CHAPTER 13

ULTIMATE STRENGHT DESIGN METHOD (USD)

In the ultimate strength design, the working design load should
be increased to ultimate load P
u
by multiplying it by load factor.
According to the Egyptian code for concrete structure(Eccs-203).
The ultimate load is obtained by using the following load factors :
P
u
= 1.4 D + 1.6 L (13 -1)
P
u
=
1.5 (D +L ) if L 0.75 D
13 -2)
P
u
= 1.4 D + 1.6 ( E +L ) (13 -3)
P
u
= 0.8 (1.4 D +1.6 L +1.6 W ) (13 -4)
P
u
= 0.8 (1.4 D +1.6 L +1.6 S ) (13 -5)
Use the largest Pu from Eq13.4 and1 3.5 and not less than Pu
from Eq.1 3.1. where : D = dead load, L = live load, E = lateral
load, W = wind load, S = Seismic load.
For section subjected to flexure with tension reinforcement only
the ultimate limit moment can be obtained from the following
equation, referring to Fig. 13.1 we have:

Fig. 13.1
a/d should not be less than 0.1 and y
ct
not greater than 0.95 .
If c < c (balanced), then the strain in tension steel is greater than
c
s
/
s
and it reaches its yield value c
y
.To ensure ductile failure the
code specify that (c/d)max is taken equal to 0.67(c/d) balanced
N A
t
d
b
0.67f
cu
/
c
d - a/2
C
T =A
s
f
y
/
s
c
cu
= 0.003
c
s
= c
y
/
s
a = 0.8 c
C
) 6 13 ( ) 2 / /( ) / ( = a d f A M
s y s u
( ) 7 13 )] / ( 67 . 0 /[ ) / ( =
c cu s y s
f b f A a
Maximum Ultimate Moment and Maximum % of Steel
max
%
Referring to Fig. 13.2
Fig. 13.2
Code specifies
c
=1.5 and
s
= 1.15
Curves for Design Singly Reinforced Sections
There are several tables and charts for design sections,we
present the design curves for (C
1
- j )
Chart (C
1
- j )
From Fig.13.2 and pervious equations the concrete compressive
force is given by :
C =o.67 x f
cu
x b x 0.8 c /
c
= 0.3573x c xb x f
cu
M
u
= 0.3573 x c x b x f
cu
x d [1 - 0.4(c/d)]
M
u
/ bd
2
= 0.3573 x f
cu
x(c/d) [1 - 0.4(c/d)]

C
1
and j are function of c/d and are plotted in Fig.1 3.3
t
N
A
d
b
0.67f
cu
/
c
d - a
max
/2
C
T =A
s
f
y
/
s
c
cu
= 0.003
c
s
> c
y
/
s
a
max
= 0.8 c
max
C
max
) 8 . 13 ( /
2
max max c cu u
d b f R M =
) 9 . 13 ( /
67 . 0
max
max
max
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
s
y
c
cu
s
f
d
a f
d b
A
) 10 . 3 (
) / ( 4 . 0 1 ( ) / ( 3573 . 0
1
1
b f
M
C
b f
M
x
d c x d c x
d
cu
u
cu
u
=

=
) 11 . 13 (
) / ( 4 . 0 1 ( ) / ( 3573 . 0
1
1
d c x d c x
C

=
) 12 . 13 ( )
4 . 0
1 (
1
) 4 . 0 )( / (
d
c
d f A
c d f A
d f A
M
j
s y s
s y s
y s
u

=

= =
C
1
is taken from 3 to 4 for beams and from 4 to 5 for slabs and
footings.It should be noted that any value of C
1
above 4.85 gives
(c/d) below the minimum code value (c
min
/d =0.125). In this case
use c
min/
d = o.125 and j = 0.826. If C
1
lies under the curve,
increase the depth d . Note that C
1
should not be less than c
1min
corresponding to f
y
in Table 13.1, for singly reinforced sections.
Table 13.1 Values of c
max
/d, R
max
,
max
,e
max
, R
1max
, c
1min
Steel c
max
/d R
max

max
c
1min
R
1max
e
max
grade
x f
cu
x10
-4
240/350 0.5 0.214 8.65 2.651 0.142 0.204
280/450 0.48 0.206 7.00 2.693 0.138 0.196
360/520 0.44 0.194 5.00 2.780 0.129 0.180
400/600 0.42 0.187 4.31 2.830 0.124 0.172
450/520 0.40 0.180 3.65 2.890 0.120 0.164
f
cu
in N/mm
2
Minimum area of steel
A
smin
should be greater than (0.6/f
y
)x bd and not less than 0.15%
for steel 36/52 and 25% for steel 24/35.
One -way shear (Wide beam shear)
The critical section for one - way shear is at d from column
face as given WSD, page 90, Fig.3.4-a.
The shear stress q
u
is given by :
where q
cu
is concrete shear strength
Punching shear
The punching shear load Q
up
is given by :
Q
up
= P
u
- f
nu
x (punching shear area) (13.19)
) 17 . 13 (
cu
u
u
q
d b
Q
q < =
) 18 . 13 ( / 16 . 0
2
mm N
f
q
c
cu
cu

=
F
i
.

1
3
.
3





C
1

-

j

d
e
s
i
g
n

c
u
r
v
e

f
o
r
s
i
n
g
l
y

r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

y = 2 4 / 3 5
y = 2 8 / 4 5
y = 3 6 / 5 2
y = 4 0 / 6 0
J
J

punching shear area and critical shear perimeter is as given in
WSD, page 90 Fig.3.4-b. The punching shear stress q
up
is
where b
o
is the critical shear perimeter
q
cup
= punching shear strength.
q
cup
is the least of :
where a , b are column sides (a = the smaller side)
b
o
= critical shear perimeter (at d/2 from column faces)
o = 4,3,2 for interior,exterior,corner column respectively
Development Length L
d
According to ECCS the development length Ld is given by :
where | =nominal bar diameter
q= 1.3 for top reinforcement bars below which the con-
crete depth more than 300 mm, 1.0 for other cases
| = coefficient depends on bar surface condition as
given in table 13.2
o= coefficient depends on the shape of bar end as
given in table 13.3
f
bu
= the ultimate bond strength given by :
) 20 . 13 (
0
cup
up
up
q
d x b
Q
q s =
) 23 . 13 ( / 6 . 1 316 . 0
) 22 . 13 ( 5 . 0 316 . 0
) 21 . 13 ( 2 . 0 8 . 0
2
0
mm N
f
q
f
b
a
q
f
b
d
q
c
cu
cup
c
cu
cup
c
cu
cup
s

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
o
=
) 24 . 13 (
4
) / (
bu
s y
d
f
f
L
q | o |
=
) 25 . 13 ( / 30 . 0
2
mm N
f
f
c
cu
bu

=
Table 13.2 Values of coefficient |
Surface condition |
Tension Compression
Smooth bars 1.0 0.7
Deformed bars 0.75 0.45
Deformed bundle of 2 bars 1.1 0.75
Deformed bundle of 2 bars 1.2 0.80
Table13.3 Values of coefficient o
Factor o
Tension Compression
1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0
0.75 1.0
0.75 1.0
1.0 1.0
0.7 0.7
0.5 0.5
1-Straight bars with no
transversal bar in L
d
Type
End shape
2- Hook of 180
0
bend
3- Hook of 90
0
bend
4- Hook of 150
0

bend
2-Straight bars with one
transversal bar in L
d
3-Straight bars with two
transversal bar in L
d
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t

W
e
l
d
e
d

w
i
r
e

m
e
s
h

Design procedure
1- Find the footing area A and dimensions the same as in WSD
2- Find factored load P
u
3- Find the ultimate net soil pressure f
nu
as : f
nu
= P
u
/A
4- Find the bending moment Mu at column face (take 1m strip)
5- Determine the depth to resist Mu from Eq.13.10
6- Check punching shear q
up

q
cup
7- Check one-way shear q
u
q
cu
8- Find area of steel A
s
from Eq.13.11
(j from Fig.13.3 0.826 )
9- Check minimum area of steel A
smin
10- Check the development length L
d
Example 13.1
A rectangular footing supports a column 30 x 80 cm carries a
dead load of 600 kN and live load of 400 kN.The allowable net
bearing pressure is 125 kN/m
2
. Given f
cu
=25 N/mm
2
, f
y
=360
N/mm
2
. Design the footing by ultimate strength design (USD).
Solution:
Total load =600 + 400 = 1000 kN
Footing area A = 1000 / 125 = 8 m
Dimension the footing such that the two cantilever on each side
of column are equals i.e B [ B -( a- b) ] = A
where B = the short side of footing and a , b are col. Dimension
B[B + (0.8 - 0.3 )] = 8
B
2
+ 0.5 B = 8 completing square
(B+ 0.25)
2
= 8 + (0.25)
2
= 8.0625
B = 8.0625 - 0.25 = 2.59 m 2.6 m
L = A / B = 8 / 2.6 = 3.07 take 3.1 m
f
n
= 1000 / (3.1 x 2.6) = 124.07 < 125 kN/m
2
ok
Factored column load and net ultimate soil pressure
C
1
from 4 to 5
b f
M
C d
cu
u
1 =
y
u
s
f d j
M
A =
~
~
P
u
= 1.4 x 600 + 1.6 x 400 = 1480 kN
f
nu
= 1480 / (3.1 x 2.6) =183.62 kN/m
2
Fig.13.4
Bending moment
Long direction (y - y)
M
u(y-y)
= f
nu
x (L - a)
2
x(1/ 8)xB =183.62x(3.1-0.8)
2
x(1/8) x 2.6
= 315.7 KN.m
Short direction (x - x)
M
u(x - x)
= f
nu
x (B - b)
2
x(1/ 8) x L =183.62 x(2.6 - 0.3)
2
x (1/8) x3.1
= 376.7 KN.m
Depth d , assume C
1
= 4.5 and use Mu for long direction
If we take 0.85 Mu and b = 300 + 200 = 500 mm
Take d = 530 and t = 530 +70 = 600 mm
Check punching shear
a
p
=a+d=800+530 =1330 mm, b
p
=b+d =300 +530 = 830 mm
b
o
= 2 (a
p
+ b
p
) = 2 ( 1330 + 830 ) = 4320 mm
Q
up
= P
u
- f
nu
x (a
p
x b
p
) =1480 - 183.62 (1.33 x 0.83)=1277 kN
d
L=3.1m
x
1.15m
1.15m
B=2.6m
a=0.8m
b=0.3
y
x
23| 12mm
22| 12 mm
2.6m
y
2| 12mm
0.6 m
mm
x
x
b f
M
C d
cu
u
6 . 313
2600 25
10 7 . 315
5 . 4
6
1
= = =
mm
x
x x
d 3 . 659
500 25
10 7 . 315 85 . 0
5 . 4
6
= =
q
up
= 1277 x 1000/(4320 x 530) = 0.56 N/mm
2
q
cup
is the least of the following:
q
cup
= 0.316 f
cu
/
c
= 0.316 25/1.5 = 1.29 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.316 [0.5+ (300/800)] x 25/1.5 = 1.13 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.8 x [0.2 + 4 x530/4320] x 25 / 1.5 =
2.26 N/mm
2
The least is 1.13 N/mm
2
> q
up
(0.56)KN /mm
2
OK
Check one- way shear
Critical section is at d from column face
l =(2.6 - 0.3)/2 - 0.62 = 0.57 m
Q
u
= f
nu
x 0.62 x 2.6 = 183.62 x 0.62 x 2.6 = 296 kN
q
u
= Q
u
/b d = 296 x 1000/ (2600 x 530) = 0.21 N/mm
2
q
cu
= 0.16 fcu /
c = 0.16 25 /1.5 = 0.65 N/mm
2
q
u
(0.21)N/mm
2
< q
cu
( 0.65) N/mm
2
OK
Area of steel A
s
for long direction
From chart C1 - j ,Fig.1 3.3 ,for C
1
=4.5, j = 0.818
A
smin
> ( 0.6/fy) bd =(0.6/360)x530 x 2600 = 2297 mm
2
=23 cm
2
and > 0.0015 x 530 x 2700 = 2027 mm
2
= 20.27 cm
2
Take As 24 cm
2
, use 22 | 12 mm, As =22 x 1.13 = 24.86 cm
2
22 | 12 mm to be distributed uniformly through width 2.6 m.
Area of steel A
s
for short direction
A
smin
>( 0.6/fy) bd =(0.6/360)x530 x 3100=2738 mm
2
=27.38 cm
2
and > 0.0015 x 530 x 3100 = 2464 mm
2
= 24.64 cm
2
Use area of steel = 28 cm
2
s = L /B = 3.1/2.6 = 1.19 , 2/(s + 1) = 2/(1.19 +1) =0.91
Area of steel in central zone (2.6 m) = 0.91 x 28 = 25.48 cm
2
Use 23 | 12mm, As = 23 x 1.13= 26 cm
2
Area of steel in end zone (0.25 m) =1/2(1- 0.91) x 28 =1.26 cm
2
Use 2 | 12 mm in each end zones.
Check development length L
d
2 2
6
22 . 20 2022
360 530 818 . 0
10 7 . 315
cm mm
x x
x
f d j
M
A
y
u
s
= = = =
2 2
6
13 . 24 6 . 2413
360 530 818 . 0
10 7 . 376
cm mm
x x
x
f d j
M
A
y
u
s
= = = =
f
bu
=0.3 f
cu
/
c
= 0.3 25/1.5 = 1.22 N /mm
2
| = 12 mm, o = 1, | = 0.75,q = 1
Example 13.2
A footing supports a column 30 x 60 cm carries a load P
(D+L)
of 1000 kN and reversible bending moment M
(D+L)
of 200 KN.m.
The net allowable soil pressure is 200 kN/m
2
. Given : f
cu
=25
N/mm
2
and f
y
= 400 N/mm
2
.Design the footing by ultimate
strength design .
Solution:
From Eq. 4.2
e = M/P = 200 / 1000 = 0.2 m
L > 1.2 m to let the entire footing be effective ,Solving for B
L ,m B,m L x B,m
2
L ,m B,m L x B,m
2
1.2 8.33 10 3.5 1.92 6.71
2 4 8 4 1.63 6.5
3 2.33 6.99 4.5 1.4 6.3
Take L = 3 m and B = 2.35 m
f
n1
= 198.6 KN /m
2
< 200 KN /m
2
, f
n2
= 85.1 KN/m
2
Pu = 1000 x 1.5 = 300 KN.m , Mu = 200 x 1.5 = 300 KN.m
bu
s y
d
f
f
L
4
) / ( q | o |
=
OK cm cm mm
x
x x x x
L
d
115 7 . 57 577
22 . 1 4
) 15 . 1 / 360 ( 1 75 . 0 1 12
< = = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
e
BL
P
fn
6
1
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
x
BL
2 . 0 6
1
1000
200
|
.
|

\
|
=
L L
B
2 . 1
1
5
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
2 . 0 6
1
35 . 2 3
1000
2
1
x
x
fn
1 . 85 8 . 212
3 35 . 2
300 6
3 35 . 2
1500 6
2 2 1
2
= = =
x
x
x BL
M
L B
p
f
u u
nu
f
nu1
= 297.9 KN/m
2
, f
nu2
= 127.7 Kn/m
2
f
nu
at x from maximum pressure f
nu1
= 297.9 KN/m
2
f
nu
= 297.9 - 56.7 x
Bending moment Long direction (y - y)
f
nu
at column face = 297.9 - 56.7 x 1.2 = 229.86 KN/m
2
M
u
=229.86 x 1.2 x 2.35 x (1.2/2) + (297.9-22.9.86) x 1.2x(1/2)x
2.35 x (2/3) x 1.2 = 648.2 x 0.6 + 96 x 0.8 = 465.7 KN.m
Bending moment short direction (x - x)
M
u
=[(297.9+ 127.7)/2] x 3 x 1.025 x (1.025/2) =335.3 KN.m
Take C1 = 4.5
Larger depth is required for shear requirement
Take d = 480 mm t = 480 + 70 = 550 mm
Fig.13.5
2| 12mm
18| 12mm
15| 16 mm
L=3.m
1.025m
1.2m
B=2.35m
a=0.6m
x
x
y
x
b=0.3m
y
0.48m
243.5

297.9KN/m
2
127.7KN/m
2
229.82

254.2

0.24m

C

D

A

B

0.78m
2.35m
0.55m
3
* 2 . 170
9 . 297
3
) ( * ) 7 . 127 9 . 297 (
9 . 297
x x
f
un
=

=
mm
x
x
b f
M
C d
cu
u
401
2350 25
10 7 . 465
5 . 4
6
1
= = =
Check punching shear
The perimeter for punching shear on lines AB,BC,CD and DA at
d/2 from column face. The maximun shear force will be along AB
f
nu
at d/2 from col. face = 297.7-56.7x(1.2-0.48/2) = 243.5 KN/m
2
Puching shearing force acting on the trapezoidal ABCD will be:
Q
up
=[0.78+2.35)/2]x[(243.5+297.9)/2] x 0.96 = 406.65 KN
q
up
= 406.65 x 1000/(780 x 480) = 1.086 N/mm
2
q
cup
is the least of the following:
q
cup
= 0.316 f
cu
/
c
= 0.316 25/1.5 = 1.29 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.316 [0.5+ (300/600)] x 25/1.5 = 1.29 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.8 x [0.2 + 4 x 480/3720] x 25 / 1.5 =
2.34 N/mm
2
q
up
(1.086) KN /mm
2
< q
cup
(1.29)KN/mm
2
OK
Check one- way shear
Critical section is at d from column face
l =(3 - 0.6)/2 - 0.48 = 0.72 m
f
nu
at 0.72 m = 297.9 -56.7 x 0.72 = 257 KN/mm
2
Q
u
=257x0.72x2.35 +(297.9 - 257)x0.72x(1/2)x2.35 =469.4 KN
q
u
=Qu/bd = 469.4x 1000 /(2300 x 480) = 0.42 N/mm
2
q
cu
= 0.16 fcu /
c = 0.16 25 /1.5 = 0.65 N/mm
2
q
u
(0.42)N/mm
2
< q
cu
( 0.65) N/mm
2
OK
Area of steel A
s
for long direction
From chart C1 - j ,Fig.1 3.3 ,for C
1
=4.5, j = 0.818 < 0.826 ok
A
smin
>(0.6/fy) xbd =(0.6/400)x 2350 x 480=1692 mm
2
=16.92cm
2
and > 0.0015 x bd = 0.0015 x2350 x 480 =1692mm
2
=16.92cm
2
use 15 | 16 mm, As = 15 x2 = 30 cm
2
Area of steel A
s
for short direction
Using f 12 mm , d = 480 -16/2 -12/2 = 466 mm
As =M
u
/j d f
y
=335.3 x10
6
/(0.818 x466 x 400)=2199 mm
2
=22cm
2
A
smin
>(0.6/fy) xbd =(0.6/400)x3000 x 466=2097 mm
2
=21cm
2
and > 0.0015 bd = 0.0015 x 3000 x 466 = 2097mm
2
= 21cm
2
2 2
6
65 . 29 . 2965
400 480 818 . 0
10 7 . 465
cm mm
x x
x
f d j
M
A
y
u
s
= = = =
As =22 cm
2
> A
smin
ok
s = L /B = 3/2.35 = 1.276
2/(s + 1) = 2/(1.276 +1) =0.88
Area of steel in central zone (2.35 m) = 0.88x 22 =19.38 cm
2
Use 18 | 12 mm, As = 18 x 1.13 = 20.34 cm
2
Area of steel in end zones (0.325 m) each =
1/2(1 - 0.88) x 22 =1.32 cm
2
use 2| 12 mm in each of end zone (0.325 m)
Check development length L
d
f
bu
=0.3 f
cu
/
c
= 0.3 25/1.5 = 1.22 N /mm
2
| = 12mm, o = 1, | = 0.75,q = 1
L
d
=12x1x0.75x1x (400/1.15)/(4x1.22) =641.5 mm < 1025 mm ok
Example 13.3
Design by USD a rectangular combined footing supporting an
exterior column (1) 30 x40 cm carrying a load of 650 KN and
interior col.(2) 40 x 60 carrying a load of 1000 KN. The distance
from centre to centre of columns is 4.5 m. The out side edge of
the footing should not project the outside face of the exterior col.
The net allowable pressure on soil =150 KN/m
2
,f
cu
=25 KN/mm
2
and fy = 360 KN/mm
2
.
Solution
Resultant of loads R = 650 + 1000 = 1650 KN
Taking moment at centre of column (1)
1650 * x' =1000 * 4.5 , x' = 2.727 m
L =2 (x' + 0.2 ) = 2 ( 2.727 +0.2 ) = 5.85 m
B = 1650 / (150 x 5.85 ) = 1.88 m take B = 1.9 m
f
n
= 1650 / (5.85 x 1.9) = 148.4 KN/m
2
< 150 KN/m
2
ok
Factored columns loads and ultimate net soil pressure
P
u1
= 650 x 1.5 = 975 KN , P
u2
= 1000 x 1.5 = 1500 KN
f
nu
= (975 + 1500) / (5.85 x 1.9) = 222.7 KN/m
2
Shearing force
Q
ug
= 222.7 x 0.85 x 1.9 = 359.7 KN
Q
ug'
= 1500 - 222.7 x 1.45 x 1.9 = 886.5 KN
Q
uh'
= 975 - 222.7 x 0.4 x 1.9 = 805.7 KN
Bending moment
R= 1650 KN (Ru = 2475 KN)
x'=2.727m
p
1
=650KN
4.5 m P
2
=1000 KN (P
u2
=1500 KN)
(P
u1
=
975 KN) 0.4 0.6 o.85
.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
f
n
=148.4 kN/m
2
f
nu
=222.7 kN/m
2
L= 5.85 m
0.4 0.6
0.3 0.3 B=1.9 m
d
x
1
=2.3 m 2.1m
886.5 KN
h' k g' g
805 KN 359.7 KN
161.7 931 KN.m
KN.m 5.2 KN.m 152.85 KN.m
Fig.13.6
M
ug
= - 222.7 x 1.9 x (0.85)
2
/2 = - 152.85 KN.m
M
ug'
= 1500 x 0.3 - 222.7 x 1.9 x (1.45)
2
/ 2 = 5.2 KN.m
M
uh'
= 975 x 0.2 - 222.7 x 1.9 x (0.4)
2
/ 2 = 161.7 KN.m
M
umax
is at point of zero shear "k" lies at distance x
1
from the
left side, 222.7 x 1.9 * x
1
- 975 = 0 , x
1
= 2.3 m
M
umax (left)
= 975 x 2.1 - 222.7 x 1.9 x(2.3)
2
/ 2 = 928.3 KN.m
M
umax(right)
=1500 x - 222.7 x 1.9 x( 3.55)
2
/ 2 = 933.7 KN.m
M
umax(average)
= (928.3 + 933.7)/ 2 = 931 KN.m
1.8 m 1.0 m
0.8
S.F.D
B.M.D
0.63
45
o
17| 12 mm
10| 12 mm
5| 12 mm /m
16| 20mm
9| 12 mm
0.7 m
Depth d , take C
1
= 4.5
d = C
1
M
u
/ f
cu
b = 4.5 931 x106 /(25 x 1900) = 630 mm
t = 630 + 70 = 700 mm
Check depth for punching
Column(2),a
p
=600 + 630 = 1230 mm, b
p
=300 + 630 = 930 mm
b
o
= 2( a
p
+ b
p
) = 2 ( 1230 + 930) = 4320 mm
Q
up
= P
u
- f
nu
(a
p
x b
p
) = 1500 -222.7 (1.23 x 0.93) =1245.3 KN
q
up
= Q
up
/ b
o
d =1245.3 x 1000 / ( 4320 x 630)= 0.46 N/mm
2
qcup is the least of the following
q
cup
= 0.316 f
cu
/
c
= 0.316 25/1.5 = 1.29 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.316 [0.5+ (300/600)] x 25/1.5 = 1.29 N/mm
2
q
cup
= 0.8 x [0.2 + 4 x 630/4320] x 25 / 1.5 =
2.56N/mm
2
q
up
(0.46) KN /mm
2
< q
cup
(1.29)KN/mm
2
ok
Check depth for one-way shear
The critical section at d = 0.63 m to the left of column (2)
Q
u
= 886.5 x (2.1 - 0.63)/2.1 = 620.5 KN
q
u
= Q
u
/b d = 620.5 x 1000 / (1900 x 630) = 0.52 N/mm
2
Area of steel A
s
Long direction
From chart C
1
- j , Fig. 13.3, for C
1
= 4.5, j = 0.818
Top bars for positive bending moment
A
s
=M
u
/ jd f
y
=931x10
6
/(0.818x630 x 360)=5018.3 mm
2
=50.2cm
2
A
smim
> (0.6/f
y
) x bd = (0.6/360) x 1900 x 630 =1995 mm
2
=20 cm
2
and >0.0015 x bd = 0.0015x1900 x630 = 1795 mm
2
= 18 cm
2
use 16 | 20 mm , A
s
= 50.24 cm
2
To be distributed uniformly through the width 1.9 m
Check development length Ld , Top bars
f
bu
=0.3 f
cu
/
c
= 0.3 25/1.5 = 1.22 N /mm
2
L
d
= |o|q(f
y
/
s
)/4 f
bu
=20x1 x 0.75 x1x(360/1.15)/4x1.22
= 962.2 mm = 96.2 cm Provided 230 - 7 = 223 cm ok
Bottom bars at right hand side
A
s
=M
u
/ jd f
y
= 152.85 x 10
6
/(0.818 x 630 x 360) = 823.9 mm
2
ok mm N f q
c
cu cu
52 . 0 / 65 . 0 5 . 1 / 25 16 . 0 / 16 . 0
2
> = = =
Use 10 | 12 mm , A
s
=11.3 cm
2
to be extend to the left end.
Check development length Ld , Bottom bars
L
d
= |o|q(f
y
/
s
)/4 f
bu
=12x1 x 0.75 x1x(360/1.15) /(4x1.22)
= 577.3 mm = 57.7 cm < 85 cm ok
Short direction Column (2)
using 12 mm bars , depth d for hidden beam = 630 -12/2 -12/2=
618 mm = 61.8 cm.
Width of hidden beam =a
2
+2d =60+2x 61.8=183.6 cm 180 cm
Load / m' = 1500 / 1.9 =789.5 KN /m'
M
u
= 789.5 x (0.8)
2
/ 2 = 252.63 KN.m
A
s
= M
u
/ jdf
y
= 252.63 x 10
6
/(0.818 x 618 x 360) =1388 mm
2
A
smin
> (0.6/f
y
)x bd =(0.6/360)x1800 x 618=1854 mm
2
=18.54cm
2
And >0.0015 bd = 0.0015 x1800 x 618 =1670 mm
2
=16.7 cm
2
Area of steel to be used is 18.54 cm
2
, use 17 | 12 mm = 19.21
Short direction Column (1)
Width of hidden beam = a
1
+2d =40+ 61.8 =101.8 cm 100 cm
Load / m' = 975 / 1.9 =513.2 KN /m'
M
u
= 513.5 x (0.8)
2
/ 2 = 164.2 KN.m
A
s
= M
u
/ jdf
y
=164.2x10
6
/(0.818 x 618 x 360) =902.3 mm
2
=9cm
2
A
smin
>(0.6/f
y
) x bd =(0.6/360) x1000 x 618 =927 mm
2
=9.27cm
2
and > 0.0015 x bd =0.0015 x 100 x 61.8 = 9.27 cm
2
Area of steel to be used is 9.27 cm
2
, use 9| 12 mm =10.17cm
2
Check development length Ld
f
bu
=0.3 f
cu
/
c
= 0.3 25/1.5 = 1.22 N /mm
2
L
d
= |o|q(f
y
/
s
)/4 f
bu
=12x1 x 0.75 x1x(360/1.15) /(4x1.22)
= 577.3 mm = 57.7 cm < 80 cm ok
1
2
3
Q
up
= P
u
- f
nu
x (punching shear area) (13.19)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16