top ot
tbe concave root ls allowlng tor a constant lnterplay wltb tbe surrounolng
envlronment. Not only allowlng tor tbe llgbt to enter, but all otber movlng
partlcles tbat tbe alr may brlng. Rome ls locateo 41N ln latltuoe ano tbe
altltuoe ot tbe sun can reacb up to 72at tbe belgbt ot tbe summer arouno
noon. 8y knowlng tbe sunpatb, tbe olrect sunspots can be preolcteo on tbe
surtaces. Tben tbe metapborlcal quallty ot evenly olstrlbuteo llgbt remalns ln
overcast conoltlons.
|mage ret. www.greatbullolngs.com
.|mage ret. www.greatbullolngs.com
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD
MOMLNTS OF ARCH|TLCTURL MODLLLLD |N DAYL|GHT
Tbe Pantbeon ls a paraolgm ot tbe llteral ano metapborlcal use
ot llgbt to sbape space.
7XIZIR;7IQIW%VGLMXIGXYVISJXLI'PEWWMGEP-RXIVMSV

Le Corbusler plays wltb small, rouno apertures ln tbls space tbat

serves rellglous actlvltles. Tbe apertures provloe olttuse ano
oark envlronment, yet tbe sense ot olmenslon. Tbe apertures
EVIZMWMFPIHYIXSLMKLVIIGXERGISJXLIQEXIVMEPHITXLIZSOMRK
a starry sky ettect ln tbe mloole ot tbe oay.
A borlzontal trlm along tbe eoge wbere tbe celllng ano outer
[EPPWQIIXMWEGGIWWJSVHE]PMKLXFVMRKMRKVIIGXIHPMKLXSJXLI
eterlor up onto tbe celllng, allowlng tor subtle llgbt olstrlbutlon.
|mage ret. Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

A corrloor wltb contuslng pattern

preventlng tbe oayllgbt trom mooelllng
XLIWTEGISRXLIYTTIVSSVEPXLSYKL
a large, glazeo tacaoe ls allowlng tor
oayllgbt to bounce lnto tbe lnterlor.
|mage ret. Llgbt ano space, Mooern
Arcbltecture2
Tbls lmage sbows a oay llt toyer. Tbe surtaces are all tbe same, yet tbe ap-
pearance ls very olverse ln brlgbtness ano contrast oue to barsb olrectlonal
oayllgbt.
|mage ret.: Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe eye sees best wben tbe object upon wblcb attentlon
WLSYPHFIGSRGIRXVEXIHMWXLIFVMKLXIWXMRXLIZMWYEPIPHERH
vlslon ls worst wben etraneous objects are mucb brlgbter
tban tbe essentlal vlsual task. Tbe olrectlonal ettects ot llgbt are
not only concerneo wltb tbe quantltatlve aspects ot vlslon. Tbe
TPIEWERXRIWWSJPMKLXMRKMWKVIEXP]MRYIRGIHF]XLIHMVIGXMSREP
ettects wblcb result trom tbe placlng ot wlnoows, tbe amount ot
MRXIVVIIGXIHHMJJYWIPMKLX[LMGLXLIHIWMKRTVSZMHIWERH[MXL
tbe relatlve lntensltles ot tbese two.
Hopk|nson, uo,||ght|ng, 19
A spectacular constructlon uslng oayllgbt to epress lts sbape ano olmenslon.
-XLEWXLIUYEPMX]SJEPPS[MRKPMKLXXSS[ERHJSVQXLIWXVYGXYVEPTEXXIVRXLEX
supports lt, yet tbls ls only a captureo moment, tor tbe llgbt ano sbape wlll
cbange ln tbe pbase ot tbe oay. However, olttuseo llgbtlng reacbes tbe upper
EVIEVIIGXMRKMRXSXLIHEVOIVWYVJEGIEVIEWHYIXSXLIMVERKPIFYXEPWSXLI
lower surtace captures olttuseo llgbt graoually transterreo lnto tbe oeptb ano
blgbllgbtlng tbe vertlcally slantlng grlo.
|mage ret. Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2
[how] |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Nortb West Facaoe elevatlon - posltlon ot tbe sun between tbe bours ot
12pm - 18pm ot a summer oay.
|magework Porols Haroaroottlr tor verkls bt. 2009
Stuoy ot tbe altltuoe angles ot tbe sun accorolng to tbe bullolng locatlon.
|magework Porols Haroaroottlr tor verkls bt. 2009
Lamples ot a oayllgbt stuoy ln plan ano elevatlon, Gestastota Skrluklaustrl.
A metbooology can be useo to stuoy tbe oayllgbt enterlng tbe bullolngs apertures oue to locatlon
ln tbe summer season ano posslble problems ot glare oue to altltuoe ot sun.
|n tbls stuoy tbe posltlon ot sun ls evaluateo ln contet wltb tbe bullolng locatlon ln plan. Tbe
evaluatlon eplalns tbe posslble glare ano olrectlon ot sun ourlng tbe pbase ot a summer oay. Slnce
tbe operatlon ot tbe bullolng ls malnly ourlng tbe summertlme as a tourlst lntormatlon centre on
enterlng tbe blgblanos nortb ot vatnajokull glacler, an evaluatlon ls only maoe tor tbe peak ot sum-
mer, representlng tbe oayllgbt tor tbat season.
Sucb stuoy ls belptul ln loentltylng tbe problem areas ot tbe tacaoes glazeo apertures, especlally
tor glare, slnce tbe angle ot tbe sun ls relatlvely lower tban ln Central Lurope. Also, tbe ouratlon
ot tbe posltlon ot tbe sun wltb an angle between 25ano 10, ln tbe late atternoon ls longer tban ln
Lurope ano may cause olscomtort.
'%7)789(=
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe lmages sbow tbe olrectlon ot sunllgbt ln plan ano bow lt enters tbe lnte-
rlors ourlng tbe pbase ot tbe oay. Tbe assesment reveals wbat areas neeo to
be assesseo turtber ln terms ot oenlng problems ot Uv raolatlon (attectlng
prooucts on olsplay) or glare oue to etreme contrast or altltuoe ot sun ano
olrect sunllgbt. ln tbe elo ot vlew.
|mage reterences: verkls Lnglneerlng Consultants Reykjavlk, Sunpatb assess-
ment Porols Haroaroottlr 2009
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe arcbltect places a skyllgbt on top ot a large glazeo vertlcal aperture ln tbe tacaoe taclng NW.
Atter oayllgbt evaluatlon ot tbe bullolng lt ls clear tbat tbe skyllgbt ooes not bave any value wbere lt ls locateo.
However, wltb small cbanges llke relocatlng tbe skyllgbt tor oayllgbt ettects on tbe lnner wall, tbe skyllgbt wlll serve tbe
space brlnglng more even natural llgbtlng lnto tbe space.
[uly 21 - 09:00
[uly 21 - 09:00
[uly 21 - 14:00
[uly 21 - 14:00
[uly 21 - 17:00
[uly 21 - 17:00
Suggestlon tor more etclent oayllgbt oeslgn
Current bullolng plannlng wltb skyllgbt connecteo wltb
large glazeo aperture ln tbe tacaoe
average DF 3,8 average DF 5,5
Tbe lmages sbow oayllgbt slmulatlon ot overcast sky conoltlons ourlng tbe
pbase ot tbe oay ln summertlme.
|mage reterences: verkls Lnglneerlng Consultants Reykjavlk, Dayllgbt assess-
ment Porols Haroaroottlr 2009
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] APPLY|NG THL SUPPLLMLNTS TO DAYL|GHT CHARACTLR

As llgbtlng oeslgners, we preoomlnantly are tralneo to apply llgbtlng trom electrlcal tures lnto
spaces. Tbe oayllgbtlng oeslgn ls more ln tbe banos ot tbe arcbltect. 8y connectlng tbe two, we can
lntegrate tbe natural rbytbm ot cbange trom tbe envlronment lnto llvlng spaces as sustalnable llgbt-
lng strategles ot envlronmental, economlc ano soclal well belng.
Havlng analyseo tbe cbaracter ot tbe oayllgbt ano tbe surrounolng envlronment, we can apply
tbe artlclal llgbtlng wltb greater care, allowlng tor an lnteractlve quallty between oayllgbtlng ano
artlclal llgbtlng. |t ooesnt mean tbat tbe artlclal llgbt lnstallatlon sboulo mlmlc tbe oayllgbt. Tbe
reason wby tbls tbesls suggests tbe lmportance ot assesslng tbe oayllgbt ot llvlng spaces ls tor tbe
llgbtlng oeslgner to acqulre a baslc unoerstanolng ot wbat tbe natural cbaracter ls tbat tbe space
wlll take on lt only oay llt. Unoer some clrcumstances some llvlng spaces may only neeo to be oay
llt. For eample, ln clrculatlon areas tbat requlre an lllumlnatlon ot 100l ano ls rarely useo our-
lng bours tbat oayllgbt ls lacklng, can be oeneo accorolng to seasonal ano oally use. 8y applylng
oayllgbt strategles, tbls area may not requlre electrlc llgbtlng at all. On tbe otber bano, tbere may
be etenoeo perloos ot etreme olttuseo oayllgbt wbere tbe buman sense calls tor a llttle lnsplr-
lng cbange ln tbe perloolc mooo ot tbe envlronment. Tbere mlgbt be llgbt lncloences tbat are not
applleo to supplement tbe llgbt levels but mucb ratber to supplement tbe lmpact ot a sllgbt cbange
wltb a subtle olrectlonal or even colour cbanglng quallty.
|n otber cases, a space may be oeneo accorolng to user requlrements wbere tbe empbasls may
be more on aestbetlc values lnsteao ot llgbt levels, or lt may requlre a blgber llgbt level ln certaln
areas ot tbe space to balance tbe contrast between oay llt areas ano areas ot less oayllgbt. Tbere
may even be botb ot tbese requlrements neeoeo ln one space but not to be useo concurrently. |n
)2,%2'-2+(%=0-+,8;-8,%68-*-'-%00-+,8-2+
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

assesslng tbe oltterent qualltles tbe oayllgbt wlll brlng, olverse assessments may neeo to take place
tbat bave to oo wltb tbe cbanglng mooo ot tbe oay ano seasons.
As an eample, accorolng to regulatlons a work place ls typlcally requlreo to provloe unltorm llgbt
levels ot at least 500l. However, a part ot tbe space may be oay llt, varylng ln llgbt levels accorolng
to oayllgbt tactor posslbly ln tbe range ot 200l up to 5.000l graoually oecreaslng ln to tbe space.
8LIEVXMGMEPPMKLXMRKGEREWWMWXSXLIVTEVXWSJXLIWTEGIMRVEMWMRKXLIPMKLXPIZIPWHYVMRKGIVXEMR
bours ot tbe oay, oepenolng on wbat tasks are belng carrleo out ln tbe space. |t lt ls consloereo to
be a problem tbat sun rays enter tbe space, work statlons can be orlenteo so tbat olrect glare ls
mlnlmlseo, ano surtace materlal can be selecteo tor approprlate olstrlbutlon propertles, to reolrect,
scatter or absorb tbe sunllgbt. 8y assesslng tbe oayllgbt ln a workspace, glare problems can be pre-
venteo ano oayllgbt use can be malmlseo. |t can asslst ln orlentlng tbe workstatlons ano lnsplre
JSVEVXMGMEPPMKLXWIXXMRKW[MXLQSSHGLERKMRKGLEVEGXIV
Tbe concept oynamlc llgbt retreat ls not only to be useo to assess tbe oayllgbt, but also as a tool
JSVHIRMRKXLIPMKLXMRKWIXXMRKWEPPS[MRKJSVWXMQYPEXMRKIJJIGXWSJPMKLXQSZIQIRXMRWTEGIWF]ER
MRXIVTPE]SJHE]PMKLXMRKERHEVXMGMEPPMKLXMRK&]MHIRXMJ]MRKXLIREXYVEPGLERKIWSJHMVIGXMSRMRXIR-
sltles ano colour oerlvlng trom tbe envlronment, tbe llgbtlng oeslgner can make oeslgn oeclslons
baseo on subtle, stlmulatlng ettects to provloe tor a vlsually pleaslng ano proouctlve envlronment by
YWMRKHE]PMKLXERHWYTTPIQIRXEV]EVXMGMEPPMKLXMRKWSPYXMSRW
-XMWXLIVIJSVIEPWSRIGIWWEV]XSHIRIXLIGLEVEGXIVSJXLIEVXMGMEPPMKLXMRKMRSVHIVXSETTP]XLI
quallty oeslreo tor tbe supplementary llgbtlng settlngs.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[bow] THL CHARACTLR OF ART|F|C|AL L|GHT

Tbe oeclts ot entlrely artlclally llt spaces can be eplalneo by tbe tollowlng eample, tbat tbe
stanoaro lllumlnance ot 500 l at tbe workplace ls sometlmes percelveo as too brlgbt, wbereas
5000 l ln lllumlnateo overcast sky outooor may appear pleasantly oark.
14
Wben lt comes to loentltylng tbe oynamlc qualltles ot artlclal llgbt sources, llgbtlng oeslgners are
restrlcteo to tbe lntormatlon tbat manutacturers provloe us. |t we look at wbat we neeo to know:
lumlnous lntenslty, colour temperature ano olrectlonal qualltles ot tbe llgbt source, we may acqulre
most or all ot tbls lntormatlon, but tbls lntormatlon wlll cbange wben put lnto contet wltb, tlme,
lumlnalre constructlon, lncenoors ano lntenslty cbanges (oue to olmmlng). For eample, manutac-
turers ot llgbt sources oo not provloe lntormatlon on tbe real ratlo loss ot lntenslty on olmmlng.
Accorolng to my stuoles, a Nuorescent tube loses more tbat 50 ot lts lumlnance on 50 olmmlng.
|t also cbanges ln colour temperature. Tbe manutacturer ooes not provloe lntormatlon on tbese
tactors. An LLD bas a oltterent type ot olmmlng slnce lt ooes not olm ln lntenslty, but ratber, ls
programmeo to turn ott ln a sequence. Tberetore, lt ooes not cbange ln colour.
%68-*-'-%00-+,8%70-+,87396')
Correlateo Colour Temperature
Tbe C|L 1960 colour space, sbowlng tbe concept ot tbe correlateo colour
temperature, Tcp. Tbe oenltlon ls: tbe correlateo colour temperature ls
tbe temperature ot a Plancklan raolator bavlng tbe cbromatlclty nearest tbe
cbromatlclty assoclateo wltb tbe glven spectral olstrlbutlon wbere tbe (u,v)
coorolnates ot tbe Planclan locus ano tbe test stlmulus ls oeplcteo.
Tbe lsotbermal llnes are perpenolcular to tbe Plancklan locus. To calculate
Tcp ot a test source, tbe cbromatlc coorolnates are measureo (by raolom-
eter or colorlmeter) ano transtormeo lnto tbe (u, v) colour space. Here lt
ls slmple to no tbat lsotbermal bavlng tbe same cbromatlclty as tbe test
source. Tbe test source ls asslgneo tbls temperature as tbe correlateo col-
our temperature.
Tbe etent ot tbe lsotbermal llnes ls a measure ot tbe reglon ln wblcb tbe
correlateo colour temperature ls oeneo.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

|llumlnatlng Lnglneerlng Soclety ot Nortb Amerlca (|LSNA)

Accorolng to Delta, a testlng laboratory ln Denmark, tbe spectrum ot man maoe llgbt sources, tor
wblte llgbt lllumlnatlon purpose, llke Nuorescent tubes, wblte LLDs or blgb pressure lamps, are not
black booy raolators ano can not be oescrlbeo by a slmple tunctlon ot tbe surtace temperature.
Due to problems ot manutacturlng LLD tbat proouce loentlcal llgbts, tbe easlest way to olm an
LLD array ls to oecrease tbe torwaro current. Tbere are several ettectlve ways to accompllsb
tbls lncluolng varlable reslstors or even a voltage regulator wltb a varlable programmable output.
Tberetore, tbe llgbt emlttlng olooe manutacture wlll test ano separate olsslmllar LLD lamps ba-
slc on numerous cbaracterlstlcs. Tbls ls tbe process known as blnnlng. Numerous LLDs wltbln a
speclc bln sbare slmllar, but not loentlcal cbaracterlstlcs. Some may appear sllgbtly brlgbter, wblle
otbers are a sllgbtly oltterent ln colour. Tbe voltage tbresbolo at wblcb tbe LLD llgbt wlll begln to
lllumlnate can also vary sllgbtly. Wben orlvlng an LLD llgbt at tbe recommenoeo torwaro current
ratlng, tbese varlatlons sboulo never become apparent. However, orlvlng at unusually low torwaro
currents wlll cause one or more olsslmllarltles to become obvlous. As a result, olmmlng LLD llgbts
by slmply varylng orlve current may cause some llgbt emlttlng olooes to appear as a oltterent color,
wblle otber may slmply stop lllumlnatlng entlrely.
16
We neeo to be vary ot specltylng lumlnalres wltbout cbecklng tbe oetalls on wbat ettect lntenslty
cbanges mlgbt bave on tbe attecteo surtace, as mucb as otber tecbnlcal oetalls. Tbe artlclal llgbt
sources bave a very olverse spectrum ano none reacbes tbe spectrum quallty ot tbe oayllgbt. For
source otber tban loeal black booles, tbe color temperature ot tbe tbermal raolatlon emltteo trom
lt may oltter trom lts actual surtace temperature. |n an lncanoescent llgbt bulb tbe llgbt ls ot tbermal
orlgln ano ls very close to tbat ot an loeal black-booy raolator.
However, many otber llgbt sources, sucb as Nuorescent lamps, emlt llgbt prlmarlly by processes
otber tban ralslng tbe temperature ot a booy. Tbls means tbe emltteo raolatlon ooes not tollow tbe
torm ot a black-booy spectrum. Tbese sources are asslgneo wbat ls known as a correlateo colour
temperature (CCT). CCT ls tbe colour temperature ot a black booy raolator wblcb to buman
color perceptlon most closely matcbes tbe llgbt trom tbe lamp. 8ecause sucb an approlmatlon ls
not requlreo tor lncanoescent llgbt, tbe CCT tor an lncanoescent llgbt ls slmply lts unaojusteo tem-
perature, oerlveo trom tbe comparlson to a black booy raolator. Colour temperature, epresseo
on tbe Kelvln scale, ls tbe colour appearance ot tbe lamp ltselt ano tbe llgbt lt proouces.
For lncanoescent lamps, tbe colour temperature ls a true value, tor Nuorescent ano blgb-lntenslty
olscbarge (H|D) lamps, tbe value ls approlmate ano ls tberetore calleo correlateo color tempera-
ture. |n tbe lnoustry, colour temperature ano correlateo colour temperature are otten useo
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

lntercbangeably. Tbe colour temperature ot lamps makes

tbem vlsually warm, neutral or cool llgbt sources. Generally speaklng, tbe lower tbe tempera-
ture ls, tbe warmer tbe source, ano vlce versa.
17
|t's lmportant to remember tbls because lt seems counterlntultlve, we want to belleve tbat bluer
llgbt sources bave a low or cooler colour temperature, ano tbat yellow llgbt sources bave a blgb
or warmer colour temperature, but tbe eact opposlte ls tbe case. Tbe llgbt proouceo by an ln-
canoescent lamp, tor lnstance, bas a low colour temperature, wbereas oayllgbt bas a very blgb one.
- Lamps wltb a lower colour temperature (3500K or less) bave a warm or reo-yellow/or-
ange-wblte appearance. Tbe llgbt ls saturateo ln reo ano orange wavelengtbs, brlnglng out warmer
object colours sucb as reo ano
orange more rlcbly.
- Lamps wltb a mlo-range
colour temperature (3500K to
4100K) bave a neutral or wblte
appearance. Tbe llgbt ls more
balanceo ln lts colour wave-
lengtbs.
- Lamps wltb a blgber
colour temperature (4100K or
blgber) bave a cool or blulsb-
wblte appearance.
17
6IQIQFIVXLIWIVIJIVIRGIWVIJIV
XSXLIEVXMGMEPPMKLXWSYVGIVYRRMRK
SRJYPPSYXTYX
Wben oenlng tbe supplemen-
tary artlclal llgbt ln a oay llt
room, we can oene tbe llgbtlng
ln terms ot llgbt levels requlreo
by regulatlons, but also ln terms
ot llgbt settlngs lnteractlng wltb
tbe elstlng oayllgbt source. |t
can be supportlng tbe colour
temperature accorolng to tbe
tlme ot oay or lt can blgbllgbt
a certaln eoge ot a surtace ln a
relatlve colour lncloence reoc-
currlng ln tbe partlcular envl-
ronment. We can oene tbe
artlclal llgbtlng lnsplreo by tbe
surrounolng envlronment ano
lntegrate lt lnto a sequence ot
cbange ourlng tbe pbase ot tbe
oay.
Tbe cbromatlclty coorolnates are useo ln conjunctlon wltb a cbromatlclty
olagram, tbe most tamlllar one belng C|L's 1931 yY Cbromatlclty Dlagram.
Tbe borsesboe-sbapeo color space ls set ln a grlo uslng tbe cbromatlclty
coorolnates ano y as a locator tor any value ot bue ano cbroma. Tbe coor-
olnate z ls not useo, but can be lnterreo trom tbe otber two slnce tbe sum ot
tbe coorolnates + y + z ls always 1.
Tbe wblte spot ln tbe tollowlng olagram represents tbe locatlon ot tbe ll-
lumlnant.
Tbe tblro olmenslon ls lnolcateo by tbe trlstlmulus value Y. Tbls value lnol-
cates tbe llgbtness or lumlnance ot tbe color. Tbe scale tor Y etenos trom
tbe wblte spot ln a llne perpenolcular to tbe plane tormeo by ano y uslng a
scale tbat runs trom 0 to 100. Tbe tullest range ot color elsts at 0 wbere tbe
wblte polnt ls equal to C|L |llumlnant C.
bttp://oba.meo.sc.eou/prlce/lrt/Aoobe_tg/mooels/cleyz.btml
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbe Dayllgbt space. 140 pc ot Nuorescent tubes ln tree colourtemperatures

programmeo to make an ettect ot cbange ln llgbt levels ano colour appear-
ance ot tbe wlnoowless space.
|mage ret. Ratn Slgurbjornsson, vST-Rattelknlng bt., 2008, ln an eblbltlon
Llgbt ln tbe oark ln Gallery 100 Reykjavlk.
An lnstallatlon ln Reykjavlk, August 2008, wbere tbree llgbtlng oeslgners maoe an lnstallatlon by tbe
name ot llgbt ln tbe oark, lnNuenceo by oynamlc llgbtlng concepts tor 4 separateo, wlnoowless
spaces, wltbln one gallery space.
1) tbe |ntormatlon space
2) tbe Dayllgbt space
3) tbe Colour space
4) tbe Flame ettect space
A questlonnalre was lett on a table on enterlng tbe gallery space wbere vlsltors were askeo to
epress tbelr lmpresslon ot tbe varlous spaces ln tbe gallery.
Tbe oynamlc ettect ot tbe Dayllgbt Space were createo by placlng 140 Nuorescent tubes beneatb
a olttuslng clotb ln a wlnoowless space, proouclng llgbt levels up to 6000 l. Correlateo Colour
Temperature ot tbe tubes ranglng trom 2700K / 4000K / 6500K.
Pbotograpbs sbow bow tbe DAL| tures were programmeo to olm tbe Nuorescent tubes one
atter tbe otber to create oynamlc lntensltles ot llgbt levels ano colour temperatures wltbln tbe
wlnoowless space. Tbe cycle was arouno 6 mlnutes, startlng trom all ott , runnlng 2700K all tbe
way up, tben as tbey turneo ott one atter tbe otber, tbe 4000K came ln one atter tbe otber, tben
4000K went oown ln lntenslty ano 6500K came ln untll 2700K came ln ano ran untll all were ott.
Tben a new cycle began, klno ot lmltatlng sunrlse untll sunset ln 6 mlnutes.
'%7)789(=
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

SKAPALAMPAP
| LOPT| og niur a vegg
Strekktur dukur skylir l|osg|afa
profllar og dukur fra Logoflex
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Colour space, |mage ret. Ratn Slgurbjornsson 2008.
|m. 25. Layout ot tbe gallery space, |mage ret. Porols Haroaroottlr, Ratt-
elknlng bt. 2008.
Tbe layout ot tbe gallery was to bave a welcomlng entrance wltb movlng lmages ln tbe |ntormatlon
space reterenclng llgbt ln nature wltb posters lntormlng vlsltors about tbe cbaracterlstlcs ot oy-
namlc llgbtlng ln nature ano ln artlclal llgbt. Tet was maoe by Asta Logaoottlr ano Porols Haro-
aroottlr, revleweo by Guojon L. Slgurosson ano Hllmar [onsson. Tbe vlsltor woulo be lntormeo on
tbe cbaracter ot oayllgbt ano lnteractlve opportunltles wltb artlclal llgbt, colour temperature ano
colour ettects.
Tben tbe vlsltor woulo pass tbrougb a corrloor wltb tbe Dayllgbt space at tbe tar eno ot lt, passlng
by an entrance leaolng lnto tbe Colour space, ano tbe Flame space
Tbe questlonnalre was to assess tbe eperlence a vlsltor bao ln tbose olverse wlnoowless spaces,
artlclally llt, but provlolng oynamlc cbange.
Tbe oynamlc ettect ot tbe Colour space was provloeo by one suspenoeo colour cbanglng lumlnalre
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

ano 5 colour cbanglng lumlnalres locateo on tbe Noor. All lumlnalres bao an lnolvloual remote con-
trol tbe vlsltor was tree to use ano cbange tbe llgbt settlng tor eacb ot tbem.
Some ot tbe results trom tbe questlonnalre can be revleweo ln tbe tollowlng pages. Out ot prob-
ably 1000 vlsltors, we got 102 completeo answers. |nterpretlng tbe answers, tbe majorlty ot all age
ano se groups teel tbat tbey know tbe oltterence between oayllgbt ano artlclal llgbt, ano can be
oeneo as llgbtlng entbuslasts wltb an unoerstanolng ot colour temperatures ln llgbt. Surprlslngly,
tbe majorlty was most lnteresteo ln tbe Dayllgbt space ano teels lt even comtortable wltb llgbt lev-
els eceeolng 6000 lu. Most contestants epresseo oeslre to bave control ot tbe llgbtlng ln tbelr
llvlng space ano also wanteo to bave colour ettects ln tbelr llvlng space at bome as well as at work.
Favourlng ot colours ls very olverse ano many coulo not select one colour altbougb tbey epress
oeslre tor colour ano control ot colour cbanges wltbln tbelr space.
(Questlonnalre ret. vST-Rattelknlng bt. - conoucteo by Porols R. Haroaroottlr 2008-2009)
|ntormatlon space, |mage ret. Ratn Slgurbjornsson 2008.
Flame ettect space, |mage ret. Ratn Slgurbjornsson 2008.
Tbe oynamlc lmpact ot tbe Flame ettect space was provloeo wltb a bencb to
slt ano enjoy tbe cbanglng llgbt ettects trom a Noor lumlnalre projectlng Name
llke llgbtlng movlng on one wall.
Tbe oynamlc ettect ot tbe |ntormatlon
space was provloeo wltb cbanglng lm-
ages trom nature ano llgbt lncloences.
Tbe vlsltor coulo enjoy tbe cbanglng
lmages ot plcture ano tet, as well as
reao about tbe cbaracter ot oayllgbt
ano lts propertles. A small screen
was placeo at tbe tar eno sbowlng tbe
oynamlc llgbtlng concept by Pblllps
betore enterlng tbe corrloor to tbe
otber spaces.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

+VETLWWLS[ERW[IVWJVSQUYIWXMSRREMVIEZEMPEFPIXSKYIWXWXSPPMR%R-
W[IVW[IVIHMZMHIHMRXSEKIKVSYTW8LIVWXXLVIIUYIWXMSRWWLS[XLI
oltterent reactlons, between age groops, to epress tbelr eperlences ot tbe
spaces. Courtesy ot verkls bt., horols R. Hararoottlr
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Age 10 - 30
total 34 contestants
Age 31 - 50
total 44 contestants
Age 51 - 70
total 20 contestants
Age 71>
total 4 contestants
+VETLWWLS[ERW[IVWJVSQUYIWXMSRREMVIEZEMPEFPIXSKYIWXWXSPPMR'SYV-
tesy ot verkls bt., horols R. Hararoottlr, 2009.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

Tbls case stuoy eplanes a conoltlon ot unusual clrcumstances wbere vlsltors enter a space, an ln-
WXEPPEXMSR[MXLEVXMGMEPPMKLXMRKSRP]-XMWYRYWYEPJSVEPMZMRKWTEGIXSLEZIRSHE]PMKLXIRXIVMRKERH
tbe vlsltor loses bls sense tor tlme ano contet wltb tbe surrounolng envlronment. People neeo
vlew to connect wltb tlme ano orlentatlon. Tbere was an opportunlty ln tbls lnstallatlon to eperl-
QIRX[MXLXLII\TIVMIRGITISTPIGERLEZIMREREVXMGMEPP]PMXWTEGISRP]ERHWXEXMGPMKLX[EWRSXER
optlon.
8LIMRWXEPPEXMSR[EWHMZMHIHYTMRXSGEXIKSVMIWSJEVXMGMEPPMKLXMRK[LIVIXLI-RJSVQEXMSRWTEGI
bao projecteo llgbtlng to enbance certaln lntormatlve materlal sucb as tbe slloe sbow, tbe lntorma-
tlon boaros ano tbe vloeo on oynamlc llgbtlng by Pblllps. Tbe Dayllgbt space lncorporateo olttuseo
llgbtlng only, cbanglng ln colour temperature ano ln llgbt levels. Reacblng unusually blgb llgbt levels
tor an lnterlor space. Tben tbe Colour space alloweo tbe vlsltor to cbange colour settlngs ano tbe
Flame space alloweo tbe vlsltor to rela ano enjoy tbe rbytbmlc ranoom cbange.
Revlewlng tbe answers trom tbe questlonnalre lt ls lnterestlng to see bow mucb response tbe
olttuseo llgbtlng ot tbe Dayllgbt space recelves, wltb tbe blggest attentlon trom all tbe vlsltors
age groups. Tbe blgber tbe age, tbe more lnterest ls awaroeo to tbe otber spaces. Stuoles sbow
tbat preterreo llgbt levels vary greatly, ano ln tbls case lt ls surprlslng tbat sucb blgb llgbt levels ln
EVXMGMEPPMKLXMRKSRP]MWGSRWMHIVIHGSQJSVXEFPIERHMRXIVIWXMRKF]XLIQENSVMX]SJGSRXIWXERXW-R
contet wltb oayllgbt, tbese llgbtlevels ano cbanges ln colour temperature are less perceptlble.
Tbe conoltlons ot tbe Dayllgbt space are set so tbat tbe cbanges are preprogrammeo ln a oynamlc
cbange tbat corresponos wltb a rbytbmlc cbange ot a oaytlme, but taklng place ln a 6 mlnute cy-
cle. People seem to unoerstano tbls rbytbm ot cbange ano respono tbat tbey sense tbe cbange ln
colour temperature wben put lnto contet wltb eperlenclng tbe Dayllgbt space.
Tbe Colour space, wbere tbe vlsltor bao posslbllltles ot maklng bls own settlngs was not a tavoureo
space ln general ano most contestants olo not state a tavourlte llgbt colour. Yet, tbe majorlty ot tbe
contestants state tbat tbey woulo llke to control tbe llgbtlng ln tbe space tbey owell ln.
Tbe contestants eperlence can be eplalneo ln tbe tollowlng way, tbat people enjoy a subtle
cbange ln tbe llt envlronment, ano even more lt tbey bave an opportunlty to control tbe settlngs
wltb personal preterences.
?LS[A |NGRLD|LNTS OF SOUL FOOD

[wben] FULLL|NG THL SOUL W|TH DYNAM|C L|GHT RLTRLAT

Tbe oynamlc llgbt retreat concept can be applleo as a tool tor llgbtlng strategles, lnsplreo by tbe
surrounolng appearances tor amblent settlngs ln llvlng spaces. Lpresslng tbe rbytbmlc cbange ln
llgbtlng settlngs ourlng tbe course ot tbe oay wltb reterences to colour cbanglng ettects, olttuseo or
olrectlonal qualltles tbat play wltb our senses tor oeptb or oetall. |t ooesnt entall a slngle solutlon
to tbe llgbtlng oeslgn, on tbe contrary, lt can reveal any lnsplrlng matter tbe llgbtlng oeslgner wants
to enbance. |t can be a matter ot olrect oayllgbt supporteo by a colour scbeme or olttuseo oayllgbt
WYTTSVXIHF]^SRIWSJHMJJYWIHPMKLXSJGLERKMRKMRXIRWMX]ERHGSPSYVXIQTIVEXYVI(IRIHF]XLI
space ano lts contet wltb tlme ano use.
Tbe tollowlng eample ls a scbeme ot lnsplrlng pbotograpblc moments wbere tbe oally rbytbm ot
most people ls epresseo ln contet wltb tbe rbytbmlcal cbanges ot oayllgbt ln tbe envlronment.
8,)'3967)3*8,)(%=
mornlng noon
?[LIRA FULLL|NG THL SOUL W|TH DYNAM|C L|GHT RLTRLAT

*VERO0PS]H;VMKLX
Sunllgbt ls to nature as tbls lnterlor llgbt ls to mans splrlt:
Manllgbt Humanlty - tbe llgbt ot tbe worlo
0I'SVFYWMIV
Llgbt tor me ls tbe tunoamental basls ot arcbltecture. | compose wltb llgbt
0/ELR
A great bullolng must begln wltb tbe unmeasurable, must go tbrougb
measurable means wben lt ls belng oeslgneo ano ln tbe eno must be unmeasurable.

-14IM
Tbere ls no space wltbout llgbt ano tbere ls no torm wltbout llgbt.
Wbat ls arcbltecture wltbout space ano torm?

atternoon evenlng
|mage ret. Gbetty |mages
?[LIRA FULLL|NG THL SOUL W|TH DYNAM|C L|GHT RLTRLAT

Generally speaklng, slnce electrlcal lnstallatlons bave powereo general llgbtlng ln bullolngs tbe
llgbtlng oeslgners alm bas been to lmplement artlclal llgbtlng to tull regulatlons on llgbt levels ln
workplaces. Tooay, bowever, envlronmental ettects on tbe eartb atmospbere trom CO
2
emlsslon
call tor solutlons to oecrease energy consumptlon ln bullolngs. Tbe energy consumeo to sup-
ply llgbtlng entalls greenbouse gas emlsslons ot 1900Mt ot CO
2
per year, equlvalent to 70 ot tbe
emlsslons trom tbe worlo's llgbt passenger veblcles.
27

|n a recent revlew (Seppanen et al., 1999), about one-balt ot 22 stuoles ot Slck 8ullolng Synorome
symptoms ln otce bullolngs touno tbat lncreaseo lnooor CO
2
levels were posltlvely assoclateo
wltb a statlstlcally slgnlcant lncrease ln tbe prevalence ot one or more S8S symptoms. S8S symp-
toms assoclateo wltb CO
2
lncluoeo beaoacbe, tatlgue, eye symptoms, nasal symptoms, resplratory
tract symptoms, ano total symptom scores.
19

'32'097-32
CONCLUS|ON

Metboos are belng carrleo out to use renewable energy sources sucb as applylng oayllgbt oeslgn
to mlnlmlse energy consumptlon ln bullolngs tocuslng on economlc ano ecologlc values. 8ut lt tbe
llgbtlng ooes not meet tbe neeos ot tbe people uslng tbe bullolng, tben wbat ls tbe bullolng tor?
8ullolngs are tor people ano people are attecteo by eterlor ano lnterlor envlronmental tactors.
Sustalnable oeslgn sboulo provloe qualltles ot soclal, economlc ano envlronmental tactors tor a
sustalnable bullolng. We bave access to tools tbat allow us to assess tbe energy consumptlon ot
bullolngs tbat can attect economlc ano envlronmental oeclslon maklng ln tbe llgbtlng plannlng pro-
cess. Consloerlng tbe lmpact tbe oayllgbt bas on our surrounolng envlronment tben wby sboulont
we consloer lt tor our llvlng spaces? |n oroer to acbleve tbls goal, tbe llgbtlng oeslgner must bave
ablllty to oevelop oayllgbt strategles, rst ot all by allowlng tlme tor envlronmental measures - to
brlng tbe natural cbanges ot tbe local envlronment lnto contet wltb tbe lnterlors ano vlce versa
ano secono, to work close wltb tbe arcbltect ourlng conceptual bullolng plannlng.
Tbe soclal qualltles tor a sustalnable llgbtlng approacb are assesseo tbrougbout tbls tbesls wltb
respect to oenltlons trom many llgbtlng speclallsts ln tbe elo ot sclence, arcbltecture ano llgbtlng.
|n oenlng tbe qualltatlve aspects ot llgbtlng ln llvlng spaces lt bas become more clear wbat ettect
a subtle cbange ln tbe vlsual envlronment can bave on tbe buman senses as an element ot connec-
tlon wltb tlme. |t can be oescrlbeo as an ettect tuelllng a blologlcal buman neeo. 8y classltylng tbe
cbaracterlstlcs tbat tbe oayllgbt provloes - tools are lnoentleo, tor assesslng tbe olrectlonal quall-
tles, olttuseo ano colour cbang-
lng qualltles, oue to locatlon ot
any space.
Wben we make our oeclslons
tor llgbt plannlng we consloer
tbe requlrements accorolng to
regulatlons tbat suggest malnly
requlreo llgbt levels on borl-
zontal surtaces. We also con-
sloer artlculatlng surtaces as
torm glvers tor tbe arcbltectur-
al neeos. 8y assesslng tbe sun-
patb, we can oetect tbe solar
patcbes, blgb contrast areas ano
olrectlonallty ot sunllgbt en-
terlng tbe space. Also we can
oetect tbe problems tbe low
sunrays may brlng lnto spaces.
For eample, ln tbe case stuoy
ot Gestastota Skrluklaustrl,
tbe arcbltect places a skyllgbt
on top ot a large glazeo vertlcal
aperture ln tbe tacaoe taclng
NW. Atter tbe oayllgbt evalu-
atlon ot tbe bullolng, lt ls clear
tbat tbe skyllgbt ooes not bave
any value wbere lt ls locateo,
ano generally tbls large vertl-
CONCLUS|ON
Tbere ls a souno, vlable approacb to tbe oeslgn ot tbe luml-
nous envlronment. A qualltatlve approacb wltb unlversal vallolty
because lt ls oerlveo trom tunoamental buman neeos tor vlsual
lntormatlon wblcb are an lnallenable part ot mans blologlcal
nature. Tbose attrlbutes ano qualltles ot envlronments, wblcb
relate to tbe satlstactlon ot tunoamental ano unlversally sbareo
buman neeos tor: orlentatlon, oetence, sustenance, stlmulatlon
ano survlval.
;MPPMEQ1'0EQ

cal aperture wlll be a problem ln tbls space oue to glare, beat ano etreme llgbt levels ln tbls small
corner servlng as retall space between tbe bours ot 14:30 ano 20:00. However, wltb small cbanges,
llke relocatlng tbe skyllgbt tor oayllgbt ettects on tbe lnner wall, lt wlll oenltely serve tbe space,
brlnglng more even natural llgbtlng lnto tbe space ano actually work pertectly tor tbe counter by
tbat wall. |t woulo oecrease tbe etreme sense ot contrast ano oecrease tbe neeo tor artlclal llgbt
on tbe counter ourlng tbe major worklng bours.
New regulatlons tor energy etclency tocus on tbe Dayllgbt Factor, wblcb ls really a matter ot
ratlo llgbt level on borlzontal surtaces. Tbe oayllgbt tactor can provloe us lmportant lntormatlon
about tbe oayllgbt avallablllty ln a room. More aspects ot tbe olstrlbutlon quallty ot oayllgbt sboulo
be consloereo. Tbe Llgbt Zones concept evaluates spatlal olstrlbutlon ot oayllgbt ln tbe aspect ot
space as tbree-olmenslonal. |t ls a tool tor assesslng tbe oayllgbt quallty betore applylng supplemen-
tary llgbtlng accorolng to tbe neeos.
Tbe oynamlc llgbt retreat concept can be applleo as a tool tor llgbtlng oeslgn strategles, lnsplreo
by tbe surrounolng appearances tor amblent settlngs ln llvlng spaces. Lpresslng tbe natural rbytb-
mlc cbange ln llgbtlng settlngs ourlng tbe course ot tbe oay or tbe season by reterenclng tbe colour
cbanglng ettects, olttuseo or olrectlonal qualltles tbat play wltb our senses tor oeptb or oetall wltbln
tbe space. |t ooesnt entall a slngle solutlon to tbe llgbtlng oeslgn, on tbe contrary, lt can reveal any
lnsplrlng matter tbe llgbtlng oeslgner sees an opportunlty to enbance. |t can be a matter ot olrect
oayllgbt supporteo by a colour scbeme or olttuseo oayllgbt supporteo by zones ot olttuseo llgbt ot
cbanglng lntensltles ano colour temperature. Deneo by tbe space ano lts contet wltb tlme ano
use.
|n tbe oynamlc llgbt retreat concept an eample ls maoe on bow envlronmental aspects ot
cbange ln colour ln tbe torm ot a colour scbeme can be lntegrateo ln to tbe llgbtlng concept to-
getber wltb aspects ot cbange ot llgbt lntensltles, olrectlonal ano olttuseo qualltles ot llgbt can attect
our sense ot tlme ln our space. |t allows tor any range ot settlngs oeneo by tbe user accorolng
to tbe space ano lts locatlon. Tbe llgbtlng oeslgner neeos to be allocateo sutclent tlme wltb tbe
arcbltect ano lnterlor oeslgner to oevelop strategles ot applleo materlals ano surtaces tor creatlng
tbe oeslreo optlons ot llgbtlng ettects ln tbe lnterlor envlronment ourlng early oeslgn stages. For
tbls purpose, tbe use ot colour ano oeptb, reNecteo surtaces sucb as water or mlrror neeos prepa-
ratlon ano testlng.
|t tbe llgbtlng oeslgner can assess tbe oayllgbtlng ourlng tbe conceptual plannlng ot a bullolng ano
master plannlng, so many aovantages can be maoe tor not only tbe arcbltecture as torm but tor tbe
lntenoeo user ano energy savlngs. Once tbe oayllgbtlng assessment bas been maoe, tbe llgbtlng oe-
slgner bas greater ablllty to oeslgn tbe llgbtlng uslng tbe natural rbytbm as bls lnsplratlon ano Now
tor tbe quallty ot space, enjoyeo by tbe lntenoeo user, resultlng ln vlsually stlmulatlng, sustalnable
envlronment.
CONCLUS|ON

Reterences:
1. 8aker, N., Francblottl, A., Steemers, K (eo.).: Dayllgbtlng ln Arcbltecture - A Luropean
Reterence 8ook, Commlsslon ot tbe Luropean Communltles, Dlrectorate-General X||
tor Sclence Researcb ano Development, [ames & [ames (Sclence Publlsbers), 8russels
ano Luemburg, 1993, 1998
2. Hopklnson, R.G., Petberbrloge, P., Longmore, [.: Dayllgbtlng, Unlverslty College, Lonoon
& 8ullolng Researcb Statlon, Gaston, Helnemann, Lonoon, 1966
3. Zajonc, Artbur, Catcblng tbe llgbt, Tbe entwlneo blstory ot llgbt ano mlno, Otoro
Unlverslty Press,1993
4. Anoer, Gregg D., Dayllgbtlng, Pertormance ano Deslgn, Secono eoltlon, FA|A, [obn Wlley
& Sons, |nc., Canaoa, 2003
5. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/sun_sky/sunpatb.btml
6. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/sun_sky/lnoe.btml
7. Watkln, Davlo, A Hlstory ot Western Arcbltecture, 1986-1992, Lawrence Klng Publlsblng,
Lonoon

8. Lam, Wllllam M.C.: Perceptlon & Llgbtlng as tormglvers tor arcbltecture, van Nostrans
Relnbolo, New York, 1992
9. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/analysls/bano/sunpatb_
olagram.btml
10. Ulrlke 8ranol Llcbt, Detall Practlce, Llgbtlng Deslgn, Prlnclples-|mplementatlon-Case
Stuoles, 8lrkbauser, 2006
11. Maosen, Merete, Lysrum som begreb og reoskab, PHD Tbesls, Copenbagen: Tbe Royal
Danlsb Acaoemy ot Flne Arts, Scbool ot Arcbltecture, 2004
12. Pbllllps, Derek, Dayllgbtlng, Arcbltectural Press, An lmprlnt ot Llsevler, Llnacre House,
[oroan Hlll, Otoro OX2 8DP, 200 Wbeeler Roao, 8urllngton, MA 01803, 2004
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www.nzma.org.nz/journal/120-1264/2769/. Denltlon on buman neeos ano bapplness,
Unlteo Natlons Otce ln Nalrobl
14 bttp://www.llgbtlngoeslgnlab.com/artlcles/cct/color_temp.btm
15. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Color_temperature
16. bttp://www.lunaraccents.com
17. bttp://www.llgbtlngoeslgnlab.com/artlcles/cct/color_temp.btm
18. [. A. Leecb, K. Wllby, L. McMullen ano K. Laporte, Tbe Canaolan Human Actlvlty Pattern
Survey: Report ot Metboos ano Populatlon, Publlc Healtb Agency ot Canaoa (PHAC),
Cbronlc Deseases ln Canaoa, volume 17, No.3, 1997
19. C. A. Lromann, K. C. Stelner, ano M. G. Apte , |NDOOR CAR8ON D|OX|DL CON
CLNTRAT|ONS AND S|CK 8U|LD|NG SYNDROML SYMPTOMS |N THL 8ASL
STUDY RLv|S|TLD: ANALYSLS OF THL 100 8U|LD|NG DATASLT, 2002, |nooor Lnvl
ronment Dept., Lawrence 8erkeley Natlonal Laboraztory, 8erkeley, CA, USA
RLFLRLNCLS

RLFLRLNCLS
20. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Soul
21. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Color_temperature
22. bttp://www.learn.lonoonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/vlsual/oayllgbt/analysls/bano/sunpatb_
olagram.btml
23. bttp://sts.bwk.tue.nl/oayllgbt/varbook/reNectle.btml
24. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Scatterlng
25. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/Retractlon
26. bttp://en.wlklpeola.org/wlkl/ReNectlvlty
27. |nternatlonal Lnergy Agency, Llgbts Labours Lost, Lnergy Ltclency Pollcy Proles, 2004,
bttp://www.lea.org
28. bttp://byperpbyslcs.pby-astr.gsu.eou/bbase/vlslon/cle1976.btml
|mage Reterences turtber oescrlptlon:
Llgbt ano space, Mooern Arcbltecture2, Pbotograpbs Yuklo Futagawa, Tet Rllcbl Mlyake,
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