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The Business
Determine design parameters for successful signaling Design parameters are ranges for design variables within which a product can be reliably built
One in row is not good enough
New Terms
General Solution Point Solution Specific Solution
SI Paradigms
Specific Solution
Applies to a given instance of a product or specimen
Point Solution
Applies to any single given product Encompasses a locus of specific solutions. Example: Any board that comes off a production line
General Solution
Applies to many products of a given type Encompasses a locus of point solutions The locus of all solutions for a specific standard (like SCSI) is an example.
Why?
Time = $
21
16
11
Core frequency increase roughly follows density Data transfer rate of connected I/O
Used to lag by about generation
Receiver
Core: IC logic
Competitive performance goals challenge each generation of technology (higher frequencies) SI encompasses a conglomerate of electrical engineering disciplines
SI Work
Modeling Simulation Measurement Validation What is good enough?
Sufficient to operate at desired frequency with required fidelity
Risk Assessment
Still used spec books for rules A few engineers evaluated termination schemes but no SI engineering per se
Common SI problems were deglitching switches and specifying clamping diodes on relay drivers.
The 80s
Hi Speed CMOS and open drain buses 100+ MHz operation and 1ns edges Clocking issues start to creep in here Ringing becomes a problem Timing simulators emerge for SI
The 90s
Early in the decade extracted board simulators are popular.
Chip I/V and edge V(t) info simulated with transmission lines whose characteristics are extracted directly from PWB layout information IBIS becomes popular Edge rates move toward 300ps at launch.
Memory and I/O buses require early SI analysis SSTL series stub terminated AGTL Advanced Gunning Transistor Logic Open collector busing Differential signaling emerges Late in the decade we start to hear terms like return path, I/O power delivery, ISI, and source-synch
Extracted board simulators dont account for these
The 00s
GHz operation and 50ps launch edges SI Engineers using spice and modeling with Maxwell 2D/3-D field solvers. Emerging technologies
High Speed Serial Differential De/Pre emphasis Embedded clocking Data encoding Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Simultaneous Bi-Directional (SBD)
Assignment
Assignment: How much electrical transmission length does a 5ns, 2.5ns, 1ns, 300ps, 50ps edge occupy? Assume propagation velocity is half that free of space. Determine a rationale for specifying physical wiring length in computer printed wiring boards. This is an exercise in engineering judgment. Plot the ratio of electrical edge length to board trace length (by decade) in previous slide. Use range plots.
SI Directions Today
SI is starting to borrow from the communications industry We are starting to hear terms like
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) S-parameters Return and insertion loss Eye diagram
SI Roles
Convert product parts and design features into models and parameters Use models to simulate performance Perform measurements to validate product Determine how parameters limit performance Use cost and simulated or measured performance to determine rules for design Use margin budgets to manage designs
SI Deliverables
Product SI Customer Architect
"What if ? "
Product Designer
Rules
Product Manager
Use measurement to ensure confidence in simulations decisions
Deliverables
Feasibility
Assignment: Fill in the above 6 boxes with hypothetical examples based on your present knowledge of the computer engineering field.
Future of SI
Rules of thumb get old quick Old assumptions not good enough fascinating topics
Can we still use transmission line models? What is the role of ground?