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PSYCHOLOGY AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

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BYBYKAMLESH SINGH

PSYCHOLOGY

The word (psychology)comes from the Greek` psyche` which translate as soul or Breath and logos, which means the study or investigation of something(as in biology or physiology).

PSYCHOLOGY
study of soul study of mind study of consciousness study of behavior

PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology came into being through its roots in philosophy and the natural sciences (biology) Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mind How people act, think and feel. Psychology is the science of behavior and cognitive processes.

SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
SCHOOL FOUNDER DESCRIPTION The analysis of mental structures Functions of conscious experiences Observable Behavior Unconscious of behavior determinants Each person`s unique self, & capacity of growth Form or configuration

Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Humanistic

E.B.Titchener

William James Watson,Skinner Freud Roger,Maslow

Gestalt Wertheimer et.al. Psychology

Cognitive &Social Learning: Behaviourism Thinking Process Normal Behaviour *Abnormal Behaviour Type and Traits theorists *Methodology
Psychotherapies

-Learnt Behaviour

Psychoanalysis & Psychodynemic Unconscious mind

Humanistic Approach Free Will

Eclectic Approach

MAJOR PERSPECTIVES OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

Cognitive Structuralism

Psychology

Developmental

MAJOR SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY Clinical psychology

Counseling psychology Developmental psychology Educational psychology Experimental psychology Cognitive psychology Industrial/Organization psychology Psychobiology and Evolutionary psychology Social psychology Environmental psychology Personality psychology

21st CENTURY PSYCHOLOGY

Cognitive Neuroscience Evolutionary Psychology Cultural Psychology Positive Psychology

Methods of psychological research

Experimental Method Field Experimental Method Observation Method Survey Methods Case Study Method Psychological Testing

Positive Psychology
Despite a lack of empirical evidence behind their work, psychologists, several humanistic psychologists, mainly, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers, developed successful theories and practices Rogers, that involved human happiness. Positive Psychology is the scientific study of optimal human functioning. Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness. Positive Psychology has three central concerns: positive emotions, positive individual traits, and positive institutions. The field of positive psychology at the subjective level is wellabout valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past): hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present )

-At

the individual level, it is about positive individual traits - At the group level, it is about the civic virtues and institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship . .

Importance of the Positive Psychology Perspective

Anger 5,584 Anxiety 41,416 Depression 54,040 Joy 415 Happiness1,710 Life Satisfaction 2582

Myres (2004) did meta-analysis and reported that Since 1887, Psychological Myres metaAbstracts has included approximately, 13 times more studies on Negative emotions anger, 10,735 anxiety, 70,845 depression 86,767 joy (1161) life satisfaction (7949) happiness (3938)

Psychological Abstracts(1967-2000) Abstracts(1967-

This is about 21/1 ratio and 13/1 ratio But it reflects realityrealityDepression 10 times higher today than1960 Mean age14.5 years and 29.5 years in1960 80% of Harvard students depressed at least once last year,45% of college students nationwide depressed; 94% overwhelmed (Kadison, 2005) (Kadison, Well established fields of study for assisting disorders, negative affects like abnormal Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry etc. but not for positive affects & positive personality factors.

Disease Model Neurosis, anger, anxiety, depression, psychosis Focus on weaknesses Avoiding pain Overcoming deficiencies Running from unhappiness Tensionless as ideal Neutral state (0) as ceiling

Health Model Wellbeing, satisfaction, joy excitement, happiness Focus on strengths Seeking pleasure Building competencies Pursuing happiness Creative tension as ideal No ceiling

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Seligman`s APA presidentship

Seligman (2003) observes that "Before World War II, psychology had three distinct missions: -to cure mental illness. - to make everyone's lives happier and more productive and fulfilling... - The third was to identify and nurture high talent and genius" Seligman stated, The notion of a Positive Psychology movement began at a moment in
time a few months after I had been elected President of the American Psychological Association. It took place in my garden while I was weeding with my five-year old daughter, Nikki. I have to confess that even though I write books about children, I'm really not all that good with them. I am goal-oriented and time-urgent and when I'm weeding in the garden, I'm actually trying to get the weeding done Nikki, however, was throwing weeds into the air and dancing around. I yelled at her. She walked away, came back, and said, "Daddy, I want to talk to you." "Yes, Nikki?" "Daddy, do you remember before my fifth birthday? From the time I was three to the time I was five, I was a whiner. I whined every day. When I turned five, I decided not to whine anymore. That was the hardest thing I've ever done. And if I can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch."

Main objectives of this field

Identifying, amplifying and concentrating on the strengths need to measure reliably and validly these strength. Develop and test interventions to build these strengths --- (UNDSM-1 Instead of DSM IV) (UNDSM---(EVT-empirically validated therapies) ---(EVTHealing what is weak and nurturing what is strong.

The development of the Character Strengths and Virtues (CSV) handbook represents the first attempt on the part of the research community to identify and classify the positive psychological traits of human beings. Peterson Christopher and Seligman Martin E.P (2004)

1.Wisdom and Knowledge Cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge Creativity [originality, ingenuity]: Thinking of novel and productive ways to conceptualize and do things; includes artistic achievement but is not limited to it Curiosity [interest, novelty-seeking, openness to experience]: Taking an noveltyinterest in ongoing experience for its own sake; finding subjects and topics fascinating; exploring and discovering Judgment & Open-Mindedness [critical thinking]: Thinking things through Openand examining them from all sides; not jumping to conclusions; being able to change one's mind in light of evidence; weighing all evidence fairly Love of Learning: Mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge, whether on one's own or formally; obviously related to the strength of curiosity but goes beyond it to describe the tendency to add systematically to what one knows Perspective [wisdom]: Being able to provide wise counsel to others; having ways of looking at the world that make sense to oneself and to other people

2.Courage Emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal Bravery [valor]: Not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty, or pain; speaking up for what is right even if there is opposition; acting on convictions even if unpopular; includes physical bravery but is not limited to it Perseverance [persistence, industriousness]: Finishing what one industriousness]: starts; persisting in a course of action in spite of obstacles; getting it out the door; taking pleasure in completing tasks Honesty [authenticity, integrity]: Speaking the truth but more integrity]: broadly presenting oneself in a genuine way and acting in a sincere way; being without pretense; taking responsibility for one's feelings and actions Zest [vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, energy]: Approaching life with excitement and energy; not doing things halfway or halfheartedly; living life as an adventure; feeling alive and activated

3. Humanity - Interpersonal strengths that involve tending and befriending others Capacity to Love and Be Loved: Valuing close relations with others, in particular those in which sharing and caring are reciprocated; being close to people Kindness [generosity, nurturance, care, compassion, altruistic love, "niceness"]: Doing favors and good "niceness"]: deeds for others; helping them; taking care of them Social Intelligence [emotional intelligence, personal intelligence]: Being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and oneself; knowing what to do to fit into different social situations; knowing what makes other people tick

4. Justice

- Civic strengths that underlie healthy community life Teamwork [citizenship, social responsibility, loyalty]: Working well as a member of a group or team; being loyal to the group; doing one's share Fairness: Treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice; not letting personal feelings bias decisions about others; giving everyone a fair chance. Leadership: Encouraging a group of which one is a member to get things done and at the same time maintain good relations within the group; organizing group activities and seeing that they happen.

5.Temperance Strengths that protect against excess Forgiveness & Mercy: Forgiving those who have done wrong; accepting the shortcomings of others; giving people a second chance; not being vengeful Modesty & Humility: Letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves; not regarding oneself as more special than one is Prudence: Being careful about one's choices; not taking undue risks; not saying or doing things that might later be regretted Self-Regulation [self-control]: Regulating what one feels and does; being disciplined; controlling one's appetites and emotions

6. Transcendence - Strengths that create connections to the larger

universe and provide meaning

Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence [awe, wonder, elevation]: Noticing and appreciating beauty, excellence, and/or skilled performance in various domains of life, from nature to art to mathematics to science to everyday experience Gratitude: Being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen; taking time to express thanks Hope [optimism, future-mindedness, future orientation]: Expecting the best futurein the future and working to achieve it; believing that a good future is something that can be brought about Humor [playfulness]: Liking to laugh and tease; bringing smiles to other people; seeing the light side; making (not necessarily telling) jokes Religiousness & Spirituality [faith, purpose]: Having coherent beliefs about purpose]: the higher purpose and meaning of the universe; knowing where one fits within the larger scheme; having beliefs about the meaning of life that shape conduct and provide comfort

Positive Psychology is the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. This field is found on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of daily activities.

Books Available with me : 1. Handbook of Positive Psychology: C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (2005) 2. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification: Peterson Christopher and Seligman Martin E.P (2004) 3. Positive Psychology- The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths : Snyder C.R., Lopez S.J. , Pedrotti J.T. (2011) 4. Positive Psychology in Practice : Linley P.A. , Joseph S. (2004) 5. Positive Psychological Assessment - A Handbook of Models and Measures Lopez S.J. , Snyder C.R. (2003) 6. Applied Positive Psychology - Donaldson S.I. , Csikszentmihalyi M. , Nakamura J. (2011) 7. A Life Worth Living: Contributions to Positive Psychology: Csikszentmihalyi M. , Csikszentmihalyi I.S. (2006) 8. Positive Psychology - The Science of happiness and human strengths: Carr A. (2004) 9. Culture and Well Being: Diener Ed. (2009) 10. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life: Martin Seligman(1998) Note: ( You can borrow books if you are interested to study some of them)