Tribology International 36 (2003) 903920 www.elsevier.

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Study of hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system considering combined inuence of thermal and elastic effects
Satish C. Sharma a,, Vijay Kumar b, S.C. Jain a, T. Nagaraju c
a

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India b Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India c P E S College of Engineering, Mandya 571 401, India Received 12 June 2002; received in revised form 18 November 2002; accepted 7 April 2003

Abstract A theoretical model is developed to study the performance of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system by considering variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant in the analysis. The deformation of bush due to uid-lm pressure and temperature has been considered to establish the modied uid-lm prole. The journal temperature is computed on the basis of the uidlm temperature. The relevant governing equations have been solved using the nite element method and a suitable iterative technique. The thermoelastohydrostatic performance of an orice compensated symmetric and asymmetric hole-entry hybrid journal bearing congurations has been studied for the chosen bearing operating and geometric parameters. The results presented in the study indicate that the variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant uid-lm have a quite appreciable inuence on the static and dynamic performance of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hybrid journal bearing; Thermoelastohydrostatic; Hole entry; Orice

1. Introduction In recent times, a considerable amount of research has been carried out in the area of hybrid journal bearings. This is mainly due to the fact that these bearings provide accuracy of positioning, absence of wear, have large values of direct uid-lm stiffness and damping coefcients so as to help in control of critical speeds and attenuation of undesirable vibration. In a conventional multi-recessed journal bearing system, the recesses occupy a large portion of land area, thereby less hydrodynamic action is generated when the bearing operates under high speed. To utilize both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic actions in a more efcient way, the nonrecessed journal bearings were developed. The holeentry hybrid journal bearing congurations have found increased engineering applications such as in high-speed

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-01332-285603; fax: +9101332-273560. E-mail address: sshmefme@iitr.ernet.in (S.C. Sharma).

turbo-machinery, machine tool spindles, precision grinding spindles, liquid rocket pumps etc. due to their ability to provide superior performance and relative easy in manufacturing as compared to conventional recessed journal bearings. The geometry of hole-entry journal bearing congurations is shown in Fig. 1. Due to rapid technological developments, the bearings are often required to operate under more stringent and severe operating conditions. Worldwide bearing designers are concentrating their research efforts to establish reliable design data so that the bearings operate quite satisfactorily under the given operating conditions. When the uid-lm bearings operate under high speed, heat is generated within the oil lm due to shearing of the lubricant and temperature rise of the lubricant uidlm and the bearing surface takes place. This in turn causes signicant reduction of the viscosity of the lubricant, and the bearing operates at a lower value of minimum uid-lm thickness. Thus, the ow eld of the lubricant becomes distorted and the bearing performance is affected. Further, it has also been realized that the hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system undergoes elas-

0301-679X/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00074-4

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Nomenclature ab A c cp D e E F h h b, h J H k k b, k J L N n O p Q r R t tb T u, v, w W XJ, ZJ X, Y, Z x y z ab , aJ x,y,,z m wJ wth r , Axial land width, mm Area, mm2 Radial clearance, mm Specic heat, W.mm 2.K 1 Journal diameter, mm Journal eccentricity, mm Elastic modulus, N.mm 2 Fluid-lm reaction, N Fluid-lm thickness, mm Heat transfer coefcient of bearing and journal, W.mm 2.K 1 Heat ow, W Number of rows of holes Thermal conductivity of bearing and journal, W.mm 1.K 1 Length, mm Journal speed, rpm Number of nodes, holes Geometric center Pressure, N.mm 2 Lubricant ow, mm3.s 1 Radial coordinate Radius, mm Time, s Thickness of bearing shell, mm Temperature, K Fluid velocity components in the X, Y, Z directions, respectively, mm.s External load, N Journal center coordinate Cartesian coordinate system Circumferential coordinate Axial coordinate Coordinate along uid-lm thickness Linear coefcient of thermal expansion of bearing and journal, K 1 Deformations in the x, y and z directions respectively, mm Lubricant viscosity, Pa.s Journal rotational speed, s 1 Threshold speed, s 1 Density, kg.mm 3 Solution domains

Non-dimensional parameters ab c Cd Cij Cs2 Cij = ab / L = c / RJ Deformation coefcient, psRJ Ebc c3 , (i,j = x,z) mrR4 J

Fluid-lm damping coefcients=Cij Restrictor design parameter 1 3p D2 mr yd 2 1/2 ori = 12 c3 r ps

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Ct De F h, hmin b,kJ k p Pe Q r Sij t b t T u,v w W z a,b b dx,y,z l n m

s

Thermal deformation coefcient = Dissipation number = 1 psR2 J = (h, hmin) / c = (kb,kJ) / kr = p / ps =F Inverse Peclet number= =Q r / RJ m c ps
3

mr rfcpf

abTrRJ c c2ps RJ mrRJ c2Tr

kr rfcpf

mrRJ RJ c 2p s c 2

Fluid-lm stiffness coefcients = Sij =t

c , (i,j = x,z) psR2 J

c2ps mrR2 J = tb / RJ = T / Tr mrRJ = (u,v) 2 c ps mrRJ RJ =w 2 c ps c W = psR2 J = z/h = (x,y) / RJ Concentric design pressure ratio, p / ps = dx,x,z / RJ Eccentricity ratio, e / c Aspect ratio, L / D Poissons ratio = m / mr mR2 J Speed parameter, wJ 2 c ps

Matrices and vectors [AT] ] [B [BT] [C] [D] ] [F {F } {FT} {HT} System thermal stiffness matrix for uid domain Strain matrix Nodal thermal load vector for uid domain Fluid-lm damping coefcient matrix Elasticity matrix Fluidity matrix System traction force vector System thermal load vector Nodal heat ow vector

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[K] System stiffness matrix for 3-D elastic eld System thermal stiffness matrix for solid (bush) domain [KT] System thermal stiffness matrix due to convection term for solid domain [Kh] {p} Nodal pressure vector {Q} Nodal ow vector x ,Rz } Nodal RHS vectors due to journal center velocity {R J J {RH} Column vector due to hydrodynamic terms ] [S Fluid-lm stiffness coefcient matrix Nodal uid-lm temperature vector {Tf} Nodal bush temperature vector {Tb} } {d Nodal displacement vector

Subscripts and superscripts Non-dimensional parameter Bearing shell or bush Concentric operation condition Fluid lm Journal Steady state condition Reference value First derivative

b f J o r

Abbreviations EHS IHS TEHS THS Elastohydrostatic Isothermal hydrostatic Thermoelastohydrostatic Thermohydrostatic

tic deformation when operating under heavy loads. The bearing deformations are generally of the order of the magnitude of uid-lm thickness and thus the uid lm prole is modied and the performance of a bearing system is changed. Furthermore, an increase in lubricant uid-lm temperature may also induce thermal deformation. These further cause changes in the lubricant ow eld. Therefore, the studies carried out with the isoviscous and rigid bush assumptions may not be appropriate for an accurate prediction of the performance of the holeentry hybrid journal bearing system. In order to predict the bearing performance more accurately and realistically, it becomes imperative to consider the generation of frictional heat in the lubricant uid-lm and its removal by convection in the uid-lm and also by conduction through the journal and walls of the bearing surfaces. In the following paragraphs some recent studies related to the hole-entry journal bearing systems are reviewed. Signicant progress has been made in the area of holeentry hybrid journal bearing systems during the last few

years [4,8,1115]. Notable among these are the study by Rowe et al. [11] who demonstrated that the hole-entry bearings are particularly effective when compared with other bearing congurations for better load support and low energy consumption at zero as well as for highspeed operations. A comprehensive review vis a vis the development of hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearing systems has been presented by Rowe [12]. The studies by Sharma et al. [13,14] investigated the performance characteristics of hole-entry journal bearing compensated by orice and capillary restrictors by considering bearing exibility. Very recently a comparative study of the performance of compensated hole-entry journal bearing and slot-entry journal bearing including bearing exibility has been reported by Sharma et al. [15] for the same geometric and operating conditions. Many studies related to the thermohydrodynamic analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearings have also been carried out and reported in the literature. Much progress has been made in the investigation of thermal effects dealing with the lubrication mechanism of uid-

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Fig. 1.

Hole-entry journal bearing system.

lm hydrodynamic bearings. In the following paragraphs some salient studies have been reviewed. Ferron et al. [3] simultaneously solved a generalized Reynolds equation along with energy and conduction equations to study the effect of variation of viscosity due to temperature. Mitsui [7] proposed an analytical method for determining the uid-lm temperature of a circular journal bearing by considering the effect of cavitation, mixing and recirculation of lubricant. The maximum bush temperature was found to increase considerably with an increase in speed and decrease in the clearance ratio. Sinhasan and Chandrawat [16] carried out a thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis of a two-axial-grooved journal bearing system. It was reported that the value of minimum uid-lm thickness reduces quite appreciably due to elastohydrodynamic (EHD) and thermal effects. It was further reported that the eccentricity ratio, attitude angle and side ow also changes with EHD and thermal effects. Vijayaraghvan and Brew in their studies [18,19] developed a numerical procedure to determine the thermohydrostatic performance of cavitating bearings. They presented a comparison of performance characteristics parameters and typical temperature distributions for different rates of viscosity variation with respect to temperature and pressure. Branagan and Barrett [1] observed

that an inclusion of cross lm viscosity variation in the solution of Reynolds equation is required for computing the shaft heat ux either into or out of a bearing. Recently, Pierre and Fillon [9] studied the inuence of geometric and operating parameters on the THD behavior of plain journal bearings. The inuence of the combined effects of thermal deformation, mass conserving cavitation and turbulent effects on the THD analysis of high speed heavily loaded journal bearings has been investigated by Zhang et al. [20]. Kucinschi et al. [6] and Piffeteau et al. [10] carried out a transient TEHD study on steadily loaded plain journal bearings and a connecting-rod big end bearing under dynamic loading. Very recently Zhang [21] carried out a TEHD analysis of a roughened journal bearing system operating with non-Newtonian lubricants. The available studies clearly indicate that the variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant uidlm affects the performance of uid-lm hydrodynamic journal bearings quite appreciably. A thorough review of the literature concerning the hole-entry hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearings reveals that the majority of the studies have been carried out by neglecting thermal effects in the analysis so as to obviate the mathematical complexity. To the best knowledge of

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authors no study has yet been reported for the case of hole-entry journal bearings, which considers the combined inuence of variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant and bearing exibility. Thus, the work presented in this paper is planned to study the performance of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system by considering the combined inuence of variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant and bearing exibility. The results presented in the study are expected to be useful to bearing designers.

journal due to temperature rise. The experimental study carried out by Dowson et al. [2] reported that the variation of journal temperature in the circumferential direction is negligible. Therefore, the journal is considered as an isothermal element of the bearing system. As the journal is assumed to be an axisymmetric body with uniform temperature, its thermal displacement is related to the linear thermal expansion coefcient and is expressed as [5] J dT aJTr 1 (T 1). c J (2)

2. Analysis The thermoelastohydrostatic (TEHS) analysis of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system involves a uid-lm thickness equation, Reynolds equation, a restrictor ow equation, the 3-D elasticity equation, the energy equation, a lubricant viscositytemperature equation and the heat conduction equation along with appropriate boundary conditions for the respective domains. These governing equations may be basically divided into two sub-categories as uid and solid domains as described in the following subsections. 2.1. Fluid domain The uid domain equations comprise of uid-lm thickness, Reynolds, viscositytemperature relation, restrictor ow and energy equations. 2.1.1. Fluid-lm thickness equation Fig. 1c shows the schematic representation of the uid-lm thickness prole of a hole-entry journal bearing system subjected to thermoelastic deformation of the bearing and thermal deformation of the journal. The nondimensional form of the uid-lm thickness equation for a rigid journal bearing system is expressed as: h h0 h where h0 is the uid-lm thickness of a rigid bearing system when the journal center is in the equilibrium position and is given as h0 1 XJcosa ZJsina where h is the perturbation on the uid-lm thickness due to dynamic conditions. For a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system undergoing elastic and thermal deformation, the modied uid-lm thickness (Fig. 1c) is expressed as [5] fb fb J h dp dT dT (1) h h0 fb fb where dp , dT are the values of dimensionless radial deformations in the bush due to uid-lm pressure and rise in bush temperature respectively at the uid-lm J bush interface and dT is the radial deformation of the

2.1.2. Reynolds equation Fig. 1 shows the geometric details of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. The uid-lm pressure is governed by Reynolds equation and for the ow of an incompressible lubricant in the clearance space of a journal bearing system it is expressed in non-dimensional form as [13,14]: 3 p h F2 s b b (3) F1 h 1 h a F0 t where F0, F1, and F2 are the non-dimensional viscosity functions dened as 3 p h F2 a a
1

F0 F1 and F2

1 dz 0m
1

z dz m 0 F1 z z dz. F0 0m
1

Using Galerkins orthogonality conditions and following the usual assembly procedure, the global system equation is derived [16] as X J {RxJ} (4) [F] {p} {Q} s {RH} Z J {RzJ}. 2.1.3. Viscositytemperature relationship In the present study, the non-dimensional viscosity (m) is assumed to be dependent on the lubricant uidlm temperature and is dened by the relation [16,17] m m mr 1 exp a1 Tf 273.12 / Tr 1 . 273.12 / Tr (5)

2.1.4. Restrictor ow equation The equation for the ow of lubricant (QR) through an orice restrictor in non-dimensional form is expressed [13,15] as:

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QR

Cs2(1 pc)1/2.

(6)

CTi

e P

2.1.5. Boundary conditions for lubricant ow eld equation The boundary conditions used for the solution of lubricant ow eld are dened below: 1. nodes situated on the external boundary of the bearing have zero pressure pb=
1.0

Tf Nid e. e z

2.2. Solid domain The 3-D elasticity equation and heat conduction equations make the solid domain. 2.2.1. Elastic deformation eld For the thermoelastic deformation analysis of the bearing shell, 3-D elasticity equations are solved. In general, the bearing shell is considered to be a 3-D cylindrical structure of nite length enclosed in a housing. Using the linear elasticity equation, the virtual work principle and nite element formulation, the system equation governing the deformation in an elastic continuum is derived. The radial component at the uid-lm bush interface is required to be computed for the modication of uid lm thickness. Generally, in practical conditions the rigidity of the journal is greater than that of the bush and hence deformation in the journal due to uid-lm pressure has been neglected in the present study. The global system equation for the discretized elastic continuum is derived as [16]: (9) [K] {d} Cd{F } Ct{FT}. The expressions of the above matrices for an eth element are expressed as: [K]e {F }e
e

0.0

2. nodes on a hole have equal pressure; 3. at the trailing edge of the positive region p p a 0.0.

2.1.6. Energy equation The temperature Tf in the lubricant uid-lm is obtained by solving the 3-D energy equation. The energy equation in non-dimensional form is expressed as [16]: Tf h2 u a De m v Tf b
2

w Tf . h z v z
2

e P

2Tf z2

(7)

u z

where u, v and w are the non-dimensional velocity e components. P and De are the inverse Peclet and Dissipation numbers, respectively. For the thermal analysis, the entire lubricant ow eld is discretized using eight-noded hexahedral linear isoparametric elements. The 3-D nite element grid is made compatible with the 2-D grid used to solve Reynolds equation along the remaining two directions (i.e. circumferential and axial). Using Galerkins method the following system equation is derived: [AT] {Tf} {BT} {CT}. (8)

BT D B r d NTp r d
e

{FT}e

BT D e0 r d

The elements of matrices for an eth element are expressed as T Ae ij N j Nih2 u a

e

Nj b

w Nj . h z

2.2.2. Boundary conditions for the elastic eld The bearing shell is considered to be a 3-D cylindrical structure of nite length enclosed in a rigid housing. Therefore, the displacement of the nodes on the bush housing interface is assumed to be zero. (10) {d} { 0 0 0 }T. 2.2.3. Heat conduction equation The heat conduction equation is required to be solved so as to establish the uidbush interface temperature. In cylindrical co-ordinates, the heat conduction equation is expressed as [3,16] 1 Tb k br r r r 1 Tb kb 2 r a a r Tb kb b b 0. (11)

N N i j d Pe z z B
e Ti

ne e

De
ne e

mf
j 2 1

Nj e .u z j Nid
e

Nj e .v z j

The bush is discretized using eight-noded hexahedral

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isoparametric elements for the thermal analysis. The grid is made compatible with the one used for lubrication, thermal analysis of the uid domain and elastic and thermal deformation analysis of the bush. Using Galerkins technique and the usual assembly procedure, the following global system equation is obtained: {HT} (12a) [ [KT] [Kh] ] {Tb} The elements of matrices for an eth element are expressed as [KT]e [Kh]e {HT}
e
e

Tf|z=0

Tb|r=R1.

(14)

3. On the uidbush interface to maintain continuity of heat ux i.e. solid domain kb Tb | RJ r r=R1 kf Tf z |z=0. ch (15)

4. On the outer face of the housing (r = R2), the free convection and radiation hypothesis gives Tb | r r=R2 hbRJ (T | T ). kb b r=R2 a (16)

1 NiNj kb 2 r a a
e

NiNj b b

NiNj rd r r

hbNiNjd qNid .
e

5. On the lateral bearing faces (b = l), the free convection hypothesis is used which gives Tb | b r=R2 hbRJ (T | T ). kb b b=l a (17)

6. At the inlet of supply holes, Tb = Ts. 2.3. Solution procedure The present study makes use of an iterative numerical solution scheme to establish the uid-lm pressure and temperature elds in the lubricant uid-lm. The restrictor ow equation for an orice restrictor is nonlinear. The system equations are modied for the specied boundary conditions and are solved for the nodal pressure by using the Gaussian elimination technique. The modications for the continuity of ow for an orice restrictor make the system equation non-linear and therefore in the present work NewtonRaphson iterative method is used to solve the system equation. Fig. 2 shows the overall solution scheme used in the present study. The overall solution scheme mainly comprises of four modules namely Module-LUBRA, Module-ELAST, Module-ENRGY, and Module-CNDUC. In ModuleLUBRA, lubricant ow eld equation along with restrictor ow equation is solved to compute the uidlm pressures. Module-ELAST utilizes the uid-lm nodal pressures obtained earlier from Module-LUBRA and computes the nodal deformation of the bush due to thermoelastic effects. This converged solution of Module-LUBRA and Module-ELAST is used as an input for the Module-ENRGY for the solution of energy equation. The journal temperature is then computed from Eqs. (12b) and (12c) using the uid-lm temperatures obtained from the solution of energy equation. The energy equation is repeatedly solved after modifying for the boundary conditions at the uid-lm journal interface (Eq. (13)). The iterations are terminated when the index used for the termination of iteration for the journal temperature (ITJR) attains a value equal to unity. Module-CNDUC is used to compute the temperature in the bush. To establish the converged solution for the uid bush interface and bush surface temperature, energy and

Based on the experimental investigation of Dowson et al. [2], the temperature in the journal is assumed to be uniform in the circumferential direction, due to its rotation. The journal temperature is obtained by considering the journal in thermal equilibrium, which requires that the total heat ows to and from the journal are equal [16]. The amount of heat received by the journal is given by the heat ux continuity at the uidjournal interface and is expressed as
l 2p 0

qJi
l

kfRJ Tf z |z=1.0 da db. krch

(12b)

The free convective hypothesis at the two ends of the journal gives the amount of heat owing out of the journal. Assuming journal to be one dimensional heat ow element, the heat rejected through the two ends of the journal is given by qJo 2hJAJ (T T ) krRJ J a (12c)

where AJ is the heat ow area which is assumed to be equal to the cross sectional area of the journal. For the thermal equilibrium of the journal, the heat received by the journal is equal to the heat rejected by the journal (i.e. qJi = qJo), then the journal temperature (TJ) is obtained by equating Eqs. (12b) and (12c). 2.2.4. Thermal boundary conditions The thermal boundary conditions used for the solution of Eqs. (8) and (12) are expressed as: 1. Based on the heat ux continuity at the uidshaft interface (13) Tf|z=1 TJ. 2. Based on the heat ux continuity at the uidbush interface

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bearing operating and geometric parameters as shown in Table 1. The validity of the solution scheme used in the present work is checked in two stages. In the rst stage the results of the uid-lm reaction (Fo) for the case of an orice compensated hole-entry hydrostatic (symmetric conguration) journal bearing system with the available results of Rowe et al. [11]. Fig. 3 shows a good agreement between the results. In the second stage, the validity of the developed program for the thermal analysis portion has been carried out separately by computing the values of uid-lm reaction corresponding to different eccentricity ratios for the case of a plain hydrodynamic journal bearing by coupling the Modules LUBRA, ELAST, ENRGY and CNDUC. The computed results have been compared with the available experimental and theoretical results of Ferron et al. [3] in Fig. 3b. The results computed from the present work have been found to be quite close to those of Ferron et al. [3]. After establishing the uid-lm pressure distribution in the bearing clearance space the performance characteristics of a journal bearing system are computed. The variation of bearing performance characteristics parameters have been presented for IHS, THS, EHS and TEHS cases for the following non-dimensional paraTable 1 Bearing geometric and operating parameters [3,5,16] Fig. 2. Coupling of various modules. 1. Bearing geometric parameter Aspect ratio, l Land width ratio, ab / L Journal radius, RJ Bush external radius, R2 Radial clearance, c Bearing length, L Bush thickness, tb 2 Lubricant characteristics Specic heat, Cp Density, rf Thermal conductivity, kf Viscosity (at 40C), mf 3. Solid characteristics Expansion coefcient of bush, ab Expansion coefcient of journal, aJ Thermal conductivity of bush, kb Modulus of elasticity of bush, Eb Poissons ratio of bush, nb 4. Operating parameters Journal speed, N External load, Wo Supply pressure, ps Supply temperature, Ts Ambient temperature, Ta 5. Other parameters Convection heat transfer coefcient between bush and air, hb Thermal conductivity of air, ka Density of the air, ra Specic heat of air, cpa Viscosity of air, ma 1.0 0.25 50 mm 55 mm 0.05 mm 100 mm 5 mm 2000 J kg 1 K 1 860 kg m 3 0.125 W m 1 K 1 0.02636 Pa s 1710 6 K 1 1210 6 K 1 50 W m 1 K 0.524 N mm 0.357

conduction equations are solved simultaneously using the boundary conditions as shown in Eqs. (15) (17). When the value of index for the termination of iteration for the uidbush interface temperature (ITFB) becomes unity it indicates the convergence of the uidbush interface and bush surface temperature. Since the temperature distribution alters the uid-lm viscosity eld and new uid-lm pressure eld is obtained using ModuleLUBRA. The iterative procedure is repeated till the converged solution for the uid lm pressure eld (ITPR=1) is obtained.

1 2

3. Results and discussions The analysis and solution algorithms as described in previous sections have been utilized to compute the performance characteristics of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system by considering the effect of heat generated due to viscous shear effects. The thermal effects are accounted for by dening the non-dimensional para meters, i.e. inverse Peclet number (Pe ) and dissipation number (De). The representative values of inverse Peclet e (P = 0.0855) and dissipation (De = 0.13023) numbers are computed from the typical lubricant properties and

2500 rpm 22.4 kN 8.96106 N m 40C 40C 50 W m

2

0.025 W m 1 K 1 1.3 kg m 3 1005 J kg 1 K 1 0.002 Pa s

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Fig. 3.

(a) Load carrying capacity, (b) eccentricity ratio.

Fig. 4. Pressure distribution at = 0.5. (a) symmetric, (b) asymmetric congurations.

meters, which are generally, used for hole-entry hybrid journal bearing systems. l = 1.0, ab = 0.25, n = 12 (for symmetric conguration), n = 6 (for asymmetric conguration), s = 1.0, Wo = 1.5, Ct = 0.48, Pe = 0.0855 and De = 0.13023. The variation in bearing performance characteristics of a hole-entry journal bearing congurations against the various values of restrictor design parameter (Cs2) are shown in Figs. 4 12. 3.1. Fluid-lm pressure (p) distribution Fig. 4 depicts the variation of uid-lm pressure distribution in the circumferential direction for symmetric and asymmetric bearing congurations at axial midplane i.e. at b = 0.0. The pressure at axial mid-plane is found to be maximum at an angular location = 270 (Figs. 4a and b). For the thermohydrostatic (THS) case, the uid-lm pressures are reduced as compared to isothermalhydrostatic (IHS) case due to the reduction in

lubricant viscosity. For an asymmetric journal bearing conguration (Fig. 4b), the negative pressures are obtained between =30 70 for TEHS cases. This is an indication of uid-lm rupture and reformation at these values of a. For elastohydrostatic (EHS) case i.e. when bearing exibility is considered, the uid-lm pressures gets reduced as compared to isothermal (IHS) case. The pressure for EHS case is marginally reduced for the lowpressure zone i.e. a 330 30 . The reduction in the value of uid-lm pressure is attributed to elastic deformation of the bearing, which changes the uid-lm thickness prole. In the case of an asymmetric bearing conguration, the magnitude of the uid-lm pressure is less as compared to the pressure for the symmetric bearing conguration. This causes less deformation in the bearing and thus, the effect of bearing exibility is observed to be less as shown in Fig. 4b. The combined inuence of thermal and exibility effects further reduces the values of uid-lm pressures with respect to

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Fig. 5. Mid-lm temperature distribution: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

their corresponding values for IHS case for the chosen bearing operating and geometric parameters. As the uid-lm pressure distribution curves are observed to change for THS, EHS and TEHS cases w.r.t corresponding isothermal (IHS) case (Fig. 4). Thus, the performance characteristics of the bearing are expected to change when variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant and/or bearing exibility is considered. 3.2. Fluid-lm temperature (Tf) distribution The variation of uid-lm temperatures at axial mid plane ( = 0.0) and across the mid-lm (z = 0.5) is shown in Fig. 5. A maximum rise of about 1.425 (19C) and 1.475 (17C) is observed for symmetric and asymmetric bearing congurations respectively for TEHS case when Cd = 5.0. As observed in uid-lm pressure distribution curve for an asymmetric bearing conguration, the negaFig. 6. Minimum uid-lm thickness: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

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Fig. 8. Direct uid-lm stiffness coefcient: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

Fig. 7. Bearing ow: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

tive pressures are obtained for TEHS case for the values of a=3070 which indicates the occurrence of a cavitation region. The corresponding variation of uid-lm temperature for this region is reected in Fig. 5b, where the rise in temperature is very much less. Further, it may also be noted that the temperature rise is slightly more when bearing exibility is considered. For symmetric and asymmetric bearing congurations, a total of ca 4% change in temperature is observed along the circumfer ential direction for TEHS (Cd = 5.0) case as compared to the corresponding isothermal (IHS) case. 3.3. Minimum uid-lm thickness (hmin) As shown in Fig. 6a, the value of minimum uid-lm thickness (hmin) decreases as the value of Cs2 increases

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Fig. 9. Direct uid-lm stiffness coefcient: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

Fig. 10. Direct uid-lm damping coefcient: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

for the symmetric bearing conguration. Whereas an opposite trend is observed for an asymmetric journal bearing conguration as shown in Fig. 6b. This opposite behavior could be due to the positioning of the supply holes. As the supply holes are located around the lower half of the asymmetric journal bearing conguration, the journal lifts with an increase in the value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2). For a chosen value of Cs2, the value of minimum uid-lm thickness hmin reduces when the bearing exibility is considered. Further, it has been observed that the thermoelastic effect reduces the value of minimum uid-lm thickness considerably. Fig. 6 demonstrates that for a hole-entry journal bear ing system, a design value of hmin can be maintained even if bearing deforms and/or the viscosity of the lubri-

cant vary with temperature by choosing a suitable value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2) for an orice restrictor. As an illustrative example, consider the design value of the uid-lm thickness hmin to be equal to 0.72 as represented by a point P on the isothermal (IHS) curve. As the viscosity of the lubricant reduces due to rise in temperature, the journal will actually runs at higher eccentricity ratio thereby causing reduction in the value of hmin to 0.652 as indicated by a point A on the THS curve. Obviously such a reduction in the value of hmin is not desirable from the bearing designers point of view. In order to maintain the same value of hmin, the value of restrictor design parameter Cs2 (=0.088) as represented by a point B may be chosen. Similar adjust ment in the value of Cs2 can also be made when the reduction in the value of hmin from a point P to C

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Fig. 11. Direct uid-lm damping coefcient: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

appears on the EHS (Cd = 1.0) curve due to bearing exibility. The value of Cs2 (=0.118) given by a point D will allow the journal to maintain again the same value of hmin for this EHS (Cd = 1.0) case. Reduction in the value of hmin due to combined thermal and bearing exibility effects may be regained by choosing the value of restrictor design parameter Cs2 equal to 00.091 as indicated by a point F. 3.4. Bearing ow (Q) The variation of bearing ow is shown in Fig. 7. The bearing ow (Q) is directly related to restrictor design parameter (Cs2) and thus, the bearing ow is expected to increase with an increase in the value of Cs2. When the exibility of the bearing is considered, the value of Q is enhanced. This is due to the fact that for a exible bearing, the value of uid-lm pressure gradient along

Fig. 12. Threshold speed: (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric congurations.

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the circumferential direction is observed to reduce as Cd increases (Fig. 4). This in turn reduces the circumferential ow and increases the axial ow i.e. bearing ow (Q). The reduction in the viscosity of the lubricant due to temperature rise further increases the value of bearing ow (Q). A similar pattern is observed for both symmetric and asymmetric hole-entry journal bearing congurations. In Fig. 7, the lubricant ow requirement corresponding to the chosen value of restrictor design parameter Cs2 = 0.126 is found to increase from point P to A when thermal effects are considered i.e. for the THS case, from point P to B when bearing deformation is considered i.e. for EHS (Cd = 1.0) case and from point P to C when both thermal and bearing exibility effects are considered (TEHS,Cd = 1.0) case. It is interesting to note that the same amount of lubricant ow can be maintained by suitably selecting the values of restrictor design parameter Cs2 for THS, EHS and TEHS case indicated by points D, E, F on the respective curves. 3.5. Stiffness coefcients (Sxx,Szz) Figs. 8 and 9 show the variation in direct uid-lm stiffness coefcients (Sxx,Szz). The value of uid-lm stiffness coefcient Sxx is in general, reduced with an increase in the value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2) for symmetric and asymmetric congurations for all the cases studied (Fig. 8). For a symmetric hole-entry journal bearing conguration operating under isothermal conditions, there exists a value of restrictor design para meter (Cs2) for which the effect of bearing exibility on the value of direct uid-lm stiffness coefcients Sxx becomes opposite in nature. This value of Cs2 appears to be 0.1 for Cd = 1.0 and 0.12 for Cd = 5.0, respectively. Similar behavior is also observed from a thermal analysis, however the value of the restrictor design para meter Cs2 appears to be around 0.12 for Cd = 1.0 and 0.13 for Cd = 5.0, respectively. For an asymmetric holeentry journal bearing conguration, the value of direct uid-lm stiffness coefcient Sxx is found to increase under isothermal conditions (IHS and EHS) for a chosen value of restrictor design parameter as shown in Fig. 8b. In general, a combined inuence of variation of viscosity and bearing exibility reduces the value of Sxx for both the congurations studied. This is due to the fact that a signicant thermoelastic deformation exists in the bearing system which appreciably inuence the total uidlm thickness. In order to achieve maximum value of Sxx, for particular cases IHS/EHS and THS/TEHS, suit able values of Cs2 and Cd may be selected. Fig. 9 depicts the variation of direct uid-lm stiffness coefcient Szz in the vertical direction. The value of Szz is in general found to be more for isothermal (IHS)/EHS cases than that of corresponding thermal

(THS)/TEHS cases for both the congurations studied. Further, it may also be observed that the maximum value of Szz may be obtained by selecting a suitable value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2). The combined inuence of thermal and elastic effects further reduces the value of stiffness coefcient as shown in Figs. 9a and b. 3.6. Damping coefcients (Cxx,Czz) The effect of variation of viscosity due to temperature rise of the lubricant and bearing exibility on the uid lm damping coefcients (Cxx,Czz) is presented in Figs. 10 and 11. For the selected value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2), the value of direct uid-lm damping xx is found to decrease for a exible bearing. coefcient C It is further reduced when variation of viscosity is considered in the analysis as shown in Figs. 10a and b for symmetric and asymmetric bearing congurations, respectively. Fig. 11 presents the variation of normal damping coef cient Czz. The value of Czz is found to decrease due to the thermoelastic effect at a xed value of restrictor design parameter Cs2 for both the hole-entry congurations studied. 3.7. Threshold speed (wth) As depicted in Fig. 12, the stability threshold speed margin (wth) is found to increase with an increase in the value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2) for both the congurations and for all the cases. Further, the value of stability threshold speed margin is found to reduce due to the combined inuence of thermal and exibility effects for symmetric as well as asymmetric bearing con gurations. For the chosen values of Cd = 0.0, 1.0 and 5.0 of a journal bearing system, the stability threshold speed margin is found to reduce when the viscosity of the lubricant varies with rise in temperature. Fig. 12 also reveals that the prediction of stability threshold speed margin using the rigid bearing and isothermal condition assumption is unreliable. This is due to the fact that the journal may become unstable even at lower speeds in practice as the viscosity varies with temperature rise and/or bearing deformations occur. For the chosen value of Cs2 (=0.06), the stability threshold speed margin obtained from isothermal (IHS) case is found to reduce from point P to A ( for the THS case), to point B (for the EHS case with Cd = 1.0), to point C (TEHS case with Cd = 1.0), to point D (EHS case with Cd = 5.0). It is quite interesting to note that to compensate for this loss in stability threshold speed margin, an orice restrictor with suitable value of restrictor design para meter (Cs2) can be chosen as indicated by corresponding points E, F, G, H in Fig. 12a. From the viewpoint of the bearing designer, this is an important feature to be

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considered so that the journal bearing system maintains stable operation. To have a better physical insight into the combined inuence of thermal and elastic effects on the performance of a hole-entry hybrid journal bearing, the percentTable 2 Percentage change in static performance characteristics

age changes in a few selected bearing characteristic parameters with respect to the isothermal (IHS) case have also been presented in Tables 2 and 3. The percentage changes have also been presented in the form of bar charts for the sake of ready reference.

Symmetric hole-entry journal bearing; restrictor: orice e Wo = 1.5 Ct = 0.48 P = 0.0855 De = 0.13023 ab = 0.25 l = 1.0 s = 1.0 PCH Cs2 Cd = 0.0 IHS pmax 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 1.029 1.113 1.184 1.248 0.774 0.753 0.727 0.698 1.190 1.339 1.457 1.555 THS 0.880 0.937 0.973 0.993 0.720 0.703 0.681 0.654 1.285 1.469 1.621 1.749 %Diff 14.5 15.8 17.8 20.4 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.3 8.0 9.7 11.3 12.5 Cd = 1.0 EHS 0.989 1.067 1.131 1.187 0.760 0.740 0.716 0.688 1.220 1.384 1.517 1.627 %Diff 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.5 3.4 4.1 4.6 TEHS 0.854 0.914 0.955 0.981 0.728 0.714 0.697 0.672 1.330 1.537 1.712 1.861 %Diff 17.0 17.9 19.3 21.4 5.9 5.2 4.1 3.7 11.8 14.8 17.5 19.7 Cd = 5.0 EHS 0.881 0.942 0.994 1.037 0.678 0.657 0.634 0.609 1.314 1.530 1.716 1.880 %Diff 14.4 15.4 16.0 16.9 12.4 12.7 12.8 12.8 10.4 14.3 17.8 20.9 TEHS 0.808 0.865 0.908 0.941 0.639 0.619 0.600 0.579 1.396 1.646 1.869 2.067 %Diff 21.5 22.3 23.3 24.6 17.4 17.8 17.5 17.0 17.3 22.9 28.3 32.9

hmin

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Table 3 Percentage change in dynamic performance characteristics Symmetric hole-entry journal bearing; restrictor: orice e Wo = 1.5 Ct = 0.48 P = 0.0855 De = 0.13023 ab = 0.25 l = 1.0 s = 1.0 PCH Cs2 Cd = 0.0 IHS Szz 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 3.33 3.07 2.75 2.45 15.48 15.67 16.08 16.72 THS 2.92 2.74 2.48 2.21 11.71 11.90 12.28 12.92 %Diff 12.3 10.7 9.8 9.8 24.4 24.1 23.6 22.7 Cd = 1.0 EHS 3.21 3.00 2.71 2.42 14.35 14.37 14.60 15.06 %Diff 3.6 2.3 1.5 1.2 7.3 8.3 9.2 9.9 TEHS 2.77 2.66 2.46 2.22 10.51 10.55 10.73 11.09 %Diff 16.8 13.4 10.5 9.4 32.1 32.7 33.3 33.7 Cd = 5.0 EHS 2.78 2.70 2.54 2.34 11.21 10.83 10.64 10.60 %Diff 16.5 12.1 7.6 4.5 27.6 30.9 33.8 36.6 TEHS 2.43 2.40 2.30 2.15 8.71 8.47 8.33 8.31 %Diff 27.0 21.8 16.4 12.2 43.7 45.9 48.2 50.3

Czz

From Table 2, it may be observed that the reduction in the value of maximum pressure (pmax) for a symmetric hole-entry journal bearing conguration is found to be of the order of 24.6% for the TEHS (Cd = 5) case for restrictor design parameter (Cs2) value equal to 0.14. The maximum reduction in the value of hmin is of the order of 17% for the TEHS (Cd = 5) case for a symmetric hole-entry journal bearing for all the values of Cs2 considered in the study. The increase in the value of ow requirement (Q) is observed to be of the order of around 34% for the TEHS (Cd = 5) case. Table 3 indicates a maximum reduction of around 27% in the value of direct stiffness coefcient Szz for TEHS (Cd = 5) for symmetric bearing conguration. It may also be observed from this tables that the maximum reduction in the value of direct damping coefcient Czz is found to be for TEHS (Cd = 5) case and it is almost of the order of 50%.

4. Conclusions 1. It has been observed that for the typically chosen geometric and operating parameters of the bearing congurations (symmetric/asymmetric), the effect of temperatureviscosity variation of the lubricant is to increase the lubricant ow requirement of the journal bearing system for a specied Cd. An increase in the value of bearing exibility (Cd) further increases the ow requirement. For an orice compensated symmetric hole-entry hybrid journal bearing, the percentage increase in the value of Q is observed to be of the order of 31.8% for TEHS case (Cd = 5.0), at Wo = 1.0 and = 1.0. 2. At a constant value of external load (Wo) and for a chosen value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2), the value of minimum uid-lm thickness (hmin) is seen to reduce as the bearing exibility (Cd) increases. The

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effect of temperatureviscosity variation of the lubricant further lowers the value of minimum uid-lm thickness (hmin) for both symmetric and asymmetric hole-entry hybrid journal bearing congurations. The reduction in the value of hmin due to the combined inuence of thermal and bearing exibility effects can be regained by choosing a proper value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2). 3. The results of an orice compensated non-recessed hybrid journal bearing system indicates that the stability threshold speed margin determined by using a rigid bearing and isothermal condition assumption is inappropriate for the design of the hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. This is due to the fact that in practice the journal may become unstable even at lower speeds due to variation of viscosity with temperature rise of the lubricant and/or bearing deformation. It is quite interesting to note from this study that to partially compensate this loss in stability threshold speed margin, an orice restrictor with suitable value of restrictor design parameter (Cs2) may be chosen. From the bearing designers viewpoint, this feature may be considered to be important in the design process so that the journal bearing system maintains a stable operation.

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