GMAT Math Review I- Arithmetic Review 1. Number Categgories A number may be integer, rational, and irrational.

Integers are whole numbers and can be positive or negative and zero. Integers can be either odd or even. A rational Number is a number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Irrational numbers are real numbers but they cant be expressed precisely as a fraction or decimal. Digits are the ten integers 0 through 9 inclusuve of which other numbers are composed.

The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,.., 8, 9 are called one digit number. 142 1st digit (hundreds) 2
nd

is three digit number last digit (units)

digit (tens)

Distinct means different. The number 522 contains three digits (5,2, and 2) but only two distinct digits (5 and 2) Consecutive means following in order. (Consecutive Integers, Consecutive Odd, Consecutive Even, Counting Consecutive Integers) Operations with numbers Adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing signed numbers Number lines -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Remainders The remainder is the whole number left over after division. For example when 32 is divided by 5, the remainder will be 2. Factors The factors of an integer N, are the positive integers that divide N without remainder. For example the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Common Factor A number k is a common factor of two or more numbers, if k is a factor of all of them. 3 is a common factor of 12 and 21

 Greatest Common Factor A number k is the greatest common factor of a list of other numbers, if k is the maximum integer divides all of them. 15 is the greatest common factor of 45, 60, and 75. Prime Numbers A number is called prime number when it can be divided only by 1 and itself. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, .. are examples of prime numbers. Prime Products Every positive integer that is not itself a prime number can be expressed as the product of prime numbers. The prime product of 72 is 2 2 2 3 3 .

Prime factorization The prime factors of 72 are 2 and 3. Multiples A multiple of a number is evenly divisible by that number. Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, Common multiple A common multiple of two or more numbers is that one which is evenly divisible by all of these numbers. For example 6 and 8 has a common multiple of 48. Least Common Multiple (LCM) L.C.M. of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is common multiple of all of these numbers. It is the smallest positive integer that, can be divided by all of them. LCM of 12, 30, and 10 can be obtained as follow: 12 = 2 2 3 30 = 2 3 5 10 = 2 5 LCM = 2 2 3 5 = 60 Divisibility tests 2: An integer is divisible by 2, if its last digit is even. 3: An integer is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. 4: An integer is divisible by 4, if its last two digits are a number, which is divisible by 4. 5: An integer is divisible by 5, if its last digit is 5 or 0. 6: An integer is divisible by 6, if its last digit is even, and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. 8: An integer is divisible by 8, if its last three digits are a number, which is divisible by 8. 9: An integer is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. 10: An integer is divisible by 10, if its last digit is 0.

 Absolute value Absolute value of a number is the distance of that number from 0 on the number line.

A =A
1. If p is an odd integer, which of the following is an even integer? (A) p 2 (B) p2 (C) p2 2 (D) (p 2)2 (E) p2 p 2. If x is the sum of all prime factors of 76, and if y is the sum of all prime factors of 70, then x y = (A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11 (E) 17 3. A class of 60 students will sit in rows with the same number of student in each row. Each row must contain at least 2 students and there must be at least 2 rows. How many different arrangements are possible? (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10 (E) 12 4. How many of the factors of 72 are divisible by 6? (A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 9

5. By what amount is the sum of all factors of 72 greater than the sum of all factors of 60? (A) 12 (B) 27 (C) 31 (D) 33 (E) 42 6. If x is a prime number greater than 3, what is the remainder when x2 is divided by 8? (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5 7. If the remainder when a is divided by 5 is 2. What is the remainder when 3a is divided by 5? (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 6

2.4 1.2 8. On the number line above, find the coordinate of point P
9. If the product xy is negative, which of the following must be true? x (B) y < 0 (C) x > 0 (D) y < 0 (E) x + y < 0 (A) x < 0
y

10. Add 8x to 2x and then subtract 5 from the sum. If x is a positive integer, the result must be an integer multiple of (A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 10 (E) 15

11. Is

x 5

an integer?
x 12,345 x is 336

(1) (2)

is an integer. an integer. 3

12. Which of the following is the least positive integer that is divisible by each of the integers from 2 through 5, inclusive? (A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 120 (D) 180 (E) 240 13. What is the value of x? (1) x 2 = 2 (2) When x is divided by a positive number, the result is positive.

2. Fractions A fraction is a way of expressing division.

Top (numerator)

a b

Bottom (denominator)

The top number or the numerator is being divided by the bottom number or the denominator.

Mixed numbers
A mixed number consists of a whole number and a fraction (5 2 ) . 3 Any mixed number can be changed into a fraction. 15 + 2 17 = 52 = 3 3 3

Equivalent fractions Two fractions are equivalent if they are equal. Any fraction can be expressed as an equivalent fraction simply by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the same 6 10 number. ( 2 = 4 = 9 = 15 ) 3 6

Reducing fractions A fraction can be reduced to the simplest equivalent fraction (lowest terms), it is called fraction in its simplest form, by dividing the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common factor. Adding and subtracting fractions a c ad cb = b d b d
Multiplying Fractions a c a c = b d b d
Dividing Fractions a c a d = b d b c

 Comparing Fractions Reciprocal of a Fractions The reciprocal of a fraction is simply the fraction inverted.
14.

31 21 2 3
2 3

3 4

=
(B) 14
1

(A) -14

(C) 14

(D) 1 1 3
1 5

(E) 14 of his collection to his

15. John owns a collection of 60 baseball cards. If he gives

friend Kevin and 1 of the remainder to his friend Paul, how many baseball cards does 4 John have left? (A) 54 (B) 36 (C) 33 (D) 24 (E) 3 16. If a 0 , (A)
1 3a 2

3 a 3

2 a

=
3 a 2

(B)

(C) 3a 2
3

(D) a

(E) 2a 1

17. Which of the following fractions is greater than 5 ? 2 6 (B) 7 (C) 11 (D) 5 (A) 1
2

(E)

2 3

3. Decimals A number expressed with a decimal point is called a decimal number. Each digit position to the right and to the left of the decimal point has a certain value. For example, the digits of the decimal number 4,239.657 have the following values: 4, 2 3 9. 6 5 7 Thousands Hundreds Tens ones Tenth Hundredth Thousandth

Adding and subtracting decimals Multiplying decimals. Dividing decimals. Before dividing decimals, you have to convert the divisor into an integer. Converting fractions to decimals To convert a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator. Converting decimals to fractions To convert a decimal to a fraction, put the decimal in the fraction form and reduce if necessary.

4. Percents A percent is a fraction with a denominator of 100. The fraction represented by x % is x

100

Percent formula The following formula can be used to find the part, the whole, or the percent;
Percent =
Part W hole

100%

OR

Part = Percentage W hole

Percent increase and decrease The following formula can be used to find the percent increase or the percent decrease;

Percent increase (decrease ) =

Amount of increase (decrease ) 100 Original value

Converting a percent to a fraction or decimal To convert a percent to a fraction, place the percent over 100 and then reduce. 40 2 40 % = 100 = 5 To convert a percent to a decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left. 40 % = 0.40 Converting a fraction or decimal into a percentage To convert a fraction to a percent, divide the numerator by the denominator, and
then move the decimal point two places to the right. To convert a decimal to a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right. 0.135 = 13.5 %
3 = 0.60 = 60 % 5

Final amount To get final amount after a percentage change (increase or decrease) use the following formulae:
Final = Original

100 Percentage change 100

Interest One of the most common uses of percentages is interest problems.

Simple interest = (Principal) (Time) (Interest Rate)
Compounded interest is based on the total of the principal plus any interest earned already.

For compound interest;

Gross Amount = Principal (1 + r )

18. Which of the following fractions is equal to 0.20 %? (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 1 (A) 1
20 40 50 400

(E)

1 500

19. 40 % of (A) 400

1 8

of what number is 20? (B) 320 (C) 100 (D) 4 (E) 1

20. Lenny can bench press 320 pounds. Olli can bench press 400. The weight Olli can bench press is what percent greater than the weight Lenny can bench press? (A) 20% (B) 25% (C) 32% (D) 40% (E) 80% 21. Clares Boutique is a store that sells silk scarves at an everyday 20% discount from the normal list price. During a Mothers Day sale, all the scarves are sold at an additional 10% discount . The sale price is what percent of the normal list price? (A) 28% (B) 30% (C) 70% (D) 72% (E) 80% 22. Of 400 people in an auditorium, 25% are wearing hats. Of those, 20% are wearing fedoras. How many people in the auditorium are not wearing fedoras ? (A) 20 (B) 80 (C) 180 (D) 220 (E) 380 23. The temperature at 12:00 noon is 66 degrees. If the temperature increases by 25 % during the afternoon, then decreases by 25 % during the evening, what is the temperature, in degrees, at the end of the evening? (A) 61
7 8

(B) 62 4

3 (C) 62 8

(D) 63

(E) 66

24. How much interest will $2,000 earn in 18 months at an annual rate of 6%? (A) $120 (B) $180 (C) $216 (D) $1800 (E) $2160 25. Jeff opens a saving account with $3,000 deposit and makes no other deposits or withdrawals. The account pays interest at the rate of 6%, compounded monthly. Approximately, how much money is in the account at the end of 1 year? (A) $2,160 (B) $3,180 (C) $3,185 (D) $3,864 (E) $5,037 26. If a salesman received a commission of 3% of the sales that he has booked in a month, what were the sales booked by the salesman in the month of November 2008? (1) The sales booked by the salesman in the month of November 2008 minus salesman's commission was $245,000 (2) The selling price of the sales booked by the salesman in the month of November 2008 was 125 percent of the original purchase price of $225,000. 27. Mr. Williams invested a total of $12,000 for a one-year period. Part of the money was invested at 5% simple interest, and the rest was invested at 12% simple interest. If he earned a total of $880 in interest for the year, how much of the money was invested at 12%? (A) $1,920 (B) $4,000 (C) $4,800 (D) $7,200 (E) $8,000

5. Rounding off Numbering (approximation)

28. In the number 743.25 which digit represents the tenths space? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6 29.
0.250 0.125 Divided by is most nearly 0.333 0.167

(A) 10

(B) 5

(C) 1

(D) 0.667

(E) 0.5

30. In a certain company, the number of managers is 108, while the number of workers is 910. The managers is what percent of the total company employees ? (A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 15 (E) 20

6. Average (The arithmetic mean) The average of a group of quantities is defined as;
Average =
Sum of the quantities Number of the quantities

Average of consecutive numbers Weighted Average

7. Median The median of a set of numbers is the middle value in the set when they arranged ascending or descending. If there are an even number of values in the set, the median is the average of the two middle values. 8. Mode The mode of a set of numbers is the value that appears most often in the set. In the set (12, 6, 5, 8, 11, 5, 8, 10, 5, 4) 5 is the mode because it appears three times. If all the values in the set appear the same number of times, the set has no mode. The set may have multiple modes. In the set (12, 6, 5, 8, 11, 5, 8, 10, 12, 4) there are three modes 12, 5, and 8. 9. Range The simplest measure of dispersion is the range, which is defined as the greatest value in the numerical data minus the least value. For example, the range of 11, 10, 5, 13, 21 is 21 5 = 16. Note how the range depends on only two values in the data.

10. Standard Deviation One of the most common measures of dispersion is the standard deviation. Generally speaking, the greater the data are spread away from the mean, the greater the standard deviation. The standard deviation of n numbers can be calculated using the following equation:
S .D . =
2 ( X X ) n

Notice that the standard deviation depends on every data value, although it depends most on values that are farthest from the mean. This is why a distribution with data grouped closely around the mean will have a smaller standard deviation than will data spread far from the mean. 31. What is the difference in value between the median and the mean (average) of the numbers in the set { 8, 4, -3, 6, -7, 5 }? (A) -9 (B) 0 (C) 2
1 3

(D) 4

(E) 11

1 2

32. The average of 5 quantities is 6. The average of 3 of them is 8. What is the average of the remaining two numbers? (A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 3.5 (E) 0.5 33. The average weight of a group of 30 friends increases by 1 kg when the weight of their football coach was added. If average weight of the group after including the weight of the football coach is 31kgs, what is the weight of their football coach in kgs? (A) 31kgs (B) 61kgs (C) 60kgs (D) 62kgs (E) 91kgs 34. The given table shows the attendance at the home games of the Central High School football team. If the median attendance for the five games was 456, and no two games had the same attendance, what is the greatest possible value for n? (A) 400 (B) 455 (C) 457 (D) 478 (E) 549

Game Attendance 1 456 2 508 3 399 4 550 5 n

35. At a certain high school, the respective weights for the following subjects are: Mathematics 3, English 3, History 2, Science 2 and Art 1. What is a student's average whose marks were the following: Geometry 89, American Literature 92, American History 94, Biology 81, and Sculpture 85? (A) 85.7 (B) 87.8 (C) 88.9 (D) 89.4 (E) 90.2

11. Ratio and Proportion A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division. The ratio of a to b is written as

a : b or

a b

or a b
a b c d

We can handle ratios as fractions.

1 2

A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal (for example In the proportion

3 6

is a proportion).

a d = b c
& ( b and c ) called the means

( a and d ) called the extremes

36. If the ratio of male students to female students in a philosophy class is 3:5, and there are a total of 40 students in the class, how many female students are in the class? (A) 8 (B) 15 (C) 16 (D) 24 (E) 25 37. A bottle-capping machine caps 12 bottles per minute. How many minutes does the machine take to cap 30 bottles? (A) 2.5 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 12 (E) 60

12. Power, Exponents and Roots called the exponent

am
called the base

Multiplication and division with exponents bn b n b m = b n + m and = b n m (same base) m b

(same exponent)

a n b n = (a b )n and

an a = ( b )n n b

( a n ) m = a nm If a x = a y x = y ( a 1 )

If b x = c x b = c if x is odd or b = c if x is even
1n = 1 & 0n = 0 & b 0 = 1 (b 0)

a n =

1 an

10

a1 n = n a
x x = x and x y = xy

xy x y

38. Which of the following numbers is the largest? (A) (2+2+2)2 (B) [(2+2)2]2 (D) 2 + 22 + (22)2 (E) 43 39. If (7 4 )n = 7 , what is the value of n? (A)
1 3
3

(C) (222)2

(B)

2 3

(C)

4 3

(D)

5 3

(E)

6 3

40. For which of the following values of n is (- 0.5)n the smallest? (A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 (E) 1 41. If x = y = 2z and x y z = 256, then x equals (B) 2 3 2 (C) 4 (D) 4 3 2 (A) 2 42. 10 2 + (A)
10 2

(E) 8

=
(B) 2 5 (C) 3 5 (D) 4 5 (E) 3 10

2+ 5

11