EXPERIMENT 3: MEASUREMENT OF LOW RESSTANCE PURPOSE: 1.

Two plot the current / voltage characteristics of metal rods (Cu, Al) and to calculate their resistivities. 2. To determine the resistance of various connecting cords by plotting their current / voltage characteristics and to calculating the contact resistances. QUESTONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define the conductivity. Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electric current . A conductor is a material which gives very little resistance to the flow of an electric current or thermal energy. Copper is a good conductor. 2. Why do we use amplifier in this experiment? An amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal. We use amplifier in this experiment, because we measured the voltage drop across the aluminum rod at two sockets on the side, so we used the amplifier and we filled in Table 1. We done the same procedure for copper rod. While a transformer can only amplit y power. 3. Define the nonohmic materials and give examples to them. Nonohmic materials are those whose resistance changes with voltage or current. 4. Give five examples of the conducting materials in decreasing order . Most familiar conductors are metallic copper is the most common material for electrical wiring( silver is the best but expensive) and gold for high -quality surface to surface contacts. Magnesium and iron is also good examples that conduct electricity.

TABLES I(A) Aluminum Rod U(V) x 0.03 V / 0.06 V / 0.09 V / 0.13 V / 0.16 V / 0.19 V / 0.23 V / 0.26 V / 0.30 V / 0.34 V / Copper Rod U(V) x 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 V V V V V V V V V V / / / / / / / / / /

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

I(A) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

L (m) = 0.1 (V) x 0.12 x 0.23 x 0.35 x 0.46 x 0.58 x 0.70 x 0.81 x 0.92 x 1.04 x 1.16 x

L (m) = 0.25 (V) x 0.12 x 0.23 x 0.35 x 0.47 x 0.58 x 0.70 x 0.81 x 0.93 x 1.04 x 1.16 x

L (m) = 0.50 (V) x 0.23 x 0.46 x 0.67 x 0.89 x 1.12 x 1.38 x 1.60 x 1.82 x 2.05 x 2.26 x

L (m)

()

()

=|

| /2

0.1 0.25 0.50

6.72 x 1.68 x 3.36 x

0.55 0.55 0.27

0.27 1.91 2.57

CALCULATIONS = . L/A (1.68 x = . L/A (1.68 x = . L/A (1.68 x ) . 0.1 / 2.5 x ) . 0.25 / 2.5 x ) . 0.50 / 2.5 x = 6.72 x = 1.68 x = 3.36 x (for L=0.1) (for L=0.25) (for L=0.50)

= 0.23 x = 0.23 x 0.40 x

- 0.12 x 0.12 x 0.23 x

/ 0.2 = 5.5 x /0.2 = 5.5 x /0.2 =8.5 x

(the slope of the U vs. f(I) graph)

=| =| =|

| /2 = |5.5 x | /2 = |5.5 x | /2 = |8.5 x

-6.72 x - 1.68 x - 3.36 x

/ 2 = 0.61 | / 2 = 1.91 | / 2 = 2.57

DISCUSSION In this experiment, first, we observed the current of some metal rods. We used aluminum and copper rods to measure and calculate their resistivities. After, we determined low resistance of aluminum and copper rods as using several of connecting cords that have different lengths. In first table demonstrates the current of aluminum and copper rod. Second table gives us current of wires that include copper wire. We used of copper and A to calculate resistance. Lastly, we sketched the graphs and calculated their slopes. These slopes gave us resistance. We calculated experimental and theoretical R values. ( and ). We computed the average of the line contact resistance ( ) for each wire.