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WAN AINUL YAQEEN BT WAN ZAMDAN (3207) MAS AMIRA BINTI ABD GHANI (3084) NUR AISYAH BINTI ABAS (3222) NADIAH BINTI ZAKWAN (3197) FASIHAH BINTI MAKETAR (3083)
Macula densa
Microscopic appearance:
Tall columnar epithelial cells with their most prominent feature being tall and having elongated nuclei. Appear darker in microscopic preparations, hence the name macula densa. No basemant membrane. Golgi apparatus is present between nucleus and base of cell.
Thickening in the wall of distal convoluted tubule of kidney, that consist of a group closely packed specialized cells of modified epithelial, where it is in contact with afferent arteriole and lies in direct opposition of juxtaglomerular cells, just before it enters the glomerulus.
Function:
Macula densa is salt sensors that generate paracrine chemical signals in the juxtaglomerular apparatus to control vital kidney functions including renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin release. Control renin release by relaying information about sodium (Na) concentration in the fluid passing through convoluted tubule to the renin-producing juxta-glomerular cells of the afferent arteriole. It is part of negative-feedback system of sodium. Renin is the rate-limiting step in the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, a key modulator of body fluid homeostasis.
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole (and sometimes the efferent arteriole) that delivers blood to the glomerulus. In synthesizing renin, they play a critical role in the renin-angiotensin system and thus in renal autoregulation, the self-governance of the kidney. In appropriately stained slides by, juxtaglomerular cells are distinguished by their granulated cytoplasm. Similar to cardiac tissue, juxtaglomerular cells harbor 1 adrenergic receptors. When stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, these receptors induce the secretion of renin. These cells also respond directly to a decrease in systemic blood pressure which is manifested as a lower renal perfusion pressure.
JG cells
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- Increased renal arterial pressure leads to an increased delivery of fluid (increased osmolality or increased flow rate) to the macula densa. The macula densa senses the load and causes constriction of nearby afferent arteriole, increasing the resistance. This will return osmolality and filtrate flow rate to normal. - Decreased renal arterial pressure leads to a decreased delivery of fluid (decreased osmolality or decreased flow rate) to the macula densa. The macula densa senses this and causes: i. ii. Vasodilation of afferent arteriole Constriction of efferent arteriole as a result of renin release by stimulated JG cells
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4. Systemic production of Angiotensin II (AT II) as part of ReninAngiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - When systemic blood pressure decreases, there is decreased stretch of JG cells, which leads to their release of renin. Renin release causes the activation of reninangiotensin mechanism, which ultimately leads to an increased blood pressure.
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REFERENCE :
Macula densa :
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